RESUMO

Ships that transport oil or derivatives on the Lower Amazon River waterway are at a considerably high risk of suffering spills, with severe environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The present study is aimed at modeling and simulating the oil dispersion and magnitude of these accidents in terms of the vulnerability of biological resources, considering two oil types most often transported by medium-sized tankers in the region (S500 and S10). The study method was as follows: (a) secondary data were collected from local species, and the coastal sensitivity index (CSI) was calculated, obtained from Brazil's Letters of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Spill (Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (SAO)); (b) ship traffic information was obtained from Brazil's Statistical Yearbook of Waterway (Anuário Estatístico Aquaviário (ANTAQ)); (c) modeling and numerical simulation of oil spills in water were performed, in order to investigate dispersion scenarios (SisBaHia); (d) three numerical scenarios of oil plume dispersion (in May and November) were integrated to assess species vulnerability in three zones of environmental interest (I, II, and III). Some species identified in zone II were considered to be the most vulnerable (fish, plankton, aquatic mammals, amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, trees, and plants), with the mammal Sotalia fluviatilis being at risk of extinction (Gervais & Deville, 1853). The simulated scenarios showed that contingency plans should have a minimum response time of 3 h and a maximum response time of 72 h to prevent the oil plumes from dispersing as far as 170 km longitudinally, depending on the zone, season, and tidal phase. Thus, a total of 62 sites of biological resources were identified in the literature recorded from 2016. Considering them, 324 species of flora and fauna were recorded, distributed in the following seven groups: (i) 49 tree and plant species, (ii) 37 amphibian species, (iii) 2 aquatic invertebrate species, (iv) 23 invertebrate species, (v) 1 aquatic mammal species, (vi) 95 fish species, and (vii) 117 planktonic species. A failure to respond to these accidents would impact immense intact aquatic areas and ecosystems, with unpredictable consequences for local biodiversity conservation.

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Abstract New morphological, morphometric and scanning electron microscopy data of a nematode of the family Anisakidae, recovered from a specimen of Kogia sima, a cetacean that died off the northern coast of Brazil, are presented in this paper. Morphological features such as the violin-shaped ventricle and short and equal spicules, as well as the distribution of post-cloacal papillae and specificity for the definitive host (Kogiidae cetaceans) demonstrate similarity to Skrjabinisakis paggiae. This research records Kogia sima and S. paggiae on the estuarine coast of Pará, northern Brazil.

Resumo São apresentados, neste trabalho, novos dados morfológicos, morfométricos e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de um nematoide da família Anisakidae, recuperado de Kogia sima, um cetáceo que veio a óbito na costa norte do Brasil. Características morfológicas, como o ventrículo em forma de violino, espículos curtos e iguais, além da distribuição de papilas pós-cloacais e especificidade pelo hospedeiro definitivo (cetáceos Kogiidae) demonstram similaridade a Skrjabinisakis paggiae. Esta pesquisa registra Kogia sima e S. paggiae na costa estuarina paraense, norte do Brasil.

RESUMO

Shipyard activities have contributed to the release of anthropogenic metals in sediment in the Amazon delta estuary, but no studies of the issue have been carried out in northern Brazil. This study evaluated the sediment that is under the influence of shipyard activities in the Guajará Bay and in the channel of the Maguari River, in Belém, Pará (PA) state, northern Brazil. Sediment samples were collected in the vicinity of the shipyards, while samples of paint and metal fragments were collected from hulls of abandoned vessels. Metals under analysis were Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ba, V, Li, Fe and Al. Mean Cu concentrations found in the sediment in two shipyards - 28.3 mg kg-1 and 41.0 mg kg-1 - were above the threshold effect level (TEL) for the amphipod Hyalella azteca. The highest concentrations of metals found in paint fragments from abandoned vessels were 29,588 mg kg-1 Ba, 9,350 mg kg-1 Zn, 1,097 mg kg-1 Pb and 548 mg kg-1 Cr. This fact suggests that vessel abandonment is a major source of contamination in shipyard areas. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that most metals under study are closely related to sediment contamination in the shipyards. Geoaccumulation index and screening concentrations of inorganic contaminants for metals in freshwater ecosystems confirmed that a shipyard was contaminated by copper. Results may support further studies of contamination and application of waste management to shipyards and vessel graveyards around the world.

