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Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) Berliner, 1911 is widely used in the biological control of black fly and mosquito populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bti on the black fly communities in streams in the Atlantic Forest domain. The study was carried out in eight streams of Serra do Mar, in the municipality of Ubatuba, São Paulo. Some parts of the streams in this locality have received applications of Bti fortnightly for more than 25 years by the sanitary agency of the region. In each stream, two sections were sampled, with and without application of Bti (June 2015 and 2016). Black flies were collected and identified to the species level in the laboratory with 1382 larvae being identified, distributed in six species. Of this total, 73% of the individuals were found in sections where Bti was not applied. There was a difference in the abundance of simulids between the sections with and without Bti application, being more abundant in the latter. We measured the head capsule of individuals of the most abundant species, Simulium pertinax Kollar 1832, using a stereoscopic microscope with millimeter lens. These measurements demonstrated that there was a difference between the sections regarding the age structure of Simuliidae populations. In the sections without Bti application, there was a higher proportion of larvae in the last instar, while in the Bti-treated sections, smaller instars were predominant, possibly due to constant recolonization processes.

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Abstract Black flies are abundant benthic organisms in well-oxygenated running water and are considered effective bioindicators of water quality. Information on the ecology of these organisms at the species level is important, since up to now information has mainly been available on a family level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of black flies and their relationships to a group of physical and chemical factors in four small rivers of the Eastern Hills around Bogotá, Colombia. These headwaters are protected by the Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá. Black fly larvae and pupae were collected during four sampling periods during the dry season to the early rainy season of 2012. Multivariate methods were used to determine the presence of each species in relation to dissolved oxygen, nitrates, pH, temperature, and water velocity. PCA ordination revealed a physicochemical environment with a tendency towards a certain homogeneity in the four rivers studied. The DCA ordination confirmed that in La Vieja River the G. ortizi complex dominated while S. muiscorum was dominant in the other three rivers. Similarly, according to the NMDS, the composition of black flies in Arzobispo and Chorro de Padilla rivers was similar, while that of El Delirio and La Vieja rivers were different, especially in this last river. The rivers had low species richness (four species and one species complex). Simulium muiscorum was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen, temperature and current velocity while S. ignescens was associated with slightly more oxygenated waters and S. furcilatum with faster currents. The low species diversity and richness for the four rivers is consistent with previous reports of low Neotropical diversity of black flies. Results showed that simuliid species could possibly be good indicators of the environmental conditions of Eastern Hills rivers around Bogotá.

Resumen Las moscas negras son organismos bénticos abundantes en corrientes de agua bien oxigenadas y se consideran bioindicadores efectivos de la calidad de agua. La información sobre la ecología de estos organismos a nivel de especie es importante, ya que hasta el momento, ha estado disponible principalmente solo a nivel de familia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición de moscas negras y sus relaciones con un grupo de factores físicos y químicos en cuatro ríos pequeños de los Cerros Orientales alrededor de Bogotá, Colombia. Estos nacimientos están protegidos por la Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá, Colombia. Se colectaron larvas y pupas de moscas negras a lo largo de cuatro períodos de muestreo, desde la estación seca hasta la estación lluviosa de 2012. Se utilizaron métodos multivariados para determinar la presencia de cada especie en relación con: oxígeno disuelto, nitratos, pH, temperatura y velocidad del agua. La ordenación por PCA reveló un ambiente fisicoquímico con tendencia hacia la homogeneidad en los cuatro ríos estudiados. La ordenación por DCA confirmó que en el río La Vieja dominó el complejo G. orti%i, mientras que S. muiscorum fue dominante en los otros tres. De igual forma de acuerdo con el análisis NMDS, la composición de moscas negras en los ríos Arzobispo y Chorro de Padilla fue similar, mientras que en los ríos El Delirio y La Vieja fue diferente, especialmente en este último. Los ríos presentaron baja riqueza de especies (cuatro especies y un complejo de especies). Simulium muiscorum se correlacionó negativamente con el oxígeno disuelto, temperatura y velocidad de la corriente, mientras que S. ignescens estuvo asociado con aguas ligeramente más oxigendas y S. furcilatum, con corrientes más rápidas. La baja diversidad y riqueza para los cuatro ríos es consistente con reportes previos de baja diversidad neotropical de moscas negras. Los resultados muestran que las especies de simúlidos podrían ser buenos indicadores de las condiciones ambientales de los ríos de los Cerros Orientales de Bogotá.

