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BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard of care for acute calculous cholecystitis; however, in patients at high risk for surgery, particularly in the elderly, insertion of a percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) at gallbladder is recommended. Current evidence suggests that PCD may have less favorable outcomes than LC, but also that LC-associated complications increase in direct relation to patient age. There is no recommendation supported by robust evidence to decide between one or the other procedure in super elderly patients. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study was designed to analyze the surgical outcomes of super elderly patients with cholecystitis who underwent LC versus PCD for treatment. The surgical outcomes of a subgroup of high-risk patients were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients who met the inclusion criteria between 2014 and 2021 were included. The median age of patients were 92 years (IQR: 4.00) with a female predominance (58.33%). The overall morbidity rate in the series was 36.45% and mortality rate was 7.29%. There was no statistically significant difference when compared to the associated morbidity and mortality among patients who underwent LC versus those who underwent PCD, neither in the analysis of the complete series or in the subgroup of high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity and mortality associated with the two most frequently recommended therapeutic options for operating super elderly patients with acute cholecystitis are high. We found no evidence of superiority in outcomes for either of the two procedures in this age group.

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Introducción. En pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda tratados con colecistostomía, el tiempo óptimo de duración de la terapia antibiótica es desconocido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los resultados clínicos en pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda manejados inicialmente con colecistostomía y que recibieron cursos cortos de antibióticos (7 días o menos) versus cursos largos (más de 7 días). Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte observacional, retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda manejados con colecistostomía, que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico. Se hizo un análisis univariado y de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación de variables clínicas con la duración del tratamiento antibiótico. El desenlace primario por evaluar fue la mortalidad a 30 días. Resultados. Se incluyeron 72 pacientes. El 25 % (n=18) recibieron terapia antibiótica por 7 días o menos y el 75 % (n=54) recibieron más de 7 días. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad a 30 días entre los dos grupos ni en las demás variables estudiadas. La duración de la antibioticoterapia no influyó en la mortalidad a 30 días (OR 0,956; IC95% 0,797 - 1,146). Conclusión. No hay diferencias significativas en los desenlaces clínicos de los pacientes con colecistitis aguda que son sometidos a colecistostomía y que reciben cursos cortos de antibióticos en comparación con cursos largos

Introduction.In patients with acute cholecystitis who receive treatment with cholecystostomy, the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy is unknown. The objective of this study is to compare short courses of antibiotics (7 days or less) with long courses (more than 7 days) in this population. Methods. We performed a retrospective observational cohort study which included patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, who received antibiotic therapy and were taken to cholecystostomy. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between clinical variables and the duration. The main outcome evaluated was 30-day mortality. Results. Seventy-two patients were included, 25% (n=18) were given 7 or fewer days of antibiotics while 75% (n=54) were given them for more than 7 days. Demographic data between both groups were similar (age, severity of cholecystitis, comorbidities). There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality between both groups. Antibiotic duration did not influence mortality at 30 days (OR 0.956, 95% CI 0.797 - 1.146). Conclusion. There are no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of patients with acute cholecystitis who undergo cholecystostomy and receive short courses of antibiotics compared to long courses

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ABSTRACT Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder that may be associated with potentially severe complications, such as empyema, gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder, and sepsis. The gold standard treatment for AC is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, for a small group of AC patients, the risk of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be very high, mainly in the elderly with associated severe diseases. In these critically ill patients, percutaneous cholecystostomy or endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage may be a temporary therapeutic option, a bridge to cholecystectomy. The objective of this Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery Position Paper is to present new advances in AC treatment in high-risk surgical patients to help surgeons, endoscopists, and physicians select the best treatment for their patients. The effectiveness, safety, advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes of each procedure are discussed. The main conclusions are: a) AC patients with elevated surgical risk must be preferably treated in tertiary hospitals where surgical, radiological, and endoscopic expertise and resources are available; b) The optimal treatment modality for high-surgical-risk patients should be individualized based on clinical conditions and available expertise; c) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains an excellent option of treatment, mainly in hospitals in which percutaneous or endoscopic gallbladder drainage is not available; d) Percutaneous cholecystostomy and endoscopic gallbladder drainage should be performed only in well-equipped hospitals with experienced interventional radiologist and/or endoscopist; e) Cholecystostomy catheter should be removed after resolution of AC. However, in patients who have no clinical condition to undergo cholecystectomy, the catheter may be maintained for a prolonged period or even definitively; f) If the cholecystostomy catheter is maintained for a long period of time several complications may occur, such as bleeding, bile leakage, obstruction, pain at the insertion site, accidental removal of the catheter, and recurrent AC; g) The ideal waiting time between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy has not yet been established and ranges from immediately after clinical improvement to months. h) Long waiting periods between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy may be associated with new episodes of acute cholecystitis, multiple hospital readmissions, and increased costs. Finally, when selecting the best treatment option other aspects should also be considered, such as costs, procedures available at the medical center, and the patient's desire. The patient and his family should be fully informed about all treatment options, so they can help making the final decision.

