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Eating disorders (ED) are severe psychiatric disorders characterized by dysfunctional behaviors related to eating or weight control, with profound impacts on health, quality of life, and the financial burden of affected individuals and society at large. Given that these disorders involve disturbances in self-perception, it is crucial to comprehend the role of self-awareness in their prevalence and maintenance. This literature review presents different self-awareness processes, discussing their functioning across different levels of complexity. By deconstructing this concept, we can gain a better understanding of how each facet of self and personality relates to the symptoms of these disorders. Understanding the absence or impairment of self-awareness in ED holds significant implications for diagnosis, treatment, and overall management. By recognizing and comprehending the characteristics of self-awareness, clinicians can develop tailored interventions and evidence-based treatments for individuals with ED. Furthermore, this narrative review underscores the importance of considering temperament and personality factors in the context of ED, as temperament traits and personality characteristics may interact with self-awareness processes, influencing the development and maintenance of ED. Ultimately, the results highlight the pressing need for further research on the development of effective interventions and support strategies grounded in the aspects of self-awareness mechanisms for individuals affected by these disorders.

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Introduction: We report an epileptic patient who experienced hallucinatory visual experiences of autobiographical memories from her past. These visual experiences were confined to the lower left quadrant of her visual field.Methods: We carried out a single-case study that used brain-imaging, EEG and behavioural methods to study this patient.Results: We found that this patient had an incomplete left inferior homonymous quadrantanopia due to a lesion of right occipital cortex, and also that she showed neurological abnormalities in right temporal cortex, a region that is part of the brain's autobiographical-memory circuit.Conclusion: We attribute the occurrence of this patient's autobiographical-memory hallucinations to the combination of degraded visual input to right temporal cortex plus hyperexcitability of that region.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Validar una propuesta de Entrevista Autobiográfica orientada al adulto mayor típico. Método Se diseñaron preguntas para una entrevista de memoria autobiográfica semiestructurada y se desarrolló un protocolo para la aplicación de esta. Se utilizaron 28 jueces; 14 fonoaudiólogos y 14 adultos mayores. Adicionalmente, se pilotaron 2 entrevistas. Posteriormente, la validez de contenido se obtuvo mediante el procedimiento clásico de Lawshe, utilizando complementariamente una evaluación para la comprensibilidad y extensión de la entrevista, así como un procedimiento de triangulación de datos con los jueces y participantes de la experiencia piloto. Resultados De los 22 ítems evaluados, solo 4 estuvieron por sobre el valor crítico de referencia (0.49). Conclusión Se discute sobre la necesidad de incorporar esta medida de análisis en el contexto del respeto, la identidad y la agencia de los adultos mayores, como parte de un cambio de paradigma bajo la mirada de las atenciones centradas en la persona y un modelo de competencia comunicativa. Así como la necesidad de incorporar paradigmas culturales diferentes y el uso de tecnologías digitales.

ABSTRACT Purpose To validate a proposal for an autobiographical interview oriented to the typical older adult. Methods Questions for a semi-structured autobiographical memory interview were designed and a protocol for its application was developed. Fourteen Speech and Language Pathologists judges and 14 older adults were used. Additionally, 2 interviews were conducted. Subsequently, content validity was obtained by means of Lawshe's classic procedure. Also, using a complementary evaluation for comprehensibility and length of the interview, as well as a data triangulation procedure with the judges and participants of the pilot experience. Results Of the 22 items evaluated, only 4 were above the critical reference value (0.49). Conclusion The need to incorporate this measure of analysis in the context of respect, identity and agency of older adults is discussed as part of a change in thinking under the gaze of person-centered care and a communicative competence model. As well as the need to incorporate different cultural paradigms and the use of digital technologies.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el efecto del programa de intervención cognitivo - comunicativo basado en la reminiscencia (PECC-R) sobre el procesamiento cognitivo global y la autopercepción de bienestar subjetivo. Método En una muestra intencional de 100 adultos mayores autovalentes, 65 conformaron el grupo estudio y 35 el grupo control. El programa se administró en el grupo de estudio. Mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon, se compararon las medidas de resultado de eficacia cognitiva global (MMSE) y bienestar subjetivo (SWLS) antes y después del programa, Asimismo, se compararon las diferencias del pre y postest de ambos grupos mediante U de Mann Whitney. Resultados Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el pre y post test del SWLS en el grupo estudio, no así en el grupo control. Este resultado se replicó en la variable eficacia cognitiva global. Se observó una diferencia entre los grupos en ambas medidas, con mayor beneficio en el grupo que recibió la intervención. Conclusión El PECC-R constituye una alternativa viable para la estimulación cognitivo-comunicativa de orden funcional. La evidencia de las diferencias en las actuaciones respalda su utilidad y validez para la intervención en Atención Primaria u otros contextos similares

