RESUMO
Medical-device-related infections are considered a worldwide public health problem. In particular, urinary catheters are responsible for 75% of cases of hospital urinary infections (a mortality rate of 2.3%) and present a high cost for public and private health systems. Some actions have been performed and described aiming to avoid it, including clinical guidelines for catheterization procedure, antibiotic prophylaxis, and use of antimicrobial coated-urinary catheters. In this review paper, we present and discuss the functionalization of urinary catheters surfaces with antimicrobial entities (e.g., photosensitizers, antibiotics, polymers, silver salts, oxides, bacteriophage, and enzymes) highlighting the immobilization of photosensitizing molecules for antimicrobial photodynamic applications. Moreover, the characterization techniques and (photo)antimicrobial effects of the coated-urinary catheters are described and discussed. We highlight the most significant examples in the last decade (2011-2021) concerning the antimicrobial coated-urinary catheter and their potential use, limitations, and future perspectives.
RESUMO
Although restricting over-the-counter (OTC) antimicrobial drug sales is recommended globally, no data track its effect on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. We evaluated the effect of a national policy restricting OTC antimicrobial sales, put in place in November 2010, on AMR in a metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. We reviewed associations between antimicrobial sales from private pharmacies and AMR in 404,558 Escherichia coli and 5,797 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates using a dynamic regression model based on a Bayesian approach. After policy implementation, a substantial drop in AMR in both bacterial species followed decreased amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales. Conversely, increased ciprofloxacin sales were associated with increased ciprofloxacin resistance, and extended spectrum ß-lactamases-positive E. coli isolates and azithromycin sales increases after 2013 were associated with increased erythromycin resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates. These findings suggest that restricting OTC antimicrobial sales may influence patterns of AMR, but multifaceted approaches are needed to avoid unintended consequences.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Anti-Infecciosos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Escherichia coli , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , PolíticasRESUMO
Lincomycin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial acting against Gram-positive bacteria, widely used in veterinary medicine. In fish, there are only limited in vitro data, thus requiring the design of effective therapeutic protocols for their use in aquatic organisms. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the clinical safety of lincomycin treatment, administered orally in tilapia, through hematological, biochemical and somatic index evaluation. A total of 136 tilapia (+100g) were randomly distributed in 17 tanks (100L of water, n=8) to constitute the following treatments: TO (control group, not treated with lincomycin); T1, T2, T3 (treated with 10, 20 and 40mg/kg¹ of lincomycin b.w., respectively) and T4 physiological standard (reference values). Eight animals were sampled per treatment in 4 periods: 2, 4 and 8 days post-treatment (DPT), and a group that was treated for 8 days with the drug and then treated only with commercial feed until the 12th day (recovery period). Tilapia treated with lincomycin had no difference in the hematological and leukocyte evaluation, in the hepatic, renal and splenic somatic index. However, they presented a transient increase in the values of ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine, which returned to normal levels after the period of recovery (12DPT). Furthermore, an increase in total protein, albumin and globulin levels was observed in treated animals. It is concluded that although there were some transient changes during the experiment, lincomycin has a good clinical safety margin at doses of 10, 20 and 40mg/Kg¹ b.w. for Nile tilapia.
A lincomicina é um antimicrobiano de amplo espectro atuando contra bactérias gram-positivas, amplamente utilizada na medicina veterinária. Em peixes existem apenas dados limitados in-vitro, necessitando assim, de delineamento de protocolos terapêuticos eficazes para seu uso em organismos aquáticos. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a segurança clínica do tratamento com lincomicina, administrada por via oral em tilápias, por meio da avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e indice somático hepático, renal e esplênico. Foram utilizadas 136 tilápias (±100g), distribuídas aleatoriamente em 17 tanques (100L de água, n=8) para constituir as repetições dos diferentes tratamentos: TO (grupo controle, não tratado com lincomicina); T1, T2, T3 (tratados com 10, 20 e 40mg/kg de p.v. de lincomicina, respectivamente) e T4 padrão fisiológico (valores de referência). Oito animais foram amostrados por tratamento em 4 períodos: 2, 4 e 8 dias pós-tratamento (DPT) com lincomicina, e um grupo que foi tratado por 8 dias com o fármaco e após isso tratado apenas com ração comercial até o 12º dia (período de recuperação). Tilápias tratadas com lincomicina não tiveram diferença na avaliação hematológica e leucocitária, no índice somático hepático, renal e esplênico, entretanto, apresentaram um aumento transitório nos valores de ALT, AST, colesterol, triglicérides e creatinina, que retornaram aos níveis normais após o período de recuperação (12DPT). Ademais, foram observados um incremento nos níveis de proteína total, albumina e globulina nos animais tratados. Conclui-se que embora tenha ocorrido algumas alterações transitórias ao decorrer do experimento, a lincomicina apresenta boa margem de segurança clinica nas doses de 10, 20 e 40mg/Kg¹ p.v para tilápia do Nilo.
