RESUMO

This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.

RESUMO

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito da utilização de complexo enzimático em rações para leitões sobre o desempenho zootécnico nas fases pré-inicial e inicial. Foram utilizados, para isso, 292 leitões, machos castrados e fêmeas, de linhagem comercial. O período de suplementação da enzima, na maternidade, foi do sétimo ao vigésimo primeiro dia de idade, e, na creche, foi do desmame até a saída para a fase de crescimento. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo a matriz e sua leitegada consideradas a unidade experimental durante a maternidade e uma baia com dez leitões na creche. Na maternidade, os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 - ração controle, sem complexo enzimático; T2 - ração controle com adição on top do complexo enzimático com inclusão de 5%. Na creche, foram definidos três tratamentos: T1 - ração controle; T2 - ração controle com inclusão on top de 5% do complexo enzimático na fase de maternidade; T3 - ração controle com inclusão de 5% de complexo enzimático nas fases de maternidade e creche. A suplementação durante a lactação não influenciou o desempenho da leitegada na maternidade até o 21º dia. Na creche, leitões alimentados com ração controle apresentaram maior peso inicial em relação aos suplementados na fase de maternidade e creche. Ao término da fase, os leitões mostraram desempenho semelhante, independente da dieta. Conclui-se que a inclusão do complexo enzimático na forma on top em dietas para leitões não influenciou parâmetros de desempenho na maternidade, porém, favoreceu a recuperação de leitões desmamados com menor peso.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using an enzymatic complex in piglet feeds on the zootechnical performance in the pre-starter and initial phases. For this purpose, 292 piglets, castrated males and females, of commercial lineage were used. The enzyme supplementation period in the maternity hospital was from the seventh to the twenty-first day of age, and in the nursery, it was from the waning until the exit for the growth phase. The design used was completely randomized, with the mother and her litter considered the experimental unit during maternity and a stall with 10 piglets in the nursery. In maternity, the treatments consisted of: T1 - control feed, without the enzymatic complex; T2 - control diet with on top addition of the enzymatic complex with 5% inclusion. Three treatments were defined at the nursery: T1 - control feed; T2 - control diet with inclusion on top of 5% of the enzymatic complex in the maternity phase; T3 - control feed with the inclusion of 5% enzymatic complex in the maternity and nursery phases. Supplementation during lactation did not influence litter performance in the maternity unit until 21 days. In the nursery, piglets fed with control feed had higher initial weight compared to those supplemented in the maternity and nursery phases. At the end of the phase, the piglets showed similar performance, regardless of diet. It is concluded that the inclusion of the enzymatic complex used in the on top form in diets for piglets did not influence performance parameters in maternity; however, it favored the recovery of weaned piglets with lower weight.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O desmame é caracterizado como o período mais crítico da produção de suínos devido à imaturidade digestiva e à baixa concentração de enzimas digestivas, como carboidrases, proteases e fitases, nas primeiras semanas do pós-desmame, o que ocasiona o baixo desempenho dos leitões. Neste caso, há a necessidade de suplementação exógena de enzimas que atuam na degradação de frações do alimento, aumentando o aproveitamento da dieta. A nutrição enzimática exógena tem sido considerada uma alternativa eficaz frente à baixa concentração de enzimas endógenas nas primeiras semanas após o desmame por contribuir para o aumento na digestibilidade das dietas sólidas e, deste modo, para um maior aproveitamento dos ingredientes. Na nutrição de suínos, as enzimas exógenas mais utilizadas são as carboidrases, as proteases e as fitases. Ademais, a utilização de blends enzimáticos também é considerada uma ótima alternativa, pois contribui para a inibição de fatores antinutricionais, os quais são responsáveis por indisponibilizar nutrientes necessários para o desenvolvimento e desempenho dos animais. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar as principais enzimas exógenas utilizadas na nutrição de leitões desmamados, bem como seus efeitos no desempenho animal.

