RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing inclusion levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the supplement of steers finished on a Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, weight gain, and carcass traits. Forty 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Zebu crossbred steers with an average body weight of 352.80 ± 3.32 kg, at 36 months of age, were supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Four treatments were formulated (supplement containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% PKC, dry matter [DM] basis) and the animals were monitored for 240 days, weighed, and slaughtered. The inclusion of PKC in the supplement did not influence the intakes of total DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent fiber, but increased (P < 0.05) ether extract intake and reduced (P < 0.05) non-fibrous carbohydrate intake. The apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05), whereas intake and rumination efficiencies by the dietary treatments. Average daily gain, carcass weight, and backfat thickness did not change in response to the inclusion of PKC in the supplement. We recommend the inclusion of 45% palm kernel cake in the concentrate of steers supplemented at 0.4% of their body weight and finished on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different traditional or alternative energy and protein sources, associated or not, on feeding behavior, ruminal kinetics, and post-ruminal flow of nutrients. Besides, it was assessed diets' effects on different sites (reticulum and omasum) of buffaloes. Four ruminally cannulated male Murrah buffaloes (average initial weight of 637 ± 66.37 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor evaluated was the inclusion of energy sources (ground corn and crude glycerin), and the second factor was the inclusion of protein sources (soybean meal and cottonseed cake). Buffaloes fed cottonseed cake had a higher content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible detergent fiber (pdNDF) in the rumen environment than buffaloes fed soybean meal. There was a sampling site effect on rumen digestion rates of pdNDF, passage rates of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and pdNDF, and flow of iNDF. In this study, omasal collections were more representative. Total replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin promoted less NDF ruminal digestibility, and care should be taken to include this energy source. The cottonseed cake does not cause a difference in rumen dynamics and can totally replace soybean meal in feedlot buffaloes' diet.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20 kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (P < 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals' diet decreased (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (P > 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including purified glycerin in the diets of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Eighty Cobb 500® lineage broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) to one of four treatment groups (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion in feed) and five replicates of four birds. The birds were evaluated for performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion); carcass yield; special cuts yield (thigh, drumstick and breast); muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); and crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of the breast muscle. Inclusion of purified glycerin in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) any of the growth performance indicators, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of including up to 6% glycerin in the diet. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass yield; special-cut yields; muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); or crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of breast muscle. The inclusion of purified glycerin at up to 6% in the diet proved to be feasible in broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 frangos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e cinco repetições de quatro aves. Foram avaliados o desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), a coloração (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não influenciaram (p > 0,05) nenhuma das características de desempenho, o que evidenciou a viabilidade técnica de inclusão de até 6% do alimento. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres, coloração da carne (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e nos teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade. A inclusão de glicerina purificada mostrou-se viável em até 6% em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including purified glycerin in the diets of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Eighty Cobb 500® lineage broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) to one of four treatment groups (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion in feed) and five replicates of four birds. The birds were evaluated for performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion); carcass yield; special cuts yield (thigh, drumstick and breast); muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); and crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of the breast muscle. Inclusion of purified glycerin in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) any of the growth performance indicators, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of including up to 6% glycerin in the diet. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass yield; special-cut yields; muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); or crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of breast muscle. The inclusion of purified glycerin at up to 6% in the diet proved to be feasible in broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 frangos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e cinco repetições de quatro aves. Foram avaliados o desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), a coloração (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não influenciaram (p > 0,05) nenhuma das características de desempenho, o que evidenciou a viabilidade técnica de inclusão de até 6% do alimento. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres, coloração da carne (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e nos teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade. A inclusão de glicerina purificada mostrou-se viável em até 6% em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including purified glycerin in the diets of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Eighty Cobb 500® lineage broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) to one of four treatment groups (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion in feed) and five replicates of four birds. The birds were evaluated for performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion); carcass yield; special cuts yield (thigh, drumstick and breast); muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); and crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of the breast muscle. Inclusion of purified glycerin in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) any of the growth performance indicators, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of including up to 6% glycerin in the diet. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass yield; special-cut yields; muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); or crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of breast muscle. The inclusion of purified glycerin at up to 6% in the diet proved to be feasible in broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 frangos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e cinco repetições de quatro aves. Foram avaliados o desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), a coloração (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não influenciaram (p > 0,05) nenhuma das características de desempenho, o que evidenciou a viabilidade técnica de inclusão de até 6% do alimento. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres, coloração da carne (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e nos teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade. A inclusão de glicerina purificada mostrou-se viável em até 6% em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not...(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona detoxificado no concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 18,5± 2,26 kg e quatro meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de farelo de mamona (0, 33; 67 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Os animais foram submetidos a um período 15 dias para adaptação e 84 dias de período experimental. A dieta foi constituída de 60% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar e 40% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca. As observações referentes ao comportamento animal foram realizadas de forma visual, durante dois períodos de 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos. As variáveis comportamentais observadas e registradas foram: ócio, ruminação e alimentação. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de mastigações merícicas e a determinação do tempo despendido na ruminação de cada bolo ruminal, para cada animal, com a utilização de cronômetro digital. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) não foi afetado pela inclusão de farelo de mamona no concentrado apresentando valor médio de 884,02 g/dia. A atividade de alimentação não foi afetada com a inclusão de farelo de mamona. O tempo de...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not...