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the effect of the reminiscence-based cognitive-communicative intervention program (CCSP-R) on global cognitive processing and self-perception of subjective well-being. Methods A purposive sample of 100 self-care elderly adults, with 65 composing the study group and 35 in the control group. The study group was subjected to the proposed program. The Wilcoxon test compared the outcome measures of global cognitive efficacy (MMSE) and subjective well-being (SWLS) before and after the program, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test compared the pre- and post-test differences between the two groups. Results A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-test of the SWLS in the study group, but not in the control group. This result was replicated in the global cognitive efficacy variable. A difference between the groups occurred in both measures, with greater benefit for the group that received the intervention. Conclusion The CCSP-R is a viable alternative for cognitive-communicative stimulation of functional order. The evidence of differences in performance supports its usefulness and validity for intervention in primary care or other similar contexts.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease characterized by widespread white matter lesions in the brain and spinal cord. In addition to well-characterized motor deficits, MS results in cognitive impairments in several domains, notably in episodic autobiographical memory. Recent studies have also revealed that patients with MS exhibit deficits in episodic future thinking, i.e., our capacity to imagine possible events that may occur in our personal future. Both episodic memory and episodic future thinking have been shown to share cognitive and neural mechanisms with a related kind of hypothetical simulation known as episodic counterfactual thinking: our capacity to imagine alternative ways in which past personal events could have occurred but did not. However, the extent to which episodic counterfactual thinking is affected in MS is still unknown. The current study sought to explore this issue by comparing performance in mental simulation tasks involving either past, future or counterfactual thoughts in relapsing-remitting MS. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) measures were also extracted to determine whether changes in structural pathways connecting the brain's default mode network (DMN) would be associated with group differences in task performance. Relative to controls, patients showed marked reductions in the number of internal details across all mental simulations, but no differences in the number of external and semantic-based details. It was also found that, relative to controls, patients with relapsing-remitting MS reported reduced composition ratings for episodic simulations depicting counterfactual events, but not so for actual past or possible future episodes. Additionally, three DWI measures of white matter integrity-fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity and streamline counts-showed reliable differences between patients with relapsing-remitting MS and matched healthy controls. Importantly, DWI measures associated with reduced white matter integrity in three association tracts on the DMN-the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, the left hippocampal portion of the cingulum and the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus-predicted reductions in the number of internal details during episodic counterfactual simulations. Taken together, these results help to illuminate impairments in episodic simulation in relapsing-remitting MS and show, for the first time, a differential association between white matter integrity and deficits in episodic counterfactual thinking in individuals with relapsing-remitting MS.

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The life script construct refers to the semantic knowledge shared by individuals from a given culture and reflects the expectations about when specific events are supposed to happen. This study aimed to identify whether a life script for Brazilian culture and its characteristics exists. Three hundred and eighty-four participants reported the seven most important events in the life of a hypothetical newborn of their same gender and culture. For each event, they informed an estimate of age and levels of importance, prevalence, and valence. Our results showed that most of the events cited were considered positive and expected to happen before age 30. The ages from 15 to 30 had the most positive events (51.9%). Events before age 15 were rated as more prevalent and important. The results are discussed as representations of lifetime development benchmarks within the Brazilian population and compared to other countries' data on life scripts.(AU)