RESUMO A colecistite aguda (CA) é um processo inflamatório agudo da vesícula biliar que pode estar associado a complicações potencialmente graves, como empiema, gangrena, perfuração da vesícula biliar e sepse. O tratamento padrão para a CA é a colecistectomia laparoscópica. No entanto, para um pequeno grupo de pacientes com CA, o risco de colecistectomia laparoscópica pode ser muito alto, principalmente em idosos com doenças graves associadas. Nestes pacientes críticos, a colecistectomia percutânea ou a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar guiada por ultrassom podem ser uma opção terapêutica temporária, como ponte para a colecistectomia. O objetivo deste artigo de posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva é apresentar novos avanços no tratamento da CA em pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco, para auxiliar cirurgiões, endoscopistas e clínicos a selecionar o melhor tratamento para os seus pacientes. A eficácia, segurança, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados de cada procedimento são discutidos. As principais conclusões são: a) Pacientes com CA e risco cirúrgico elevado devem ser tratados preferencialmente em hospitais terciários onde a experiência e os recursos cirúrgicos, radiológicos e endoscópicos estão disponíveis. b) A modalidade de tratamento ideal para pacientes com elevado risco cirúrgico, deve ser individualizada, com base nas condições clínicas e na experiência disponível. c) A colecistectomia laparoscópica continua sendo uma excelente opção de tratamento, principalmente em hospitais em que a drenagem da vesícula biliar percutânea ou endoscópica não está disponível. d) A colecistostomia percutânea e a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar devem ser realizadas apenas em hospitais bem equipados e com radiologista intervencionista e/ou endoscopista experientes. e) O cateter de colecistostomia deve ser removido após a resolução da CA. No entanto, em pacientes que não têm condição clínica para realizar colecistectomia, o cateter pode ser mantido por um período prolongado ou mesmo definitivamente. f) Se o cateter de colecistostomia for mantido por longo período de tempo podem ocorrer várias complicações, como sangramento, fístula biliar, obstrução, dor no local de inserção, remoção acidental do cateter e CA recorrente. g) O tempo de espera ideal entre a colecistostomia e a colecistectomia ainda não foi estabelecido, e vai desde imediatamente após a melhoria clínica, até meses após. h) Longos períodos de espera entre colecistostomia e colecistectomia podem estar associados a novos episódios de CA, múltiplas readmissões hospitalares e aumento dos custos. Finalmente, ao selecionar a melhor opção de tratamento, outros aspectos também devem ser considerados, como custos, disponibilidade dos procedimentos no centro médico e o desejo do paciente. O paciente e sua família devem ser completamente informados sobre todas as opções de tratamento, para que possam ajudar a tomar a decisão final.

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Introducción: Con el advenimiento de la pandemia por la enfermedad de la COVID-19 ha sido necesario reorganizar los servicios de salud y modificar en cierta medida la indicación quirúrgica en la colecistitis aguda. Objetivo: Caracterizar la colecistostomía como una alternativa segura y eficaz para la resolución de la colecistitis aguda litiásica en pacientes en los que no está indicada la cirugía, portador o no de la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión descriptiva narrativa desde el 2019 hasta el 2021 de las fuentes primarias y secundarias que abordan este tema; fue este período de tiempo en el que se desarrolló la pandemia provocada por SARS-Cov 2. Se usaron el Google Chrome y las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE/PubMed, INDEXMEDICUS y fuentes de información en revistas basadas en evidencias como ACP Journal Best Evidence y Cochrane. Desarrollo: El impacto de la crisis sanitaria sobre los servicios quirúrgicos se traduce en la cancelación de las colecistectomías electivas en el 97,6 por ciento de los centros. Esta decisión no es inocua, puesto que se ha estimado un riesgo anual de desarrollar complicaciones del 1-3 por ciento en la colelitiasis sintomática. Conclusiones: La colecistostomía es el método más acertado a utilizar para la resolución de la colecistitis aguda litiásica en pacientes en los que no está indicada la cirugía, con mala respuesta al tratamiento médico y sin tener la completa seguridad de que el paciente es o no portador de la COVID-19(AU)

