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ABSTRACT Introduction: Although not mandatory, medical residency has become a sine qua non condition for practicing in most medical specialties in Brazil. Residency programs are hosted mainly by university accredited academic centers and hospitals in the national public healthcare system, under guidance and accreditation by a national commission. Despite the importance of these programs for the development of the hematology workforce, few studies have addressed their characteristics and impact on society. Methods: We performed a comprehensive cross-sectional survey of a 35-year alumni cohort from a hematology academic residency program in Brazil. Results: In total, 86/98 (87.8%) responded to the survey. The mean age at residency completion was 28.5 years, 60.5% of the alumni were women and sixty-four (74.4%) self-declared their skin color as white. Higher rates of parental education attainment and low rates of trainee financial dependence were observed and these patterns were stable over time. While the proportion of trainees from other states increased steadily, the number of hematologists practicing in other states remained stable. Approximately half of the alumni worked both in the private and public sectors, mainly in malignant hematology and in outpatient clinics. Twenty-five percent of the alumni reported prior leadership and teaching positions, mainly as directors of transfusion services. Conclusion: Our results provide data that can be potentially useful for policymakers and curricular development in the planning of strategies concerning the future workforce of hematologists.

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The shortage of physicians in rural and underserved areas is an obstacle to the implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We carried out a systematic review to analyze the effectiveness of initiatives in medical education aimed to increase the supply of physicians in rural or underserved areas. We searched for studies published between 1999 and 2019 in six databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Interventional or observational controlled studies were defined as inclusion criteria. A total of 955 relevant unique records were selected for inclusion, which resulted in the identification of 17 articles for analysis. The admission of students from rural areas associated with a rural curriculum represented 52.95% of the interventions. Medical practice after graduation in rural or underserved areas was the most evaluated outcome, representing 12 publications (70.59%). Participants of these educational initiatives were more likely to work in rural or underserved areas or to choose family medicine, with significant differences between the groups in 82.35% of the studies. Educational strategies in undergraduate and medical residencies are effective. However, it is necessary to expand these interventions to ensure the supply of physicians in rural or urban underserved areas.

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Throughout the world, forensic odontology academic programmes have been designed and permeate discussions about international or local standard operational protocols, principles or guidelines requiring current technical and scientific knowledge. The heterogeneous groups of students who aim to pursue this career might have high educational and occupational aspirations that will be confronted with the labour markets. In this report, the authors briefly present aspects of the education and training that comprise the choice of a career in forensic odontology nowadays. In conclusion, the individual who opts for forensic odontology as a career must be prepared to find the confidence and resilience to practice professional skills in a unique and challenging field to comply with the society's expectation

Em todo o mundo, vários programas acadêmicos de Odontologia Legal têm sido criados e permeiam discussões sobre protocolos, princípios ou diretrizes operacionais, padrão internacional ou local, que exigem conhecimento técnico e científico atualizado. Os grupos heterogêneos de estudantes que pretendem seguir esta carreira poderão ter elevadas aspirações educativas e profissionais que serão confrontadas com os mercados de trabalho. Neste contexto, os autores apresentam brevemente aspectos da educação e formação que compõem a escolha de uma carreira em Odontologia Legal nos dias de hoje. Em conclusão, o indivíduo que opta pela Odontologia Legal como carreira deve estar preparado para encontrar confiança e resiliência para exercer habilidades profissionais em um campo único e desafiador para atender às expectativas da sociedade

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INTRODUCTION: Although not mandatory, medical residency has become a sine qua non condition for practicing in most medical specialties in Brazil. Residency programs are hosted mainly by university accredited academic centers and hospitals in the national public healthcare system, under guidance and accreditation by a national commission. Despite the importance of these programs for the development of the hematology workforce, few studies have addressed their characteristics and impact on society. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive cross-sectional survey of a 35-year alumni cohort from a hematology academic residency program in Brazil. RESULTS: In total, 86/98 (87.8%) responded to the survey. The mean age at residency completion was 28.5 years, 60.5% of the alumni were women and sixty-four (74.4%) self-declared their skin color as white. Higher rates of parental education attainment and low rates of trainee financial dependence were observed and these patterns were stable over time. While the proportion of trainees from other states increased steadily, the number of hematologists practicing in other states remained stable. Approximately half of the alumni worked both in the private and public sectors, mainly in malignant hematology and in outpatient clinics. Twenty-five percent of the alumni reported prior leadership and teaching positions, mainly as directors of transfusion services. CONCLUSION: Our results provide data that can be potentially useful for policymakers and curricular development in the planning of strategies concerning the future workforce of hematologists.