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona detoxificado no concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 18,5± 2,26 kg e quatro meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de farelo de mamona (0, 33; 67 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Os animais foram submetidos a um período 15 dias para adaptação e 84 dias de período experimental. A dieta foi constituída de 60% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar e 40% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca. As observações referentes ao comportamento animal foram realizadas de forma visual, durante dois períodos de 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos. As variáveis comportamentais observadas e registradas foram: ócio, ruminação e alimentação. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de mastigações merícicas e a determinação do tempo despendido na ruminação de cada bolo ruminal, para cada animal, com a utilização de cronômetro digital. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) não foi afetado pela inclusão de farelo de mamona no concentrado apresentando valor médio de 884,02 g/dia. A atividade de alimentação não foi afetada com a inclusão de farelo de mamona. O tempo de...

Assuntos

RESUMO

A simple and fast method for the multi-elemental determination of 18 inorganic constituents (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb) in organic fertilizers employing slurry sampling and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is presented. A 2(3) factorial design with a central point was employed to optimize the slurry sampling procedure. The internal standard and instrumental conditions were optimized by univariate studies. The selectivity of the method to determining Se, As, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd was assessed. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of four standard reference materials (SRM). The recoveries varied from 72% to 114%. For most of the elements, good agreement was achieved between the certified value and the value measured in the SRM. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) ranged from 0.5% to 14%. The evaluated method was applied to the determination of analytes in the press cake of palm, castor, curcas, sunflower, fodder turnip, white lupin, rapeseed and pequi, and their potential to be used as organic fertilizer was evaluated in accordance with Brazilian legislation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a produção de gás de diferentes fontes proteicas geradas na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho. Os tratamentos foram: coprodutos de Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, Helianthus annus. Os produtos foram analisados mediante a técnica semiautomática de produção de gases in vitro. O coproduto da moringa apresentou maior taxa de degradação, quando comparado aos demais alimentos, porém apresentou baixa produção de gás e se tornou mais eficiente, sendo, portanto, indicado como o melhor nível (27,06%) de substituição à silagem de milho. O coproduto da mamona e o do algodão produziram a maior quantidade de gás em 48h de incubação. Todos os coprodutos estudados podem ser utilizados na dieta de ruminantes como alimento proteico até 30% de substituição à silagem de milho.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the degradation and gas production of different protein sources generated in the biodiesel production chain replacing corn silage. The treatments were byproducts Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifeira, Jatrophacurcas, and Helianthusannus. The products were analyzed by semi-automated technique of gas production in vitro. The coproduct moringa showed higher degradation rate compared to other foods, but showed low gas production, making it more efficient, being nominated as the best level of 27.06% by replacing corn silage. The byproducts of castor oil and cottonseed produced the largest amount of gas in 48 h of incubation. All studied byproducts can be used in the diet of ruminants as a protein food up to 30% by substitution of corn silage.(AU)

Assuntos