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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of yellow fever (YF) suspected case definitions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (BMH) and World Health Organization (WHO), as well as propose and evaluate new definitions of suspected cases, considering confirmed and discarded cases. METHODS The retrospective study was conducted at the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), using the Epidemiologic Surveillance Form of YF cases. From the confirmed and discarded cases of YF, a logistic regression model was developed. The independent variables were used in a proposed definition of a suspected case of YF and its accuracy was evaluated. RESULTS In total, 113 YF suspect cases were reported, with 78 confirmed (69.0%). The definitions by BMH and WHO presented low sensitivity, 59% and 53.8%, and reduced accuracy, 53.1% and 47.8%, respectively. Predictive factors for YF were thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevation of transaminases greater than twice normal. The definition including individual with acute onset of fever, followed by elevation of ALT or AST greater than twice the reference value AND leukopenia OR thrombocytopenia presented high sensitivity (88.3%), specificity (62.9%), and the best accuracy (80.4%), as proposed in the model. CONCLUSION The YF suspected case definitions of the BMH and the WHO have low sensitivity. The inclusion of nonspecific laboratory tests increases the accuracy of YF definition.

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We followed 35 children meeting a research definition for unconfirmed tuberculosis (TB) but in whom a pediatric pulmonologist did not diagnose or treat TB. After a median follow-up of 16.4 months, most children were not diagnosed with TB following a comprehensive evaluation. However, 2 were diagnosed with TB, demonstrating high TB risk (6%; exact 95% CI, 1%-19%). In some contexts, researchers may wish to supplement these research definitions with clinical decision data and longitudinal follow-up in order to improve specificity.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the current World Health Organization' (WHO) Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) clinical-epidemiological case definition against the gold standard of laboratory diagnosis. METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients seeking medical care at an Emergency Department in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January to June 2018. Clinical features were recorded. Screening for CHIKF was performed using the RT-qPCR and ELISA-IgM antibody assay. Clinical features of CHIKF RT-qPCR/IgM positive cases were compared with those with other febrile illnesses. RESULTS: 27,900 ED visits were recorded, of which 172 (0.61 %) patients were screened for arboviral illness. The prevalence of laboratory-confirmed CHIKF (Lab-CHIKF) was 110/172 [64 %]. Chikungunya virus RNA was detected in 92/172 (53.5 %) patients, while in 18/80 (10.5 %), only IgM was positive. Compared to CHIKV-negative subjects, patients with CHIKF presented much earlier after the onset of symptoms (2 [1-4] vs. 3.5 [2.5-5], p = 0.007), and more frequently reported arthritis (61.8 % vs. 33.9 %, p < 0.0001), arthralgia (96.4 % vs. 79 %, p < 0.0001), and conjunctivitis (35.5 % vs. 16.1 %, p = 0.007). After adjustments for other clinical predictors, arthritis/arthralgia [aOR: 6 (95 % CI 1.8-19.7)] and the presence of conjunctivitis [aOR: 2.85 (95 % CI 1.30-6.24] were positively associated with lab-CHIKF. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the WHO CHIKF clinical case definition was 96.3 %, 20.9 %, 68.3 % and 76.4 %, respectively, and accuracy was 0.69 [AUC: 0.69 (95 % CI 0.61-0.75)]. CONCLUSION: The WHO case definition needs to be improved for better accuracy, especially in areas in epidemics in areas with co-circulation of arboviruses.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to estimate and compare the ability of clinical tools for dengue diagnosis in a pediatric population. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated episodes of acute febrile syndrome identified during the follow-up of a population-based cohort of children and adolescents residing in a dengue endemic city. We estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) for dengue diagnosis of three clinical tools: the summation of manifestations of the WHO case definition, a predefined clinical scale and a logistic regression model obtained in this study. RESULTS: We compared 219 dengue cases (confirmed by laboratory) and 286 patients with other febrile illnesses. In a multiple model, variables independently associated with dengue included the duration of fever, sleepiness and exanthema. Rhinorrhea, cough and minimal leukocyte count were inversely associated with dengue. This model reached an accuracy of 84.2% (for a cut-off of >0.5, sensitivity: 79.5%, specificity: 87.9%, positive predictive value: 83.7%, negative predictive value: 84.6%). The AU-ROC of this model (89.8%) was significantly higher than that obtained with either the predefined scale (82.1%) or the WHO definition manifestations (77%). CONCLUSION: We validated a predefined scale and identified a multiple model suitable for the clinical diagnosis of dengue in the pediatric population.