Assuntos
Animais , Lincomicina/administração & dosagem , Tilápia/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study was carried out to assess the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in samples of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets collected at the State of São Paulo retail market and produced from fish farmed in Brazil. For this purpose, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated and used to quantify residues of 25 antibacterial drugs (2 ß-lactams, 8 quinolones, 2 macrolides, 5 sulfonamides, 4 tetracyclines, 3 amphenicols and 1 sulfonamide potentiator). For the sample preparation step the QuEChERS approach was performed. Chromatographic separation was conducted using a Zorbax SB C18 column. Method validation was performed based on European and Brazilian guidelines. The validation parameters (linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, detection capability and robustness) attended the adopted validation guidelines. Limits of detection and quantitation were also determined. Antimicrobial drug residues were quantitated in the incurred samples by using matrix-matched analytical curves. Oxytetracycline, florfenicol and, for the first time, enrofloxacin residues are reported in tilapia fillet samples from Brazil, though, in accordance with the European and Brazilian regulatory framework. Thus, our results draw attention to the use of veterinary products in fish farming in Brazil. Monitoring of veterinary drug residues is essential to ensure the safety of fish products available to the consumer, as well as to keep fish as a food commodity.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Ciclídeos , Tilápia , Animais , Antibacterianos , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Propolis is a resinous substance composed of a mixture of different plant parts and molecules secreted by bees. Chemically, it is defined as a complex matrix containing biologically active molecules with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. It is widely employed in cosmetic formulations and pharmaceutical products and is one of the most widely used natural products. However, the effects and strength of these biological activities depend on the chemical profile and composition of each propolis type. This composition is associated with the diversity of local flora, the place and period of collection, and the genetics of the bees. In this context, the objective of this review was to investigate the biological, chemical, and microbiological properties of propolis. A technological prospection was also performed on patents for products designed to be used in animal health. Our investigation shows that the literature contains diverse studies dedicated to comparing and describing the composition and therapeutic properties of propolis. These studies demonstrate the potential biological use of propolis in veterinary medicine, showing the applications of propolis extracts in different formulations. However, there are a low number of propolis-based veterinary products with a registered patent. Thus, the development of products based on propolis is a promising market to be exploited. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Própole/química , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Abelhas , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Patentes como Assunto , Própole/farmacologiaRESUMO
The development and validation of a throughput method for the determination of 25 antibacterial drugs (two ß-lactams, eight quinolones, two macrolides, five sulfonamides, trimethoprim, four tetracyclines and three amphenicols) in pangasius fish muscle by LC-MS/MS were performed. A simple, efficient and fast extraction procedure was developed using acetonitrile and a 0.1â¯M EDTA solution as solvents for extraction. All compounds were determined in a single run, and chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zorbax SB C18 column with a mobile phase comprised of purified water +0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile +0.1% formic acid (B) in a linear gradient program. The method was validated aαording to the requirements of European Decision 2002/657/EC. To quantify the analytes, matrix-matched analytical curves were constructed with spiked blank tissues and showed linearity (r2) higher than 0.99. For all analytes, the precision and accuracy were determined at the levels of 3â¯ng/g (low), 10â¯ng/g (low-middle), 50â¯ng/g (high-middle) and 100â¯ng/g (high). The precision (CV%) was lower than 18.6% and the accuracy (determined as recovery) was between 65% and 119%. The limit of quantitation was 3.0â¯ng/g, with the exception of chloramphenicol, which was 0.3â¯ng/g, and amoxicillin and doxycycline, which were 10â¯ng/g. The method was successfully applied to analyze pangasius muscle samples from Vietnam available at the Brazilian retail market, and 5 out of 40 samples showed the presence of low-residue levels of enrofloxacin and, consequently, must be considered out of conformity. It is recommended that competent authorities should avoid the commercialization of pangasius fillet contaminated with residues of this veterinary drug.