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The expectations imposed on students to achieve good academic performance have continually increased. This study's objective was to explore how career adaptability, psychological capital, and mental health indicators predict student burnout. A total of 1,398 students intending to enter higher education in 2020 participated; most were women from the Southeast. The results indicate that perception of control and resilience protects students from exhaustion, while stress and depression favor its emergence. In addition, the concern, anxiety, optimism, and resilience constructs prevent disengagement, while depression facilitates disengagement to be experienced in daily life. These findings reinforce the relationship between personal resources and well-being in the academic environment. (AU)

A expectativa de bom desempenho acadêmico cresce gradualmente e desenvolver habilidades para lidar com os desafios do período do vestibular se faz cada vez mais importante. O objetivo deste artigo foi explorar como recursos de adaptabilidade de carreira, capital psicológico e indicadores de saúde mental predizem o Burnout de estudantes. Participaram deste estudo 1398 estudantes que visavam ingressar no ensino superior no ano de 2020, sendo maioria mulher e que pertencia à região sudeste. Os resultados indicaram que a percepção de controle e resiliência favorecem ao estudante a não vivenciar a exaustão, bem como o estresse e depressão favorecem o seu surgimento. Construtos de preocupação, ansiedade, otimismo e resiliência evitam o desengajamento e a depressão colabora para que este esteja presente no dia a dia. A partir disso, os achados desta pesquisa enfatizam a relação existente entre recursos pessoais e bem-estar no ambiente dos estudos. (AU)

La expectativa de un buen desempeño académico crece gradualmente y el desarrollo de habilidades para enfrentar desafíos del período vestibular es importante. El objetivo del artículo fue explorar cómo recursos de adaptabilidad a la carrera, Capital Psicológico y indicadores de salud mental predicen Burnout de estudiantes. Participaron 1398 estudiantes con objetivo de ingresar a la educación superior en 2020, la mayoría eran mujeres y pertenecían a región sureste. Resultados indicaron que percepción de control y resiliencia favorecen que el alumno no experimente agotamiento, así como el estrés y la depresión favorecen su aparición. Las construcciones de preocupación, ansiedad, optimismo y resiliencia previenen la desconexión y la depresión ayuda a asegurar que esté presente en la vida cotidiana. A partir de esto, los hallazgos de esta investigación enfatizan la relación entre los recursos personales y el bienestar en el ambiente de estudio. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Gender-based discrimination (GBD) creates a hostile environment that can affect medical students. Mentorship has been recognized as a mitigating factor for GBD. We aimed to investigate the impacts of GBD on career selection and well-being of medical students in Brazil and to explore access to mentorship among these students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed using an anonymous survey in Portuguese. The survey was distributed in June 2021 to students enrolled in Brazilian medical schools. It contained 24 questions, including demographics, episodes of GBD experienced by responders and their impact on professional and personal life, and mentorship access. RESULTS: Of 953 respondents, 748 (78%) were cisgender women, 194 (20%) cisgender men, and 11 nonbinary (1%). Sixty-six percent (625/953) of students reported experiencing GBD, with cisgender women and nonbinary being more likely to experience it than cisgender men (P < 0.001). Responders who experiences GBD report moderate to severe impact on career satisfaction (40%, 250/624), safety (68%, 427/624), self-confidence (68%, 426/624), well-being (57%, 357/625), and burnout (62%, 389/625). Cisgender women were more likely to report these effects than men counterparts (P < 0.01). Only 21% of respondents (201/953) had mentors in their medical schools. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that GBD is widespread among Brazilian medical students affecting their personal and professional lives, and most of them do not have access to a mentor. There is an urgent need to increase access to mentors who could mitigate the adverse effects of GBD and help develop a diverse and inclusive medical workforce.

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BACKGROUND: It is important to complement the scientific literature with the data regarding the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the social, work and health practices as well as on the daily life of dentists, and to promote adequate public policies. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the career plans of dentists in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: As part of global research on the impact of COVID-19 on dentistry, a crosssectional survey was administered via digital media to dentists in Colombia. The validated questionnaire included inquiries regarding sociodemographic variables, the perception of the risk of contagion with COVID-19 and the impact of COVID-19 on the dentists' career plans. The variables were summarized in absolute and relative frequencies, and a binomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on career plans according to the independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 5,370 dentists answered the survey (women: 3,878; median age: 45 years; response rate: 16.85%). Most of the dentists (96%) believed that COVID-19 infection was a risk for them and 81.96% reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had some impact on their career plans, including reducing working hours (77.96%), retiring early (26.54%) and changing their career away from dentistry (18.15%). The regression model showed that older adults (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.26), general practitioners (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.44), private practice owners (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.94, 2.79), private practice associates (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.84, 2.63), and those with 'very probable' risk perception (OR = 4.29; 95% CI: 1.35, 13.60) had a significantly greater chance of the pandemic having an impact on their future career plans. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic has had a great impact on dentists' career plans. Dentists who are most fearful of the risk of contagion, those who are older and those who have their private practice are thinking about reducing working hours, retiring early or changing their career.