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Introducción. Esta enfermedad viral aguda transmitida por mosquitos Aedes y Albopictus que se puede manifestar desde formas de molestias leves hasta severas con fiebres altas y síntomas severos que afectan el sistema musculo esquelético con duración a veces por tiempos prolongados después del ataque agudo de la virosis. Objetivos. Describir las manifestaciones clínicas agudas y características epidemiológicas de pacientes sospechosos de Chikungunya, de acuerdo al Protocolo de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Centro Nacional de Epidemiología (PVE), que fueron atendidos en el Centro de Salud del Distrito de Guazacapán (CSG), durante marzo a diciembre del 2015. Metodología. Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se utilizó SIGSA 3 (sistema gerencial de salud) del CSG y Santa Rosa, Historias Clínicas de los pacientes y fichas del PVE. Estudio descriptivo con uso de proporciones y tabla de contingencia de 2x2 para obtención de sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron 40% casos de Dengue y 60% de Chikungunya. Por Nexo epidemiológico (caso que cumple con los criterios de la definición clínica de caso y que está epidemiológicamente ligado en forma directa a un caso confirmado por laboratorio) 88% y 12% por pruebas confirmatorias para Chikungunya. Conclusión. La definición de caso establecida por el PVE tiene baja sensibilidad y una especificidad adecuada para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chikungunya. La mayoría de diagnósticos de Chikungunya se hacen por Nexo Epidemiológico, los únicos con prueba confirmatoria son con fines de vigilancia epidemiológica. La fiebre está presente en todos los pacientes con Chikungunya. La Enfermedad de Chikungunya es más frecuente en mujeres dentro de la tercera década de la vida y está presente durante todo el año, en varios sectores y varía poco entre las semanas epidemiológicas. Palabras clave: Chikungunya, Ficha epidemiológica, Definición de caso, Diagnóstico, Nexo epidemiológico

Introduction: This acute viral disease transmitted by Aedes and Albopictus mosquitoes can manifest from forms of mild to severe discomfort with high fevers and severe symptoms that affect the skeletal muscle system with a prolonged duration of time after the acute attack. Objective: To describe the acute clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients suspected of Chikungunya, according to the Protocol of Epidemiological Surveillance of the National Epidemiology Center. Subjects treated at the Health Center District of Guazacapán from March to December 2015. Methodology: Retrospective, descriptive. It was used the SIGSA 3 of CSG and Santa Rosa, Medical Records and Epidemiological Surveillance Protocol. Descriptive study using proportions and 2x2 contingency table for obtaining sensitivity and specificity. Results: 40% Dengue and 60%Chikungunya. 88% was diagnosed epidemiologically linked and 12% for confirmatory tests for Chikungunya. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical conditions as Surveillance Protocol for diagnosis of Chikungunya: 55.33% and 92% respectively. Common symptoms: fever 100%, cutaneous manifestations 83%, arthralgia 74%, myalgia 67% and back pain 59%. Most frequent age range: 30-39 years. Gender 1.1: 1 F: M. Frequently epidemiological weeks 13 and 18. Residencies predisposition: La Poza de agua, El Astillero, San Pedro y Platanares. Conclusion: The case definition established by the Epidemiological Surveillance Protocol of the National Epidemiological Center of Guatemala has low sensitivity and adequate specificity for diagnosis of Chikungunya disease. Most Chikungunya diagnoses are made by epidemiological nexus, the confirmatory tests are done only to know the surveillance. Fever is present in all patients with Chikungunya. Chikungunya disease is more common in women in the third decade of life and is present throughout the year, in various sectors and varies by small amount between epidemiological weeks. Key Words: Chikungunya, Epidemiological record, Case definition, Diagnosis

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Introdução: O sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da dengue tem um papel primordial nas atividades de prevenção e controle da doença. Em 2014, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil atualizou a definição de caso usada pela vigilância para notificação de pacientes suspeitos de dengue. Entretanto, o desempenho da nova definição de caso ainda não foi avaliado, tão pouco foi avaliado a validade do sistema nacional de informação no registro de casos de dengue. Objetivo: Avaliar a validade do registro de casos suspeitos da dengue pelo SINAN e a nova definição de caso suspeito de dengue. Metodologia: Entre 2009 e 2011, pacientes atendidos em um centro de emergência de Salvador por uma doença febril aguda (DFA) de duração ≤7 dias foram entrevistados para coleta de dados sobre a presença das manifestações clínicas usadas na definição de caso suspeito de dengue. A leucometria foi obtida dos prontuários. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no dia do atendimento e após 14 dias, e testes de referência (ELISA-IgM, ELISA-NS1 e RT-PCR) foram usados para confirmação laboratorial da dengue. A base de dados do SINAN para 2009-2011 com o registro dos casos notificados de dengue no Distrito Sanitário para o nosso período de estudo foi obtida diretamente na coordenação de vigilancia epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. A sensibilidade (SEN), a especificidade (ESP), os valores preditivos positivo e negativo (VVP e VPN) dos registros de dengue no SINAN bem como dos sintomas utilizados na definiçao de casos foram estimado. O intervalo de confiança de 95% foi utilizado para todas as análises. O projeto foi aprovado pelo CEP-CPqGM- e CONEP. Resultados: No período de 2009-2011, 3.864 pacientes com DFA foram incluídos no estudo, 997 (25,8%) foram laboratorialmente confirmados para dengue e 2.867 (74,2%)...