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Fish local knowledge is important to recognize species and contribute to conservation and management strategies. Thus, our aim was to provide diagnostic information for the rapid identification of Mugilidae species in Caeté-Taperaçu Extractive Reserve in Bragança (PA) in northern Brazil. A total of 28 fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Most of the interviewees have lived in their resident village since birth and have been involved in artisanal fishers for at least 12 years. Eight generic folk taxa were identified, including 'tainha', which was the vernacular name most used to define the Mugil genus. Each scientific species had at least two folk generic taxa and one species. Mugil curema, M. rubrioculus, and M. trichodon were all included in the same ethnospecies, 'tainha chata'. Most of the scientific species were referred to at least once as the ethnospecies 'caica', this name was applied most often to Mugil brevirostris, which is the smallest species found in northern Brazil. The principal characteristics used by the fishers were morphological traits, however, some behavioral characteristics were also taken into account. These findings should contribute to the elaboration of ethnotaxonomic keys that facilitate the rapid identification of Mugil harvested by the region's artisanal and industrial fisheries.(AU)

O conhecimento local sobre peixes é importante para reconhecer espécies e contribui para estratégias de conservação e manejo. Nosso objetivo foi fornecer informações diagnósticas para a rápida identificação das espécies de Mugilidae da região da Reserva Extrativista Marinha Caeté Taperaçu (PA), Norte do Brasil. Um total de 28 pescadores foi entrevistado por meio de questionários semiestruturados. A maioria dos entrevistados vive na sua aldeia residente desde o nascimento e está envolvida na pesca artesanal há pelo menos 12 anos. Oito táxons populares genéricos foram identificados por esses pescadores, incluindo 'tainha', que era o nome vernacular mais usado para definir o gênero Mugil. Cada espécie científica tinha pelo menos dois táxons genéricos populares e uma espécie. Mugil curema, M. rubrioculus e M. trichodon foram todos incluídos na mesma etnoespécie, 'tainha chata'. A maioria das espécies científicas foi referida pelo menos uma vez como etnoespécie 'caica', este nome foi aplicado mais frequentemente a Mugil brevirostris, que é a menor espécie encontrada no Norte do Brasil. As principais características utilizadas pelos pescadores foram os traços morfológicos, porém, algumas características comportamentais também foram levadas em consideração. Esses achados devem contribuir para a elaboração de chaves etnotaxonômicas que facilitem a rápida identificação de Mugil capturadas pela pesca artesanal e industrial da região.(AU)

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The present work describes and illustrates in detail the six zoeal stages of Albunea paretii collected from plankton samples on the Amazon continental shelf in Brazil. The morphological characters are compared with those of other known albuneid larvae. As in other albuneids, the zoeae of Albunea paretii have a semi-globose carapace, a long rostral spine and a pair of long posterolateral spines on pereon, as well as three aesthetascs on the antennule of zoea I, a strong antennal spinous process and a convex telson with a stout posterolateral spine. The zoeal morphology of Albunea paretii and other species of the genus differs, especially regarding the unique presence of the posterolateral spine only on the 5th pleonite in zoea I-IV and the absence in later zoeal stages. The differing features of the albuneid subfamilies are in the telson, antenna and maxilla format and number of setae.

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Genyatremus luteus é uma espécie de peixe de importância comercial no estado do Pará. Neste estudo foi investigada a biologia populacional de G. luteus em um estuário da Amazônia Oriental. Para tanto, realizaram-se coletas de exemplares da espécie no Furo Grande, no período de outubro de 2012 a outubro de 2013, mensalmente, com rede de emalhar tipo block-net. Em laboratório, os indivíduos foram aferidos os comprimentos total, padrão e da cabeça e a altura, além de ser registrado o peso úmido. Após incisão ventral e retirada das gônadas, macroscopicamente, definiu-se o estádio gonadal das fêmeas e dos machos. Foram capturados 460 indivíduos cujos tamanhos e pesos variaram entre 4,50 e 21,40 cm e 1,36 e 148,26 g. As frequências relativas das fêmeas e dos machos foram diferentes do esperado de 1:1 (x2: 8,90; p<0,01), diferindo significativamente por sexo e classe de tamanho (p<0,01). As médias de tamanho (CT) apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao sexo (F=22,71; p<0,01), mês (F=35,80; p<0,01), período sazonal (F=6,03; p<0,01), estádio gonadal (F=29,77; p<0,01) e estádio gonadal por período sazonal (F=2,37; p<0,05). O peso úmido não diferiu estatisticamente por estádio gonadal, período sazonal e sexo. O diagrama de ordenação demonstrou que a turbidez da água foi a variável que respondeu pela maior variabilidade dos dados (total de 97%). Os espécimes capturados neste estudo são pequenos em tamanho e peso e reprodutivamente imaturos, com maior ocorrência de fêmeas e em maior número no período seco.