O construto de roteiro de vida se refere ao conhecimento semântico compartilhado entre indivíduos de uma cultura e reflete as expectativas acerca de eventos específicos esperados. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar se existe um roteiro de vida para a cultura brasileira e quais seriam suas características. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro participantes relataram quais os sete eventos mais importantes que provavelmente acontecerão na vida de um recém-nascido hipotético da mesma cultura e gênero que eles. Para cada evento, os participantes informaram estimativas de idade e níveis de importância, de prevalência e de valência. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos eventos citados foram considerados positivos (51,9%). Eventos estimados para acontecer antes dos 15 anos de idade foram classificados como mais prevalentes e importantes. Os resultados são discutidos como representações de referências do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida na população brasileira e comparados com dados de roteiros de vida de outros países.(AU)

La construcción del guion de vida se refiere al conocimiento semántico que se comparte entre los individuos de una cultura y refleja las expectativas sobre eventos específicos que se espera ocurran en una vida típica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar eventos en el guion de vida para la cultura brasileña y cuáles serían sus características. Trescientos ochenta y cuatro participantes informaron cuáles son los siete eventos más importantes en la vida de un hipotético recién nacido de la misma cultura y género que ellos. Para cada evento, se informaron estimaciones de edad y niveles de importancia, prevalencia y valencia. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los eventos mencionados se consideraron positivos (51,9%). Los eventos de antes de los 15 años fueran más frecuentes y se clasificaron como los importantes. Los resultados se discuten como representaciones de referencias de desarrollo de por vida en la población brasileña y se comparan con datos de los itinerarios de vida de otros países.(AU)

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In two experiments, we tested the influence of bringing to mind a memory of a special moment versus an ordinary moment on nostalgia and whether this elicited nostalgia was related directly to gratitude and the satisfaction of need for relatedness and indirectly to optimism and vitality. Participants from Mexico were first asked to state how the pandemic of COVID-19 has affected their lives. After, participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Memory of special moment versus memory of ordinary recent moment (study 1) or memory of special moment versus or memory of ordinary moment from the same life period as the special moment (study 2). After, participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing nostalgia, gratitude and optimism (study 1) or nostalgia, satisfaction of need for relatedness, and vitality (study 2). Results from study 1 showed a positive influence of bringing to mind a special moment on nostalgia. Nostalgia was positively related to gratitude, which was then related positively to optimism. Similarly, results from study 2 showed a positive influence of bringing to mind a special moment on nostalgia. Nostalgia was positively related to satisfaction of need for relatedness, which then had a positive relationship with vitality. In both studies, the indirect sequential effect of bringing to mind a special moment on optimism and vitality was significant.

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Crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) refere-se à mudança positiva em algum aspecto da experiência humana como resultado do enfrentamento de adversidades. Investigou-se a relação entre CPT, estilos de enfrentamento e centralidade de evento. Participaram do estudo 65 mulheres que concluíram os tratamentos recomendados para o câncer de mama. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa cujos instrumentos foram respondidos on-line. Identificou-se correlações altas entre CPT e centralidade de evento e moderadas entre CPT e os estilos de enfrentamento: estratégia focada no problema, busca de suporte social e práticas religiosas. A centralidade de evento e as estratégias focadas no problema mostraram-se melhores preditoras de CPT. Os resultados sugerem que quanto maior a adversidade percebida, maior a possibilidade de crescimento, sendo as estratégias de enfrentamento focadas no problema um componente importante para a sua ocorrência. Este estudo apontou a possibilidade de crescimento pessoal relacionado ao enfrentamento do CA de mama e indicou estratégias relevantes para desenvolvê-lo. (AU)

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to a positive change in some aspect of the human experience as a result of coping with adversity. This study investigated the relationship between PTG, coping styles, and event centrality, using a cross-sectional research design. The sample consisted of 65 women who had completed the recommended treatments for breast cancer (BC) and answered an online survey. High correlations were identified between PTG and event centrality, and moderate correlations between PTG and the coping styles 'problem-focused strategy', 'social support seeking', and 'religious practices'. Event centrality and problem-focused coping strategies were the best predictors of PTG. The results suggest that the greater the perceived adversity, the greater the possibility of growth, and that problem-focused coping strategies are important for the occurrence of growth in the context of BC. This study pointed to the possibility of personal growth from coping with BC and indicated effective strategies to develop it. (AU)