Introduction: The epidemiological surveillance system dengue has a key role in the prevention and control of disease. In 2014, the Ministry of Health of Brazil updated the case definition used for surveillance for reporting suspected dengue patients. However, the performance of the new case definition has not yet been rated, so little was assessed the validity of the national system of information in the registry of dengue cases. Objective: Evaluate the validity of the registration of suspected cases of dengue by SINAN and the new definition of suspect dengue fever. Methods: Between 2009 and 2011, patients from an emergency center of Salvador by an acute febrile illness (DFA) ≤7 days were interviewed to collect data on the presence of clinical manifestations used in the definition of suspect dengue fever. The white blood cell count and the result of the tourniquet test were obtained from medical records. Blood samples were collected at treatment day and after 14 days, and reference tests (ELISA-IgM ELISA-NS1 and RT-PCR) were used for laboratory confirmation of dengue. The base SINAN data for 2009-2011 with registry of reported cases of dengue in the Sanitary District for our study period was obtained directly by coordinating epidemiological surveillance of the Municipal Health. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity ( ESP), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of dengue records in SINAN and symptoms used to define cases were estimated. The 95% confidence interval was used for all analyzes. The project was approved by CEP-CPqGM- and CONEP. Results: In the period 2009-2011, 3,864 patients with DFA were included in the study, 997 (25.8%) were laboratory confirmed dengue and 2,867 (74.2%)...

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INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is often mistaken for other acute febrile illnesses because of its nonspecific presentation. Bacteriologic, serologic, and molecular methods have several limitations for early diagnosis: technical complexity, low availability, low sensitivity in early disease, or high cost. This study aimed to validate a case definition, based on simple clinical and laboratory tests, that is intended for bedside diagnosis of leptospirosis among hospitalized patients. METHODS: Adult patients, admitted to two reference hospitals in Recife, Brazil, with a febrile illness of less than 21 days and with a clinical suspicion of leptospirosis, were included to test a case definition comprising ten clinical and laboratory criteria. Leptospirosis was confirmed or excluded by a composite reference standard (microscopic agglutination test, ELISA, and blood culture). Test properties were determined for each cutoff number of the criteria from the case definition. RESULTS: Ninety seven patients were included; 75 had confirmed leptospirosis and 22 did not. Mean number of criteria from the case definition that were fulfilled was 7.8±1.2 for confirmed leptospirosis and 5.9±1.5 for non-leptospirosis patients (p<0.0001). Best sensitivity (85.3 percent) and specificity (68.2 percent) combination was found with a cutoff of 7 or more criteria, reaching positive and negative predictive values of 90.1 percent and 57.7 percent, respectively; accuracy was 81.4 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The case definition, for a cutoff of at least 7 criteria, reached average sensitivity and specificity, but with a high positive predictive value. Its simplicity and low cost make it useful for rapid bedside leptospirosis diagnosis in Brazilian hospitalized patients with acute severe febrile disease.

INTRODUÇÃO: Por sua apresentação clínica inespecífica, a leptospirose é frequentemente confundida com outras doenças febris agudas. Métodos bacteriológicos, sorológicos e moleculares apresentam limitações para o diagnóstico precoce: complexidade técnica, baixa disponibilidade, insensibilidade na doença precoce, ou alto custo. Este estudo objetivou validar uma definição de caso, baseada em dados clínicos e laboratoriais simples, destinada ao diagnóstico da leptospirose em pacientes hospitalizados. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos pacientes adultos, admitidos em 2 hospitais de referência no Recife, com doença febril de até 21 dias e suspeita clínica de leptospirose, para testar uma definição de caso contendo 10 critérios clínico-laboratoriais. Leptospirose foi confirmada ou afastada por uma combinação de teste de aglutinação microscópica, ELISA e hemoculturas. Foram determinadas as propriedades do teste, para cada número de critérios da definição de caso preenchidos. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 97 pacientes, 75 com leptospirose e 22 negativos para a doença. O número médio de critérios da definição de caso preenchidos foi 7,8±1,2 e 5,9±1,5, respectivamente (p < 0,0001). A melhor combinação de sensibilidade (85,3 por cento) e especificifidade (68,2 por cento) foi obtida com a presença de 7 ou mais critérios, atingindo valores preditivos positivo de 90,1 por cento e negativo de 57,7 por cento, e acurácia 81,4 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A definição de caso proposta, com um ponto de corte de pelo menos 7 critérios presentes, alcançou sensibilidade e especificidade moderadas, mas um elevado valor preditivo positivo. Sua simplicidade e o baixo custo tornam-na útil para o diagnóstico rápido da leptospirose à beira do leito, em pacientes brasileiros hospitalizados com doença aguda febril grave.

