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ABSTRACT Background: Chikungunya fever is an emerging global infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that manifests as an acute febrile illness with joint pain and can lead to chronic arthritis. The mechanism underlying chronic joint damage remains unclear; however, chronic chikungunya arthritis shares similarities with rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have revolutionized rheumatoid arthritis treatment by preventing joint damage. However, the role of these therapies in chronic chikungunya arthritis has not been determined. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the burden of joint structural damage in chronic chikungunya arthritis to help to define the role of disease-modifying therapy in this disease. Methods: This systematic review included retrospective and prospective studies, trials, and case reports evaluating joint damage caused by chikungunya virus. Various databases were searched without any date or language restrictions. Study selection was conducted independently by two researchers, and data were extracted from the articles selected. Results: A total of 108 studies were initially evaluated, with 8 meeting the inclusion criteria. Longitudinal studies have reported persistent joint pain from chikungunya infection and the progression of radiographic joint damage up to 13 years post-infection. Joint imaging revealed synovial inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage destruction in patients with chronic chikungunya arthritis. Conclusions: Few studies have addressed chikungunya-induced joint damage, limiting our understanding of chronic chikungunya arthritis. Nevertheless, chronic chikungunya arthritis has similarities to rheumatoid arthritis. The success of early disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis underscores the need for comprehensive research on its role in chikungunya arthritis.
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INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease depicted by peripheral bone erosive damage leading to joint destruction, deformity and functional impairment. Shoulder involvement is less frequent than hands, wrists and feet, and relevant joint damage may be underdiagnosed if a lower threshold for careful analysis of this joint is not settled, especially in uncontrolled disease. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old male with a difficult-to-manage RA since 2010, presenting severe shoulder arthritis with MRI showing a striking giant geode in the left humeral head. CONCLUSION: An impressive MRI image showing a giant geode in poorly controlled RA should alert rheumatologists to raise suspicion of shoulder involvement for early investigation and treatment.
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Artrite Reumatoide , Sinovite , Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Cabeça do Úmero/diagnóstico por imagem , Artrite Reumatoide/complicações , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Ombro , MãosRESUMO
To evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MSUS) abnormalities in asymptomatic elderly individuals. A cross-sectional controlled study was conducted and MSUS of 23 joints (wrist, metacarpophalangeal-MCP, proximal interphalangeal-PIP, elbow, glenohumeral, hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal-MTP joints) was performed in healthy individuals aged 18-29 (young, n = 32) and 60-80 years-old (elderly, n = 32). Quantitative synovial hypertrophy (SH) was measured in mm and a semiquantitative scoring system (0-3) was used to grade SH, power doppler (PD) and bone erosion (BE). Young and elderly participants were 26.2 ± 3.2 and 65.9 ± 4.4 years-old, respectively. As compared to the young participants, elderly individuals had higher SH values in 35% of the joint surfaces (P < 0.05), higher rates of scores 1-3 for SH at the dorsal surface of the 3rd MCP, palmar surface of the 2nd MCP, 2nd PIP, 3rd MCP and 3rd PIP and subtalar joints (17.2 vs. 1.6%, P = 0.002; 29.7 vs. 6.3%, P = 0.001; 12.5 vs. 1.6%, P = 0.016; 21.9 vs. 6.3%, P = 0.011; 21.9 vs. 7.8%, P = 0.025; and 24.2 vs. 6.3%, P = 0.005, respectively), BE at the radiocarpal, ulnocarpal, dorsal surface of the 2nd MCP and posterior area of the glenohumeral joints (10.9 vs. 1.6%, P = 0.028; 12.5 vs. 0%, P = 0.003; 9.4 vs. 0%, P = 0.012; and 29.7 vs. 10.9%, P = 0.008, respectively) and PD at the dorsal surface of the 2nd and 3rd MCP joints (9.4 vs. 0%; P = 0.012 and 7.8 vs. 0%; P = 0.023, respectively). BE scores ≥ 1 were more frequent in the elderly (P < 0.05) in 22 (88%) of the joint surfaces evaluated. MSUS abnormalities are more frequent in asymptomatic elderly individuals as compared to young subjects.