Weaning is characterized as the most critical period in swine production due to digestive immaturity and low concentration of digestive enzymes, such as carbohydrases, proteases, and phytases, in the first weeks after weaning, which causes poor performance of piglets. In this case, there is the need for exogenous supplementation of enzymes that act on the degradation of food fractions, increasing diet utilization. Exogenous enzyme nutrition has been considered an effective alternative to the low concentration of endogenous enzymes in the first weeks after weaning, as it contributes to an increase in the digestibility of solid diets and, consequently, greater use of the ingredients. In swine nutrition, the most used exogenous enzymes are carbohydrases, proteases, and phytases. Furthermore, the use of enzymatic blends is also considered a great alternative, as they contribute to the inhibition of anti-nutritional factors, which are responsible for making nutrients necessary for the development and performance of animals unavailable. Therefore, this study aimed to present the main exogenous enzymes used in the nutrition of weaned piglets, as well as their effects on animal performance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A proteomic approach was used to identify the digestive enzymes secreted by exocytosis and by microapocrine vesicles and enzyme midgut compartmentalization in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. For this, proteomic analyses were performed in isolated midgut enterocyte microvillar membrane, in a fraction enriched in microapocrine vesicles (separated in soluble and membrane fractions), in the washings of the peritrophic membrane to isolate its loosely- and tightly-bound proteins, and in the peritrophic membrane contents. PM washings correspond to proteins extracted from the mucus layer surrounding PM. Serine endopeptidases (trypsins, chymotrypsins and serine endopeptidase homologs that have substitutions in the catalytic residues) and lipases are mainly secreted by exocytosis. Aminopeptidases are mainly microvillar enzymes and some are secreted membrane-bound to microapocrine vesicles, whereas carboxypeptidase isoforms follow different secretory routes. The results also showed that most polymer hydrolases (such as amylase and endopeptidases) are not retained in the ectoperitrophic fluid (found in PM washings but absent from PM contents). On the contrary, most enzymes involved in intermediate digestion (exemplified by carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase) do not pass through the peritrophic membrane. Finally, the data revealed that the protein composition of PM includes peritrophins classified as peritrophic membrane proteins, PMP, and chitin deacetylase.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Broiler diets are based on corn, soybean and wheat production; however, some protein ingredients have many antinutritional factors and low digestibility. The objective of this study was to add a blend of exogenous enzymes to the feed with low nutritional value for broilers to reduce production costs and improve digestibility while maintaining good zootechnical performance. The experimental design was completely randomized, including three treatments with five replications (n=15) each: a) positive control (PC), diet calculated for males with average performance; b) negative control + exogenous enzymes (NC+EE), minimum nutrient diet according to the requirements of the production phase, and the enzymatic blend was added; and c) negative control (NC), minimum levels of nutrients for each phase. At 21 days, the PC group showed greater weight gain and lower feed conversion than the NC (P<0.05). At 42 days, PC had lower feed intake than NC (P=0.040), while lower feed conversion was observed in groups PC and NC+EE than NC (P=0.001). The production efficiency index was higher in the PC treatment, but the NC+EE treatment was higher than the NC (P=0.001). Considering production costs and body weight, we found that NC+EE birds had greater profitability. Therefore, we conclude that the blend of exogenous enzymes added to a diet with minimal nutritional levels has practical application in the broiler production system.(AU)

As dietas de frangos de corte são baseadas na produção de milho, soja e trigo; no entanto, alguns ingredientes proteicos possuem muitos fatores antinutricionais e baixa digestibilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi adicionar à ração uma mistura de enzimas exógenas com baixo valor nutricional para frangos de corte para reduzir os custos de produção e melhorar a digestibilidade, mantendo o bom desempenho zootécnico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, incluindo três tratamentos com cinco repetições (n=15) cada: a) controle positivo (PC), dieta calculada para machos com desempenho médio; b) controle negativo + enzimas exógenas (CN+EE), dieta mínima de nutrientes de acordo com as exigências da fase de produção, e foi adicionada a mistura enzimática; c) controle negativo (CN), teores mínimos de nutrientes para cada fase. Aos 21 dias, o grupo PC apresentou maior ganho de peso e menor conversão alimentar que o NC (P<0,05). Aos 42 dias, PC apresentou menor consumo de ração que NC (P=0,040), enquanto foi observada menor conversão alimentar nos grupos PC e NC+EE que NC (P=0,001). O índice de eficiência de produção foi maior no tratamento PC, mas o tratamento NC+EE foi maior que o NC (P=0,001). Considerando os custos de produção e peso corporal, verificamos que as aves NC+EE tiveram maior rentabilidade. Portanto, concluímos que a mistura de enzimas exógenas adicionada a uma dieta com níveis nutricionais mínimos tem aplicação prática no sistema de produção de frangos de corte.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A proteomic approach was used to identify the digestive enzymes secreted by exocytosis and by microapocrine vesicles and enzyme midgut compartmentalization in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. For this, proteomic analyses were performed in isolated midgut enterocyte microvillar membrane, in a fraction enriched in microapocrine vesicles (separated in soluble and membrane fractions), in the washings of the peritrophic membrane to isolate its loosely- and tightly-bound proteins, and in the peritrophic membrane contents. PM washings correspond to proteins extracted from the mucus layer surrounding PM. Serine endopeptidases (trypsins, chymotrypsins and serine endopeptidase homologs that have substitutions in the catalytic residues) and lipases are mainly secreted by exocytosis. Aminopeptidases are mainly microvillar enzymes and some are secreted membrane-bound to microapocrine vesicles, whereas carboxypeptidase isoforms follow different secretory routes. The results also showed that most polymer hydrolases (such as amylase and endopeptidases) are not retained in the ectoperitrophic fluid (found in PM washings but absent from PM contents). On the contrary, most enzymes involved in intermediate digestion (exemplified by carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase) do not pass through the peritrophic membrane. Finally, the data revealed that the protein composition of PM includes peritrophins classified as peritrophic membrane proteins, PMP, and chitin deacetylase.