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Abstract: Introduction: Since the National Curricular Guidelines for the Medicine course were implemented, with emphasis on the training of professionals with a generalist profile, the factors that may contribute to the interest in professional practice are unknown. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the perception of medical students regarding their generalist training and the factors that influence the desire for professional practice. Methodology: Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of qualitative and explanatory character with 523 students from different medical courses in the city of Salvador-Bahia, who answered an online survey after signing the informed consent form. The sample was categorized into interest in Immediate Specialization (IS) and among those who intend to Act as a Generalist (AG). The age and period of the course were also categorized into groups. Results: The age of the sample was 18 to 25 years in 83.7% (n = 438), with 72.5% (n = 380) being female, attending 69% of the 4º to 9º semesters (n = 363). The Immediate Specialization group represented 27.2% (95% CI: 35% -73%) and the group that intends to Act as a Generalist, 72.8% (95% CI: 68% -76%). General training did not influence the option for professional practice with RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.55-1.20) p = 0.308. The factors associated with AG were believing in the generalist's resolution capacity and SUS guidelines (p <0.001), the desire to contribute to society (p = 0.005) and society's credibility (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Students perceive that the curriculum includes general training, however it did not influence the interest in professional practice. The desire to act as a generalist is present in a significant number among them, driven by altruism and the desire to contribute to society, supported by the organic laws that underlie the SUS Guidelines, while not feeling valued and having its credibility, questioned by society, only stimulates professional practice on a temporary basis.

Resumo: Introdução: Desde que foram implantadas as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o curso de Medicina com ênfase à formação de profissionais com perfil generalista desconhece-se os fatores que podem contribuir com o interesse pelo exercício profissional. Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo e analítico de caráter qualitativo explanatório com 523 acadêmicos dos diversos cursos de medicina da cidade de Salvador-Bahia, que responderam um questionário online após assinatura do TCLE. A amostra foi categorizada em interesse na Especialização Imediata (EI) e entre aqueles que pretendem Atuar como Generalistas (AG). A idade e o período do curso também foram categorizados em grupos. Resultados: A idade da amostra era de 18 a 25 anos em 83,7% (n=438), sendo 72,5% (n=380) do sexo feminino, cursando do 4º ao 9º semestre em 69% (n=363). O grupo Especialização Imediata representou 27,2% (IC95%: 35%-73%) e o grupo que pretende Atuar como Generalista, 72,8% (IC95%: 68%-76%). A formação generalista não influenciou a opção pelo exercício profissional com RR=0,81 (IC95%: 0,55-1,20) p=0,308. Os fatores associados a AG foram: pertencer a instituição pública (p=0,041) acreditar na capacidade de resolubilidade do generalista e nas diretrizes do SUS (p<0,001), o desejo de contribuir com a sociedade (p=0,005) e a credibilidade da sociedade (p=0,044). Conclusão: Os estudantes percebem que a grade curricular contempla a formação generalista, no entanto não influenciou o interesse pelo exercício profissional. O desejo de atuar como generalista está presente em um número expressivo entre eles, movido pelo altruísmo e o desejo de contribuir com a sociedade, respaldados pelas leis orgânicas que fundamentam as Diretrizes do SUS, ao mesmo tempo em que não se sentir valorizado e ter sua credibilidade questionada pela sociedade, estimulam ao exercício profissional apenas de modo temporário.

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A evasão do Ensino Superior traz implicações para os estudantes e para as universidades, e a identificação das variáveis associadas ao abandono possibilita desenvolver ações que reduzam sua ocorrência. Este estudo analisa os impactos diretos e mediados da autoeficácia, do rendimento, sexo, idade, recebimento de bolsas de auxílio social e ingresso em curso de opção preferencial na evasão. Os dados foram coletados com 346 universitários por meio de um Questionário Socioeconômico, da Escala de Autoeficácia na Formação Superior, além de informações documentais, e foram analisados pelo software AMOS. Os resultados identificaram que ser mulher e manifestar autoeficácia elevada associam-se a melhores desempenhos acadêmicos, os quais relacionam-se a riscos menores de evasão. Também se verificou que ser mulher e frequentar o curso de opção preferencial diminui as chances de abandono. Tais resultados reforçam o peso de variáveis pessoais, psicológicas, acadêmicas e de carreira na evasão e sugerem caminhos para intervenções que promovam a permanência dos estudantes.

