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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training individually guided by objective (Heart Rate Variability-HRV) or self-report measure of stress (DALDA-questionnaire) in comparison to predefined endurance training prescription for improving endurance performance in recreational runners. After a 2-week preliminary baseline period to establish resting HRV and self-reported measure of stress, thirty-six male recreational runners were randomly assigned to HRV-guided (GHRV; n = 12), DALDA-guided (GD; n = 12) or predefined training (GT; n = 12) prescription groups. Before and after 5-weeks of endurance training, participants performed a track field peak velocity (Vpeak_TF), time limit (Tlim) at 100% of Vpeak_TF and 5 km time-trial (5 km TT) tests. GD lead to higher improvements in Vpeak_TF (8.4 ± 1.8%; ES = 1.41) and 5 km TT (-12.8 ± 4.2%; ES = -1.97), than GHRV (6.6 ± 1.5% and -8.3 ± 2.8%; ES = -1.20; 1.24) and GT (4.9 ± 1.5% and -6.0 ± 3.3%; ES = -0.82; 0.68), respectively, with no differences for Tlim. Self-report measures of stress may be used to individualize endurance training prescription on a daily basis leading to better performance enhancement, which may be used with HRV for a holistic understanding of daily training-induce adaptations.

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Resumen Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. y Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparación deportiva en el goalball: una revisión sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el conocimiento científico producido en los últimos 10 años respecto a la preparación deportiva (PD), con énfasis en el sistema de entrenamiento en atletas de Goalball de diferentes niveles competitivos. Para eso, fue realizada una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO y LILACS entre enero de 2010 hasta enero de 2021. Se identificó un total de 136 estudios donde, posterior a la eliminación de duplicados, aplicación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión y conforme a los procedimientos presentados en el flujograma PRISMA, se seleccionaron 15 artículos originales para su análisis cualitativo. Los principales resultados evidenciaron que el metabolismo anaeróbico aláctico es determinante en la modalidad y existe una fuerte relación entre la fuerza/potencia de extremidades superiores e inferiores con el lanzamiento del balón. Por otro lado, existen patrones repetitivos en la técnica de lanzamiento según sexo, así como también efectividad según tipo de lanzamiento; se recalca que la velocidad del lanzamiento es necesaria para la consecución de un gol. De igual forma, existen funciones predominantes según las posiciones dentro del campo de juego que es necesario considerar. Finalmente, el entrenamiento mental favorece la adquisición de técnicas que ayudan a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante una competición. Se observa la necesidad de mayores evidencias y conocimientos acerca de la PD en dicha modalidad, ya que constituyen factores imprescindibles que deben ser contemplados por los entrenadores, en función de optimizar el rendimiento competitivo de sus atletas.

Abstract Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. & Castelli, L.F. (2021). Sports preparation in goalball: a systematic review. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. The objective of this study was to describe the scientific knowledge generated in the past 10 years in terms of sports preparation (SP), with emphasis on the training system of goalball athletes in different competitive levels. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out on the major data bases—Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, from January, 2010, to January, 2021. A total 136 studies were identified, from which, after eliminating duplicates and applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, and in accordance with the procedures shown on the PRISMA flowchart, 15 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The main results showed that anaerobic alactic metabolism is critical in this sports modality, and that a strong link exists between strength/power of upper and lower extremities and ball throw. On the other hand, repetitive patterns exist in throwing techniques depending on gender, as well as effectiveness depending on the type of throw. The study highlights the fact that throw speed is key for scoring a goal. Similarly, dominant functions exist according to the positions within the play field, and these need to be taken into account. Finally, mental training favors the acquisition of techniques that will help to overcome unforeseen obstacles during a game. The study observes the need for greater evidence and knowledge about SP in this modality, as these are indispensable factors that must be contemplated by trainers in order to optimize the competitive performance of their athletes.

Resumo Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. e Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparação esportiva no goalball: uma revisão sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o conhecimento científico produzido nos últimos 10 anos com relação à preparação esportiva (PE), enfatizando o sistema de treinamento em atletas de Goalball de diferentes níveis competitivos. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas principais bases de dados: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO e LILACS entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2021. Identificou-se um total de 136 estudos dos quais, posterior à eliminação de duplicatas, à aplicação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão e conforme os procedimentos apresentados no fluxograma PRISMA, foram selecionados 15 artigos originais para uma análise qualitativa. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o metabolismo anaeróbico alático é determinante na modalidade e existe uma forte relação entre a força/potência de extremidades superiores e inferiores e o lançamento da bola. Por outro lado, existem padrões repetitivos na técnica de lançamento segundo o sexo, assim como a efetividade segundo o tipo de lançamento; destaca-se que a velocidade do lançamento é necessária para a realização de um gol. Igualmente, existem funções predominantes de acordo às posições dentro do campo de jogo que é preciso considerar. Por último, o treinamento mental favorece a aquisição de técnicas que ajudam a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante uma competição. Observa-se a necessidade de maiores evidências e conhecimentos sobre a PE nessa modalidade, pois constituem fatores imprescindíveis que os treinadores devem ter em mente, à vista de otimizar o desempenho competitivo dos atletas.

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The transient increase in torque of an electrically evoked twitch following a voluntary contraction is called postactivation potentiation (PAP). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains is the most accepted mechanism explaining the enhanced electrically evoked twitch torque. While many authors attribute voluntary postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) to the positive effects of PAP, few actually confirmed that contraction was indeed potentiated using electrical stimulation (twitch response) at the time that PAPE was measured. Thus, this review aims to investigate if increases in voluntary performance after a conditioning contraction (CC) are related to the PAP phenomenon. For this, studies that confirmed the presence of PAP through an evoked response after a voluntary CC and concurrently evaluated PAPE were reviewed. Some studies reported increases in PAPE when PAP reaches extremely high values. However, PAPE has also been reported when PAP was not present, and unchanged/diminished performance has been identified when PAP was present. This range of observations demonstrates that mechanisms of PAPE are different from mechanisms of PAP. These mechanisms of PAPE still need to be understood and those studying PAPE should not assume that regulatory light chain phosphorylation is the mechanism for such enhanced voluntary performance. Novelty The occurrence of PAP does not necessarily mean that the voluntary performance will be improved. Improvement in voluntary performance is sometimes observed when the PAP level reaches extremely high values. Other mechanisms may be more relevant than that for PAP in the manifestation of acute increases in performance following a conditioning contraction.

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