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Sinovite , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Idoso , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Brasil/epidemiologia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Imaging is essential for the assessment of bone and inflammatory joint diseases. There are several imaging techniques available that differ regarding resolution, radiation exposure, time expending, precision, cost, availability or ability to predict disease progression. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) that was introduced in 2004 allows the in vivo evaluation of peripheral bone microarchitecture and demonstrated high precision in assessing bone changes in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases. This review summarizes the use of HR-pQCT for the evaluation of the hand skeleton in inflammatory joint diseases. We conducted a review of the literature regarding the protocols that involve hand joints assessment and evaluation of bone changes as erosions and osteophytes in chronic inflammatory diseases. Apart from measuring bone density and structure of the radius and the tibia, HR-pQCT has contributed to assessment of bone erosions and osteophytes, considered the hallmark of diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, respectively. In this way, there are some conventions recently established by rheumatic study groups that we just summarized here in order to standardize HR-pQCT measurements.
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Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Densidade Óssea , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/normasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The comparison between different techniques to quantify the 3-dimensional size of inflammatory bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients. METHODS: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody(ACPA) positive RA patients received high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans of the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP). Erosions were measured by three different segmentation techniques: (1) manual method with calculation by half-ellipsoid formula, (2) semi-automated modified Evaluation Script for Erosions (mESE), and (3) semi-automated Medical Image Analysis Framework (MIAF) software. Bland & Altman plots were used to describe agreement between methods. Furthermore, shape of erosions was classified as regular or irregular and then compared to the sphericity obtained by MIAF. RESULTS: A total of 76 erosions from 65 RA patients (46 females/19 males), median age 57 years, median disease duration 6.1 years and median disease activity score 28 of 2.8 units were analyzed. While mESE and MIAF showed good agreement in the measurement of erosion size, the manual method with calculation by half-ellipsoid formula underestimated erosions size, particularly with larger erosions. Accurate segmentation is particularly important in larger erosions, which are irregularly shaped. In all three segmentation techniques irregular erosions were larger in size than regular erosions (MIAF: 19.7 vs. 3.4mm3; mESE: 15.5 vs. 2.3mm3; manual = 7.2 vs. 1.52mm3; all p < 0.001). In accordance, sphericity of erosions measured by MIAF significantly decreased with their size (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MIAF and mESE allow segmentation of inflammatory bone erosions in RA patients with excellent inter reader reliability. They allow calculating erosion volume independent of erosion shape and therefore provide an attractive tool to quantify structural damage in individual joints of RA patients.
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Anticorpos Antiproteína Citrulinada/sangue , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação Metacarpofalângica/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Idoso , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Articular ultrasound of 6500 joint recesses was performed for the purpose of identifying which joint had the highest measurements among small-sized (SSJ), medium-sized (MSJ) and large-sized (LSJ) joints. Quantitative measurements of synovial hypertrophy (QSR) and semiquantitative measurements of synovial hypertrophy (SSH), power Doppler (SPD) and bone erosion (SBE) (score: 0-3) were made. Higher measurements (p < 0.01) of QSR were obtained in the second metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP), talonavicular joint, and hip. The highest SSH scores (2/3) were obtained in the second MTP, talonavicular joint, hip and knee; the highest SPD scores (1/2/3) in the first MTP, second MTP, dorsal second metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and radiocarpal recesses; and the highest SBE scores (2/3) in the radiocarpal, ulnocarpal and posterior recesses of the glenohumeral joint. In conclusion, higher measurements of synovial hypertrophy were found in the first and second MTPs (SSJ), talonavicular recess (MSJ) and hip (LSJ). Synovial blood flow was frequent in the first MTP and radiocarpal recess. Bone erosion stood out only in the glenohumeral joint.
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Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Articulações/diagnóstico por imagem , Membrana Sinovial/patologia , Membrana Sinovial/fisiopatologia , Sinovite/diagnóstico por imagem , Sinovite/fisiopatologia , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Assintomáticas , Feminino , Humanos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Articulações/irrigação sanguínea , Articulações/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Membrana Sinovial/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To determine ultrasound measurements indicative of abnormalities in small, medium and large joints, we conducted a cross-sectional study comparing 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 78 healthy volunteers. A MyLab 60 ultrasound machine (Esaote) and a linear multifrequency probe were used. Quantitative measurements of synovial recesses and semiquantitative measurements of synovial hyperplasia, power Doppler and bone erosion (scores = 0-3) were performed. The cutoff values for synovial recesses indicating RA (receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the curve >0.800) were found to be (radiocarpal) 3.78 mm and (ulnocarpal) 3.07 mm. Those measurements with the greatest chance of indicating RA (logistic regression analysis expressed as odds ratios [ORs]) were (p < 0.001) measurements of synovial hyperplasia (ulnocarpal, OR = 100, and radiocarpal, OR = 70); synovial power Doppler (radiocarpal, OR = 66); synovial bone erosion (radiocarpal, OR = 324); fifth metatarsophalangeal joint (OR = 100); and second metacarpophalangeal joint (OR = 92). We concluded that for both quantitative and semiquantitative ultrasound measurements, radiocarpal abnormalities increase the chance of detecting RA.