El crecimiento postraumático (CPT) se refiere al cambio positivo en algún aspecto de la experiencia humana como resultado del enfrentamiento de adversidades. Se investigó la relación entre CPT, estilos de enfrentamiento y centralidad de eventos. Participaron del estudio 65 mujeres que completaron los tratamientos recomendados para el cáncer de mama. Se trató de una investigación cuantitativa respondida on-line. Se identificaron altas correlaciones entre CPT y centralidad de eventos; y moderadas entre CPT y los estilos de enfrentamiento: estrategia centrada en el problema, búsqueda de apoyo social y prácticas religiosas. La centralidad de eventos y las estrategias centradas en el problema demostraron mejores predictores del CPT. Los resultados sugieren que cuanto mayor es la adversidad percibida, mayor es la posibilidad de crecimiento, siendo las estrategias de afrontamientos centradas en el problema un componente importante para su ocurrencia. Este estudio señaló la posibilidad de crecimiento personal frente a la lucha contra el cáncer de mama. (AU)

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Autobiographical memory is essential to ground a sense of self-identity, contributing to social functioning and the development of future plans, and being an essential source for the psychiatric interview. Previous studies have suggested loss of autobiographical episodic specificity in unipolar depression, but relatively fewer investigations have been conducted in bipolar disorder (BD) patients, particularly across different mood states. Similarly, there is a scarcity of systematic investigations about mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory in relation to autobiographical memory in BD. Considering this, a total of 74 patients with BD (24 in euthymia, 26 in mania, and 24 in depression) responded with autobiographical memories to cue words belonging to four categories: mania, depression, BD, and neutral. Episodic specificity was scored according to the Autobiographical Interview, with high intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results indicated that patients in mania generally re-experience more episodic details than those in depression. Depressed bipolar patients reported fewer details of perception and less time integration of memories than those in euthymia or mania. Words linked to depression and BD induced greater episodic re-experiencing than neutral words, just as words about BD provided greater episodic re-experiencing and more details of emotion/thoughts than words about mania. Words linked to depression provoked more time details about the recalled episodes than words on BD or neutral themes. No mood-congruent or mood-dependent effects were observed. Current findings may improve the ability of clinicians to conduct psychiatric interviews and the diagnosis of BD, with special attention to how memory details are generated across different mood states of the condition. Additionally, interventions to foster autobiographical recollection in BD may be developed, similar to what has already been done in the context of schizophrenia.

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O fading affect bias (FAB) atua na memória autobiográfica humana, favorecendo a manutenção das emoções positivas em detrimento das negativas. Este trabalho questionou se esse mecanismo poderia ser influenciado pela depressão e se seria encontrado na memória episódica. Cinquenta e cinco voluntários registraram eventos autobiográficos positivos e negativos durante uma semana. Eles preencheram o Inventário de Depressão de Beck e realizaram um teste de memória com palavras de conotação positiva, negativa e neutra. Os resultados sugeriram que o humor deprimido pode interferir no funcionamento do FAB e prejudicar a manutenção das emoções positivas na memória. Os efeitos na memória episódica foram menos conclusivos.

The fading affect bias (FAB) works in human autobiographical memory in favour of the maintenance of positive emotions over negative ones. This study questioned whether this mechanism could be influenced by depression and if it could also be found in episodic memory. 55 volunteers registered personal positive and negative life events for a week, filled the Beck Depression Inventory and performed a recognition memory test with positive, neutral and negative words. The results suggested the depressed mood could influence the well functioning of the FAB and damage the maintenance of positive emotions in memory. The effects on the episodic memory were less conclusive.

El fading affect bias (FAB) actúa sobre la memoria autobiográfica humana favoreciendo el mantenimiento de las emociones positivas sobre las negativas. Este trabajo cuestionó si este mecanismo podría estar influenciado por la depresión y si se encontraría en la memoria episódica. 55 voluntarios registraron eventos autobiográficos positivos y negativos durante una semana, completaron el Inventario de depresión de Beck y se sometieron a una prueba de memoria con connotaciones positivas, negativas y neutrales. Los resultados sugirieron que el estado de ánimo deprimido puede interferir con el funcionamiento del FAB y afectar el mantenimiento de las emociones positivas en la memoria. Los efectos sobre la memoria episódica fueron menos concluyentes.