Genyatremus luteus is specie of commercial importance in the Pará state. In this study, the population biology of G. luteus was investigated in an estuary of the Eastern Amazon, the collections occurred from October 2012 to October 2013, each month, in the tidal channel (Furo grande), with block net. In the laboratory the individuals were gauged the lengths: total, standard, head and height, in addition to weight being recorded. After ventral incision and gonads removal, the gonadal stage was defined for females and males macroscopically. 460 individuals were captured whose sizes and weights ranged from 4.50 to 21.40 cm and 1.36 and 148.26 g. The relative frequencies of females and males were different than expected from 1: 1 (x2: 8.90, p <0.01), differing significantly by sex and size class (p <0.01). The mean size (CT) presented differences significant in relation to sex (F = 22.71, p <0.01), month (F = 35.80, p <0.01) (P <0.01), gonadal stage (F = 29.77, p <0.01) and gonadal stage by seasonal period (F = 2.37, p <0.05). The wet weight did not differ statistically by gonadal stage, seasonal period and sex. The ordering diagram showed that the turbidity was the variable that responded by the greater variability in the data (total of 97%). The specimens captured in this study are small in size and weight and reproductively immature, with higher occurrence of females, in greater numbers in the dry period.

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RESUMO

Genyatremus luteus é uma espécie de peixe de importância comercial no estado do Pará. Neste estudo foi investigada a biologia populacional de G. luteus em um estuário da Amazônia Oriental. Para tanto, realizaram-se coletas de exemplares da espécie no Furo Grande, no período de outubro de 2012 a outubro de 2013, mensalmente, com rede de emalhar tipo block-net. Em laboratório, os indivíduos foram aferidos os comprimentos total, padrão e da cabeça e a altura, além de ser registrado o peso úmido. Após incisão ventral e retirada das gônadas, macroscopicamente, definiu-se o estádio gonadal das fêmeas e dos machos. Foram capturados 460 indivíduos cujos tamanhos e pesos variaram entre 4,50 e 21,40 cm e 1,36 e 148,26 g. As frequências relativas das fêmeas e dos machos foram diferentes do esperado de 1:1 (x2: 8,90; p<0,01), diferindo significativamente por sexo e classe de tamanho (p<0,01). As médias de tamanho (CT) apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação ao sexo (F=22,71; p<0,01), mês (F=35,80; p<0,01), período sazonal (F=6,03; p<0,01), estádio gonadal (F=29,77; p<0,01) e estádio gonadal por período sazonal (F=2,37; p<0,05). O peso úmido não diferiu estatisticamente por estádio gonadal, período sazonal e sexo. O diagrama de ordenação demonstrou que a turbidez da água foi a variável que respondeu pela maior variabilidade dos dados (total de 97%). Os espécimes capturados neste estudo são pequenos em tamanho e peso e reprodutivamente imaturos, com maior ocorrência de fêmeas e em maior número no período seco.(AU)

Genyatremus luteus is specie of commercial importance in the Pará state. In this study, the population biology of G. luteus was investigated in an estuary of the Eastern Amazon, the collections occurred from October 2012 to October 2013, each month, in the tidal channel (Furo grande), with block net. In the laboratory the individuals were gauged the lengths: total, standard, head and height, in addition to weight being recorded. After ventral incision and gonads removal, the gonadal stage was defined for females and males macroscopically. 460 individuals were captured whose sizes and weights ranged from 4.50 to 21.40 cm and 1.36 and 148.26 g. The relative frequencies of females and males were different than expected from 1: 1 (x2: 8.90, p <0.01), differing significantly by sex and size class (p <0.01). The mean size (CT) presented differences significant in relation to sex (F = 22.71, p <0.01), month (F = 35.80, p <0.01) (P <0.01), gonadal stage (F = 29.77, p <0.01) and gonadal stage by seasonal period (F = 2.37, p <0.05). The wet weight did not differ statistically by gonadal stage, seasonal period and sex. The ordering diagram showed that the turbidity was the variable that responded by the greater variability in the data (total of 97%). The specimens captured in this study are small in size and weight and reproductively immature, with higher occurrence of females, in greater numbers in the dry period.(AU)

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Estuaries hold major economic potential due their strategic location, close to seas and inland waterways, thereby supporting intense economic activity. The increasing pace of human development in coastal deltas over the past five decades has also strained local resources and produced extensive changes across both social and ecological systems. The Amazon estuary is located in the Amazon Basin, North Brazil, the largest river basin on Earth and also one of the least understood. A considerable segment of the population living in the estuary is directly dependent on the local extraction of natural resources for their livelihood. Areas sparsely inhabited may be exploited with few negative consequences for the environment. However, recent and increasing pressure on ecosystem services is maximised by a combination of factors such as governance, currency exchange rates, exports of beef and forest products. Here we present a cross methodological approach in identifying the political frontiers of forest cover change in the estuary with consequences for ecosystem services loss. We used a combination of data from earth observation satellites, ecosystem service literature, and official government statistics to produce spatially-explicit relationships linking the Green Vegetation Cover to the availability of ecosystems provided by forests in the estuary. Our results show that the continuous changes in land use/cover and in the economic state have contributed significantly to changes in key ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and the availability of timber over the last thirty years.