Resumo As moscas negras são organismos bentônicos abundantes em correntes de água bem oxigenadas e se consideram bioindicadores efetivos da calidade de água. A informação sobre a ecologia de estes organismos quanto a espécie é importante, pois até o momento, há informação somente em nível de família. O objetivo de este estudo foi avaliar a composição de moscas negras e suas relações com um grupo de fatores físicos e químicos em quatro rios pequenos dos Cerros Orientais nas redondezas de Bogotá, Colômbia. As nascentes estão protegidas pela Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá, Colômbia. Foram coletadas larvas e poupas de moscas negras ao longo de quatro períodos de amostragem, desde a estação seca até a estação chuvosa de 2012. Foram utilizados métodos multivariados para determinar a presença de cada espécie em relação com: oxigênio dissolvido, nitratos, pH, temperatura e velocidade da água. A ordenação por PCA revelou um ambiente físico-químico com tendência à homogeneidade nos quatro rios estudados. A ordenação por DCS confirmou que no rio La Vieja dominou o complexo G. orti%i, enquanto que S. muiscorum foi dominante nos outros três rios. Igualmente, de acordo com a análise NMDS, a composição de moscas negras nos rios Arzobispo e Chorro de Padilla foi similar, enquanto que nos rios El delírio e La Vieja foi diferente, em especial neste último. Os rios apresentaram baixa riqueza de espécies (quatro espécies e um complexo de espécies). S. muiscorum se correlacionou negativamente com o oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura e velocidades da corrente, enquanto que S. ignescens foi associado com águas ligeiramente mais oxigenadas e S. furcilatum, com correntes mais rápidas. A baixa diversidade e riqueza para os quatro rios é consistente com reportes prévios de baixa diversidade neotropical de moscas negras. Os resultados mostram que espécies de Simulium poderiam ser boas indicadoras das condições ambientais dos rios dos Cerros Orientais de Bogotá.

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Vector ecology is a key factor in understanding the transmission of disease agents, with each species having an optimal range of environmental requirements. Scarce data, however, are available for how interactions of local and broad-scale climate phenomena, such as seasonality and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), affect simuliids. We, therefore, conducted an exploratory study to examine distribution patterns of species of Simuliidae along an elevational gradient of the Otún River in the Colombian Andes, encompassing four ecoregions. Larval and pupal simuliids were sampled at 52 sites ranging from 1800 to 4750 m above sea level in dry and wet seasons and during the La Niña phase (2011-2012) and the El Niño phase (2015-2016) of the ENSO; physicochemical measurements were taken during the El Niño phase. Twenty-seven species in two genera (Gigantodax and Simulium) were collected. Species richness and occurrence in each ecoregion were influenced by elevation, seasonality, and primarily the warm El Niño and cool La Niña phases of the ENSO. The degree of change differed among ecoregions and was related to physicochemical factors, mainly with stream discharge. Some putative simuliid vectors of Leucocytozoon, such as G. misitu and S. muiscorum, markedly changed in distribution and occurrence, potentially influencing parasite transmission.

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The species richness of black flies in the Simulium (Trichodagmia) orbitale (Diptera: Simuliidae) species group is greatest in southern Brazil, where 9 of 19 species are found. A new species in the S. orbitale group was collected during a survey of black flies in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the Espinhaço Mountains, an area rich in endemic taxa. The new species is morphologically similar to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera: Simuliidae), the main vector of the causal agent of onchocerciasis in Brazil and Venezuela. It can be identified in the male by the unpatterned scutum and slightly concave ventral plate with a prominent median projection, in the female by the bilobate anal lobe, in the pupa by the 12 slender gill filaments with nonsclerotized apices, branching in a rake-like pattern, and in the larva by the elongated abdominal segments V-VIII and ventrolaterally lobulate segment IX. The polytene chromosomes have one unique fixed inversion in the IS arm, relative to all other Brazilian members of the group, confirming the morphological evidence of a distinct species.

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Black fly and sandfly bites are related to the endemicity of pemphigus foliaceus (PF); however, an immune reaction against the salivary proteins from these flies still requires confirmation in the case of PF patients living in southeastern Brazil. Purpose: To georeference the distribution of Simuliidae (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) and of PF cases in the northeastern region of São Paulo State, and to assess the humoral immune response against salivary gland extracts (SGEs) from biting flies in PF patients, relatives, and neighbours...