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Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulações/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Curva ROC , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe quantitative and semiquantitative sonographic joint measurements in healthy adults and compare them with demographic parameters. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Bilateral sonographic measurements of small, medium, and large joints were performed in 130 healthy volunteers, stratified into 5 age groups (A, 18-29; B, 30-39; C, 40-49; D, 50-59; and E, 60-80 years). Quantitative synovial hypertrophy measurements and semiquantitative synovial hypertrophy, power Doppler, bone erosion (score 0-3), and articular cartilage (score 0-4) measurements were performed by a blinded radiologist using a 6-18-MHz linear array transducer. The sonographic measurements were correlated with demographic parameters. The significant P value was set at .05. RESULTS: A total of 6500 joint recesses were studied; the mean age ± SD of the participants was 44.8 ± 14.6 years, and 76.9% were women. The highest quantitative synovial hypertrophy values were found in the hip (6.4 mm) and talonavicular joint (2.6 mm). The joint recesses with a greater frequency of hypothetical pathologic semiquantitative scores were second metatarsophalangeal (78.8%) and first metatarsophalangeal (69.3%) for synovial hypertrophy, radiocarpal (17.7%) and first metatarsophalangeal (15.8%) for power Doppler, and posterior glenohumeral (23.1%) and ulnocarpal (4.2%) for bone erosion. The highest quantitative synovial hypertrophy values and the lowest semiquantitative synovial hypertrophy, power Doppler, bone erosion, and articular cartilage scores were observed in age group E (P < .046). There were positive correlations between the sonographic measurements and height, age, weight, and body mass index in 30.4%, 34.8%, 43.5%, and 47.8%, respectively, of all the joint recesses studied. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic changes in healthy peripheral joints were observed predominantly in the oldest group.
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Articulações/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulações/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Ultrassonografia/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A artrite reumatóide (AR) é uma doença crônica, sistêmica, auto-imune, de etiologia desconhecida, que envolve, predominantemente, as pequenas articulações das mãos e dos pés. Punhos, articulações metacarpofalangeanas, interfalangeanas proximais e metatarsofalangeanas são as articulações mais envolvidas. A patogênese é complexa e multifatorial, com participação de fatores genéticos, ambientais e hormonais. A realização do diagnóstico o mais rápido possível e o estabelecimento imediato de terapia adequada nas fases mais iniciais da doença são de fundamental importância para o prognóstico do paciente. O diagnóstico da AR é realizado através da avaliação das manifestações clínicas, achados laboratoriais e de imagem. O paciente apresenta, na maioria das vezes, um quadro de poliartrite tendendo a evoluir para deformidades articulares, com importante perda funcional devido à característica crônica e progressiva da doença. O fator reumatóide (FR) se encontra positivo em 70% a 80% dos pacientes com AR. Corresponde a um auto-anticorpo, geralmente classe IgM, dirigido contra a porção Fc da imunoglobulina IgG. Quando presente em títulos elevados, a doença é, geralmente, mais agressiva e tem maiores chances de apresentar manifestações extra-articulares. O início da terapêutica o mais rápido possível é baseado em dados de estudos clínicos, que demonstraram o benefício no curso evolutivo, prevenindo o dano articular, a perda da função e a redução da dor. O principal objetivo do tratamento é o de atingir a remissão. A base do tratamento da AR é a utilização das drogas modificadoras do curso da doença (DMCD), associadas a antiinflamatórios não hormonais (AINH) e antiinflamatórios hormonais (AIH). Os agentes biológicos são novas drogas que têm indicação nos pacientes que não responderam adequadamente ao uso dos DMCD.