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In Brazil, industrial fishing of the piramutaba catfish is performed at the estuary of the Amazon River, utilizing bottom-trawl nets as equipment. This fishing technique is considered potentially the most harmful to the environment and to biodiversity, due to the destruction of biomes and incidental capture of several species, called bycatch. In order to characterize the species which compose the ichthyofauna bycatch of the piramutaba catfish, we analyzed 459 fishing trawlers between the years of 2002 and 2008, in the allowed and forbidden areas. The results revealed that the ichthyofauna bycatch of the piramutaba consists of 38 species, divided in 33 genera and 17 families. The piramutaba was confirmed as the main species, consisting of 76% of the overall product, and the gilded catfish as the main bycatch species, consisting of 7.05% of the product. We have recorded the incidence of jewfish (Epinephelus itajara), which can be found in the International Union for Conservation of Nature list of critically endangered species. In despite the production was higher in the rain season than in the dry season, there was no statistical difference in the rate of biodiversity in different areas or periods.

No Brasil, a pesca industrial da piramutaba (Brachyplastytoma vaillantii) é realizada na foz do rio Amazonas e utiliza como apetrecho de pesca rede de arrasto de fundo, considerada a arte de pesca potencialmente mais danosa ao ambiente e a biodiversidade, devido a destruição de biomassa e captura acidental de várias espécies, chamadas de fauna acompanhante ou bycatch. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as espécies que compõem a ictiofauna acompanhante da B. vaillantii, foram analisados 459 arrastos de pesca entre os anos de 2002 e 2008 tanto na área permitida quanto na protegida. Os resultados revelaram que a ictiofauna acompanhante da piramutaba é composta por 38 espécies, distribuídas em 17 famílias e 33 gêneros. A piramutaba foi confirmada como espécie dominante, compondo 76% da produção dos arrastos, e a dourada, a principal espécie acompanhante com 7,05%. Foi registrado a ocorrência de mero Epinephelus itajara, que encontra-se na lista da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza de espécies criticamente ameaçadas de extinção. Apesar da produção ter sido maior no período chuvoso do que na estiagem, não houve diferença no índice de biodiversidade nas diferentes áreas ou períodos.

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RESUMO

In Brazil, industrial fishing of the piramutaba catfish is performed at the estuary of the Amazon River, utilizing bottom-trawl nets as equipment. This fishing technique is considered potentially the most harmful to the environment and to biodiversity, due to the destruction of biomes and incidental capture of several species, called bycatch. In order to characterize the species which compose the ichthyofauna bycatch of the piramutaba catfish, we analyzed 459 fishing trawlers between the years of 2002 and 2008, in the allowed and forbidden areas. The results revealed that the ichthyofauna bycatch of the piramutaba consists of 38 species, divided in 33 genera and 17 families. The piramutaba was confirmed as the main species, consisting of 76% of the overall product, and the gilded catfish as the main bycatch species, consisting of 7.05% of the product. We have recorded the incidence of jewfish (Epinephelus itajara), which can be found in the International Union for Conservation of Nature list of critically endangered species. In despite the production was higher in the rain season than in the dry season, there was no statistical difference in the rate of biodiversity in different areas or periods.(AU)

No Brasil, a pesca industrial da piramutaba (Brachyplastytoma vaillantii) é realizada na foz do rio Amazonas e utiliza como apetrecho de pesca rede de arrasto de fundo, considerada a arte de pesca potencialmente mais danosa ao ambiente e a biodiversidade, devido a destruição de biomassa e captura acidental de várias espécies, chamadas de fauna acompanhante ou bycatch. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as espécies que compõem a ictiofauna acompanhante da B. vaillantii, foram analisados 459 arrastos de pesca entre os anos de 2002 e 2008 tanto na área permitida quanto na protegida. Os resultados revelaram que a ictiofauna acompanhante da piramutaba é composta por 38 espécies, distribuídas em 17 famílias e 33 gêneros. A piramutaba foi confirmada como espécie dominante, compondo 76% da produção dos arrastos, e a dourada, a principal espécie acompanhante com 7,05%. Foi registrado a ocorrência de mero Epinephelus itajara, que encontra-se na lista da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza de espécies criticamente ameaçadas de extinção. Apesar da produção ter sido maior no período chuvoso do que na estiagem, não houve diferença no índice de biodiversidade nas diferentes áreas ou períodos.(AU)

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