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BACKGROUND: Black fly and sandfly bites are related to the endemicity of pemphigus foliaceus (PF); however, an immune reaction against the salivary proteins from these flies still requires confirmation in the case of PF patients living in southeastern Brazil. PURPOSE: To georeference the distribution of Simuliidae (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) and of PF cases in the northeastern region of São Paulo State, and to assess the humoral immune response against salivary gland extracts (SGEs) from biting flies in PF patients, relatives, and neighbours. METHODS: PF patients' medical information recorded between 1965 and 2014 were obtained from the database of the University Hospital. Data on the distribution of fly species were collected from scientific reports and epidemiological databases. Spatial maps relating the distribution of biting flies with PF cases were plotted. Serum IgG antibodies against the SGEs from Simulium nigrimanum, Nyssomyia neivai, and Aedes aegypti (as control) were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-five PF cases were distributed in 60 municipalities with a prevalence of 57.5 per million inhabitants, revealing well-defined geographical clusters. S. nigrimanum and N. neivai specimens were registered in eight (13.3%) and 26 (43.3%) of these municipalities, respectively. PF patients, and their relatives presented higher levels of IgG against the SGEs of S. nigrimanum and N. neivai (P<0.001 for both), but not against the SGE from A. aegypti (P=0.115 and P=0.552, respectively), as compared to controls. IgG against the SGEs from S. nigrimanum and N. neivai but not against the SGE from A. aegypti correlated with levels of anti-Desmoglein 1 in PF patients (r=0.3848, P=0.039; and r=0.416, P=0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: An epidemiological link between biting flies and PF in southeastern Brazil is proposed, implying a possible role of the salivary proteins from these flies in PF etiopathogenesis.

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The polytene chromosomes of 130 larvae of the Neotropical Simulium metallicum complex from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Ecuador revealed five cytoforms, including three ('M', 'N', and 'O') that are new and two ('B' and 'J') that represent range extensions of up to 850km. The discovery of three new cytoforms brings the total number in the complex to 17. Cytoforms 'B', 'J', and 'N' are reproductively isolated from one another, and their species status is corroborated by morphological evidence. None of the three new cytoforms is known from current or historical onchocerciasis foci, although 'M' inhabits the periphery of the former Ecuadorian Santiago onchocerciasis focus a mere 30km to the west. The number of fixed chromosomal differences, as many as 24, separating some members of the S. metallicum complex far exceeds that known between members of any other simuliid species complex. Two distinct groupings can be diagnosed within the S. metallicum complex, based on at least eight fixed chromosomal rearrangements and structural characters in the larval stage. Consequently, a recommendation is made to recognize the S. horacioi complex and the S. metallicum complex sensu stricto. Recognition of two separate complexes provides potential phylogenetic content with predictive power for understanding biological phenomena such as vector potential.

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In this paper, the utility of a partial sequence of the COI gene, the DNA barcoding region, for the identification of species of black flies in the austral region was assessed. Twenty-eight morphospecies were analyzed: eight of the genus Austrosimulium (four species in the subgenus Austrosimulium s. str., three species in the subgenus Novaustrosimulium, and one species unassigned to subgenus), two of the genus Cnesia, eight of Gigantodax, three of Paracnephia, one of Paraustrosimulium, and six of Simulium (subgenera Morops, Nevermannia, and Pternaspatha). The neighbour-joining tree derived from the DNA barcode sequences grouped most specimens according to species or species groups recognized by morphotaxonomic studies. Intraspecific sequence divergences within morphologically distinct species ranged from 0% to 1.8%, while higher divergences (2%-4.2%) in certain species suggested the presence of cryptic diversity. The existence of well-defined groups within S. simile revealed the likely inclusion of cryptic diversity. DNA barcodes also showed that specimens identified as C. dissimilis, C. nr. pussilla, and C. ornata might be conspecific, suggesting possible synonymy. DNA barcoding combined with a sound morphotaxonomic framework would provide an effective approach for the identification of black flies in the region.

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This study provides a checklist of Simuliidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul along with information on distribution of species in 47 rivers and streams of the two major river basins in the State: Paraná and Paraguay. Eighteen species were reported to the state, including two new records: Simulium dinellii (Joan, 1912) and Simulium virescens Hamada, Silva & Pereira, 2012.(AU)

Este trabalho apresenta uma listagem de espécies de simulídeos no Mato Grosso do Sul e traz informações sobre a distribuição das espécies em 47 corpos dágua das duas grandes bacias hidrográficas do estado: Paraná e Paraguai. No total foram reportadas 18 espécies para o estado, incluindo dois novos registros: Simulium dinellii (Joan, 1912) e Simulium virescens Hamada, Silva & Pereira, 2012.(AU)

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ABSTRACT This study provides a checklist of Simuliidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul along with information on distribution of species in 47 rivers and streams of the two major river basins in the State: Paraná and Paraguay. Eighteen species were reported to the state, including two new records: Simulium dinellii (Joan, 1912) and Simulium virescens Hamada, Silva & Pereira, 2012.

RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta uma listagem de espécies de simulídeos no Mato Grosso do Sul e traz informações sobre a distribuição das espécies em 47 corpos dágua das duas grandes bacias hidrográficas do estado: Paraná e Paraguai. No total foram reportadas 18 espécies para o estado, incluindo dois novos registros: Simulium dinellii (Joan, 1912) e Simulium virescens Hamada, Silva & Pereira, 2012.