La deserción de la enseñanza universitaria trae implicaciones a los estudiantes y a las universidades, y la identificación de las variables asociadas a la deserción posibilita desarrollar acciones que disminuyan su ocurrencia. En este estudio se analiza los impactos directos y mediados de la autoeficacia, del rendimiento, sexo, edad, recibimiento de becas de ayuda social e ingreso en curso de opción preferencial en la deserción. Los datos se recolectados con 346 universitarios por intermedio de un Cuestionario Socioeconómico, de la Escala de Autoeficacia en la Formación Universitaria, además de informaciones documentales, y se analizaron por el software AMOS. Los resultados identificaron que ser mujer y manifestar autoeficacia elevada se asocian a mejores desempeños académicos, los cuales, se relacionan a riesgos menores de abandono. También se verificó que ser mujer y frecuentar el curso de opción preferencial disminuye las oportunidades de abandono. Tales resultados refuerzan el peso de variables personales, psicológicas, académicas y de carrera en la deserción y sugieren caminos para intervenciones que promuevan la permanencia de los estudiantes.

Dropping out of Higher Education has implications for students and universities, and the identification of variables associated with dropout makes it possible to develop actions that reduce its occurrence. This study analyzes the direct and mediated impacts of self-efficacy, income, sex, age, receipt of social assistance grants and entry into a preferred option course in evasion. Data were collected from 346 university students through a Socioeconomic Questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Scale in Higher Education, in addition to documentary information, and were analyzed using the AMOS software. The results identified that being a woman and manifesting high self-efficacy are associated with better academic performance, which are related to lower risks of dropping out. It was also found that being a woman and attending the preferred option course decreases the chances of dropping out. Such results reinforce the weight of personal, psychological, academic and career variables in dropout and suggest ways for interventions that promote student permanence.

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Resumen Objetivo. Indagar sobre los aspectos que inciden en la construcción del proyecto de vida de futbolistas de 17 años con aspiraciones de ser jugadores profesionales. Método. Estudio de enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo de corte transversal. Veinticinco jugadores de fútbol de 17 años pertenecientes a un club deportivo de Cali, respondieron a una encuesta de datos sociodemográficos, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los deportistas y al entrenador a cargo del proceso de formación. Resultados. Se encontró que el proyecto de vida de estos futbolistas estaba influenciado por diversos factores de su contexto próximo, especialmente la familia y el club deportivo. Conclusión. Los aspectos incidentes más importantes en la construcción del proyecto de vida de estos futbolistas son: su familia, los clubes deportivos a los que pertenecen, los entrenadores que han estado a cargo de su proceso deportivo, la cultura académica, las instituciones educativas y en cierta medida la empresa privada que proporciona patrocinios.

Abstract Objective. Look into the aspects that have an impact on the construction of a life project for soccer players aged 17 with aspirations of becoming professional players. Method. This study is a cross sectional, qualitative and descriptive approach. It was carried out with 25 soccer players belonging to a sports club in Cali. A socio-demographic survey was used, as well as a semi-structured interview administered to the athletes and the coach in charge of the training program. Results. It was found that the life project of these soccer players was influenced by different factors of their context, especially their family and the sports club to which they belong. Conclusion. The main aspects that influence the construction of a life project of these soccer players are: their family, the sports clubs to which they belong, the coaches that have been in charge of their training process, their academic context, the educational institutions and, to a certain extent, the private company sponsoring them.

Resumo Escopo. Indagar sobre os aspetos que incidem na construção do projeto de vida de futebolistas de 17 anos com aspirações de serem profissionais. Metodologia. Estudo de enfoque qualitativo e descritivo de corte transversal. Vinte e cinco jogadores de futebol de 17 anos pertencentes a um clube esportivo de Cali, responderam a uma enquete de dados sócio demográficos, foram feitas entrevistas semi-estruturadas aos esportistas e ao treinador a cargo do processo de formação. Resultados. Foi achado que o projeto de vida destes futebolistas estava influído por diversos fatores do seu contexto próximo, especialmente a família e o clube esportivo. Conclusão. Os aspetos incidentes mais importantes na construção do projeto de vida deste futebolistas são: sua família, os clubes esportivos aos que pertencem, os treinadores que tem estado a cargo do seu processo esportivo, a cultura acadêmica, as instituições educativas e em certa medida a empresa privada que fornece patrocínios.