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Case definitions used to identify periodontitis significantly affect the prevalence and risk estimates from population studies. A plethora of definitions has been employed by researchers since the 1940s. The variation in disease definitions affects the comparability and validity of the estimates. This study aimed to review case definitions of periodontitis in prevalence and risk population studies. PubMed and MedIine were searched for the following keywords: "Periodontitis" AND "cross sectional/case control/epidemiology". Studies were selected and reviewed. We found that there is a variety of case definitions being employed in prevalence and risk factor studies. Starting with the index systems, the definitions have been influenced by our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. There is a need for a uniform case definition for prevalence surveys and population-specific definitions for association studies.

A definição diagnóstica utilizada para identificar periodontite determina em grande parte a prevalência e as estimativas de risco a partir de estudos populacionais. Uma grande variedade de definições tem sido utilizada por pesquisadores desde a década de1940. Esta variabilidade de definição da doença afeta a comparação e a validade das estimativas. Este estudo teve por objetivo revisar as definições de periodontite em estudos populacionais de prevalência e de risco. Realizou-se uma busca eletrônica na base de dados PubMedMedIinecom as plavras-chave: "Periodontitis" AND "crosssectional/case control/epidemiology". Os artigos foram selecionados e analisados. Este trabalho de revisão encontrou grande variedade de definição de casos usada em estudos de prevalência e de fatores de risco.A partir dos sistemas de indexação, as definições foram influenciadas pelo então entendimento corrente da patogênese da doença. Há necessidade de uma definição de caso uniforme para inquéritos de prevalência e definições populacionais específicas para estudos de associação.

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Se analizó la sensibilidad del sistema de vigilancia para detectar casos de dengue, mediante la aplicación de la definición de caso en tres regiones de Costa Rica que durante el año 1998 presentaron diferente actividad de esta enfermedad. El propósito es fortalecer el sistema de notificación ogligatoria que permita la detección precoz de los casos sospechosos para lograr la intervención oportuna y eficaz en el control de esta enfermedad. Para ello, se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo analítico, enfocado desde la perspectiva de la demanda de los análisis del laboratorio. Los datos corresponden a 377 registros seleccionados aleatoriamente de la base de datos de 1998 del Centro de Referencia de Dengue (CDRD) del Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA). Los resultados demostraron que el sistema basado en la vigilancia clínica de los casos sospechosos, no es sensible ni se relacionó con el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad. El mismo no detectó ni el 50 por ciento de los casos positivos, dejando gente infectada que mantiene el ciclo mientras existió entre un 16 y 46 por ciento de pacientes que desencadenaron acciones sin ameritarlas. Esto permite concluir que el personal médico que atiende al enfermo describe en el expediente el cuadro clínico y sospecha dengue porque indica pruebas para descartar esta patología, pero no lo anota como diagnóstico presuntivo. Por esta situacón no se genera la boleta de notificación obligatoria y, por lo tanto, no se activa oportunamente el sistema de vigilancia. Este es el primer estudio que analiza la sensibilidad del sistema de vigilancia de dengue y específicamente aplicado en relación con la activdad de la enfermedad.

The sensitivity of the National Surveillance Program to detect dengue cases was investigated in Costa Rica by evaluating the application of the case definition in three different health regions showing activity for dengue en 1998. The study was aimed to strengthen the Obligatory Notification System in order to achieve a timely detection of suspicious cases and an efficient outbreak control. The investigation corresponds to an observational analytical study from the perspective of the laboratory test demand. Data included 377 registers randomly selected from the data base of the National Reference Center for Dengue of the Costa Rican Institute for Investigation and Training in Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA). Data were processed in two stages: firstly, a descriptive statistics of the variables and, secondly, an univariate analysis of the results to define the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the case definition for dengue were carried out. Results showed that the system based on the clinical surveillance of the dengue suspicious cases is neither sensitive nor has connection with the epidemiological profile of the disease. The system showed to be unable to detect Iess than 50% of the positive cases causing that infected people maintain the cycle of the disease while between 16 and 46 % of patients receive the effects of control actions that are not required. Finally, data showed that clinicians attending the patients describe the clinical picture and guess about the possibility of dengue (even prescribing the necessity of serology test for dengue) but do not indicate it as the presumptive diagnose. As a consequence, the obligatory notification form is not filled out and the surveillance system does not receive a timely notification to activate the control actions. This is the first study aimed to analyze the national surveillance system for dengue in Costa Rica in association with the activity of the disease.

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