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Antibacterianos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Produtos Pesqueiros/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Animais , Peixes-Gato , Cloranfenicol/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Tetraciclinas/análise , Trimetoprima/análise , VietnãRESUMO
In the last years, the antimicrobial resistance against antibiotics has become a serious health issue, arise as global threat. This has generated a search for new strategies in the progress of new antimicrobial therapies. In this context, different nanosystems with antimicrobial properties have been studied. Specifically, magnetic nanoparticles seem to be very attractive due to their relatively simple synthesis, intrinsic antimicrobial activity, low toxicity and high versatility. Iron oxide NPs (IONPs) was authorized by the World Health Organization for human used in biomedical applications such as in vivo drug delivery systems, magnetic guided therapy and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging have been widely documented. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of different magnetic nanoparticles has recently been demonstrated. This review elucidates the recent progress of IONPs in drug delivery systems and focuses on the treatment of infectious diseases and target the possible detrimental biological effects and associated safety issues.
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Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Compostos Férricos/química , HumanosRESUMO
Folate pathway is a key target for the development of new drugs against infectious diseases since the discovery of sulfa drugs and trimethoprim. The knowledge about this pathway has increased in the last years and the catalytic mechanism and structures of all enzymes of the pathway are fairly understood. In addition, differences among enzymes from prokaryotes and eukaryotes could be used for the design of specific inhibitors. In this review, we show a panorama of progress that has been achieved within the folate pathway obtained in the last years. We explored the structure and mechanism of enzymes, several genetic features, strategies, and approaches used in the design of new inhibitors that have been used as targets in pathogen chemotherapy.
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Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Vias Biossintéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenho de Fármacos , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/química , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Tetra-Hidrofolatos/metabolismoRESUMO
This paper describes the method development for sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) quantitation in fish feed and fish fillet employing LC-MS/MS. In order to assess the reliability of the analytical method, valuation was undertaken as recommended by guidelines proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. The calibration curve for the quantification of both drugs in feed showed adequate linearity (r > 0.99), precision (CV < 12%) and trueness ranging from 97% to 100%. The method for the determination of SDM and OMP residues in fish fillet involved a simple sample preparation procedure that had adequate linearity (r > 0.99), precision (CV < 16%) and trueness around 100%, with CCα < 100.2 ng g-1 and CCß < 100.4 ng g-1. With a goal of avoiding the risk of drug leaching from feed into the aquatic environment during fish medication via the oral route, different procedures for drug incorporation into feed were evaluated. Coating feed pellets with ethyl cellulose polymer containing the drug showed promising results. In this case, medicated feed released drugs to water at a level below 6% when the medicated feed stayed in the water for up to 15 min.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Carne/análise , Pirimidinas/análise , Sulfadimetoxina/análise , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , Biotransformação , Brasil , Celulose/análogos & derivados , Celulose/química , Caraciformes , Cromatografia Líquida , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Resíduos de Drogas/metabolismo , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Cinética , Limite de Detecção , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/metabolismo , Sulfadimetoxina/administração & dosagem , Sulfadimetoxina/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is a frequently isolated etiologic agent of nosocomial infections, especially in intensive care units. With the increase in multi-drug resistance of A. baumannii isolates, finding appropriate treatment alternatives for infections caused by these bacteria has become more difficult, and available alternate treatments include the use of older antibiotics such as colistin or a combination of antibiotics. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various antibiotic combinations against multi-drug resistant A. baumannii strains. Thirty multi-drug and carbapenem resistant A. baumannii strains isolated at the Ankara Training and Research Hospital between June 2011 and June 2012 were used in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and species-level identification were performed using conventional methods and the VITEK 2 system. The effects of meropenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tigecycline, and colistin alone and in combination with sulbactam against the isolates were studied using Etest (bioMérieux) in Mueller-Hinton agar medium. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) was used to determine the efficacy of the various combinations. While all combinations showed a predominant indifferent effect, a synergistic effect was also observed in 4 of the 5 combinations. Synergy was demonstrated in 43% of the isolates with the meropenem-sulbactam combination, in 27% of the isolates with tigecycline-sulbactam, and in 17% of the isolates with colistin-sulbactam and amikacin-sulbactam. No synergy was detected with the sulbactam-ciprofloxacin combination and antagonism was detected only in the sulbactam-colistin combination (6.66% of the isolates). Antibiotic combinations can be used as an alternative treatment approach in multi-drug resistant A. baumannii infections.(AU)