RESUMO

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of "on top" addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6- BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment,112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição "on top" de diferentes complexos enzimáticos, enzima α-galactosidade e três fontes de enzima fitase disponíveis no mercado em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento 1260 pintos Cobb 500® com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sete tratamentos, seis repetições e 30 aves/repetição. Tratamentos consistiram na associação de diferentes complexos enzimáticos: complexo A (fitase, protease, xilanase, ß-glucanase, celulase, amilase, pectinase); complexo B (protease e celulase); e complexo C (xilanase, amilase e protease); α-galactosidase isolada (GAL); e três fontes de fitase (F1, F2 e F3) nas rações. Em que: T1 - ração basal (RB); T2 - RB + complexo enzimático A + complexo enzimático B (RBAB); T3 - RBAB + GAL; T4 - RB + complexo A + GAL; T5 - RB + complexo C + F1 + GAL (RBCG); T6 - RBCG+F2; T7 - RBCG + F3. O período experimental foi de 42 dias. Avaliaram-se: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso médio final (PMF), conversão alimentar (CA), e rendimento de carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para PMF, GP e CA na fase pré-inicial. No segundo experimento 112 pintos Cobb 500® com 25 dias de idade foram distribuídos em DIC, sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro aves/repetição. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos do primeiro experimento. O período experimental foi de sete dias, avaliou-se a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças para coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE). A inclusão de complexos enzimáticos nas rações melhora o PMF e GP de frangos de 1 a 7 dias de idade e o CMEE na fase de crescimento.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.(AU)

O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of "on top" addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6- BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment,112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição "on top" de diferentes complexos enzimáticos, enzima α-galactosidade e três fontes de enzima fitase disponíveis no mercado em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento 1260 pintos Cobb 500® com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sete tratamentos, seis repetições e 30 aves/repetição. Tratamentos consistiram na associação de diferentes complexos enzimáticos: complexo A (fitase, protease, xilanase, ß-glucanase, celulase, amilase, pectinase); complexo B (protease e celulase); e complexo C (xilanase, amilase e protease); α-galactosidase isolada (GAL); e três fontes de fitase (F1, F2 e F3) nas rações. Em que: T1 - ração basal (RB); T2 - RB + complexo enzimático A + complexo enzimático B (RBAB); T3 - RBAB + GAL; T4 - RB + complexo A + GAL; T5 - RB + complexo C + F1 + GAL (RBCG); T6 - RBCG+F2; T7 - RBCG + F3. O período experimental foi de 42 dias. Avaliaram-se: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso médio final (PMF), conversão alimentar (CA), e rendimento de carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para PMF, GP e CA na fase pré-inicial. No segundo experimento 112 pintos Cobb 500® com 25 dias de idade foram distribuídos em DIC, sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro aves/repetição. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos do primeiro experimento. O período experimental foi de sete dias, avaliou-se a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças para coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE). A inclusão de complexos enzimáticos nas rações melhora o PMF e GP de frangos de 1 a 7 dias de idade e o CMEE na fase de crescimento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.

O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.

Assuntos