Introduction: With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, to reorganize health services has been necessary, as well as to modify, to a certain extent, the surgical indication for acute cholecystitis. Objective: To characterize cholecystostomy as a safe and effective alternative for the resolution of acute lithiasic cholecystitis in patients with no surgical indication, whether or not they have COVID-19. Methods: A narrative-descriptive review was carried out from 2019 to 2021 of primary and secondary sources addressing this topic; this time period marked the development of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Google Chrome was used, together with the electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed and INDEXMEDICUS, as well as sources of information in evidence-based journals, such as ACP Journal Best Evidence and Cochrane. Development: The impact of the health crisis over surgical services is translated into the cancellation of elective cholecystectomies in 97.6 percent of the centers. This decision is not innocuous, since an annual risk of developing complications has been estimated at 1-3 percent for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Conclusions: Cholecystostomy is the most successful method to be used for the resolution of acute lithiasic cholecystitis in patients with no surgical indication or poor response to medical treatment, without complete certainty as to whether or not the patient has COVID-19(AU)

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Resumen: Introducción: el tratamiento "gold standard" de la colecistitis aguda es la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana. En pacientes añosos de alto riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico, con cuadros de evolución subaguda y/o con repercusión sistémica, es alternativa el tratamiento médico exclusivo o asociado al drenaje vesicular percutáneo. Objetivo: analizar y comparar las recomendaciones internacionales con las conductas terapéuticas en dos centros asistenciales de tercer nivel para pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Método: trabajo descriptivo, prospectivo de 161 pacientes con colecistitis aguda litiásica asistidos en los departamentos de emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas y el Hospital Español entre mayo de 2018 y mayo de 2019. Resultados: la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana fue indicada en el 88% de los pacientes, con 3% de conversión y 9% de morbilidad. 12% recibieron manejo no operatorio, asociándose en el 65% colecistostomía percutánea. La edad avanzada, comorbilidades, discrasias y la severidad del cuadro presentaron asociación significativa con la modalidad terapéutica (p <0,05). El 40% de los pacientes en los que se realizó manejo no operatorio presentó recurrencias sintomáticas. A todos se les realizó la colecistectomía en diferido. Conclusiones: la colecistectomía laparoscópica temprana es la conducta terapéutica más frecuente. Las principales indicaciones de manejo no operatorio en nuestro medio son las características sistémicas desfavorables. El mismo presenta altas tasas de éxito y escasa morbilidad con una recurrencia sintomática del 40%.

Abstract: Introduction: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for acute cholecystitis. However, exclusive medical treatment (EMC) or medical treatment associated with percutaneous gallbladder drainage is the treatment of choice in elderly patients given their high surgical and anesthetic risk and upon the subacute course of the condition and/or its systemic repercussions. Objective: to analyze and compare international guidelines to the therapeutic behavior for patients with acute cholecystectomy in two third-level hospitals. Methodology: descriptive, prospective study of 161 patients with litiasic acute cholecystitis treated in the ER of Hospital de Clínicas and Hospital Español between May 2018 and May 2019. Results: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was indicated in 88% of patients, conversion being 3% and morbidity 9%. Twelve percent of patients received non-surgical treatment, 65% of which evidenced percutaneous cholecystostomy. Old age, comorbidities, dyscrasias, and severity of the condition were closely related to the therapeutic modality (p < 0.05). Forty percent of patients who received non-surgical treatment presented symptomatic repercussions. They all underwent delayed cholecystectomy. Conclusions: early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most frequent treatment of choice. Unfavorable systemic characteristics are the main indications for non-surgical management in our country. This surgical treatment evidences high success rates and scarce morbidity with 40% of systemic repercussions.

Resumo: Introdução: o tratamento padrão ouro da colecistite aguda é a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce. Em pacientes idosos com alto risco anestésico-cirúrgico, com evolução subaguda e/ou repercussão sistêmica, o tratamento clínico isolado ou associado à drenagem percutânea da vesícula biliar é uma alternativa. Objetivo: analisar e comparar recomendações internacionais com condutas terapêuticas em dois centros terciários para pacientes com colecistite aguda. Método: estudo descritivo e prospectivo de 161 pacientes com colecistite aguda de cálculos atendidos nos serviços de emergência do Hospital de Clínicas e Hospital Español no período maio de 2018 - maio de 2019. Resultados: a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce foi indicada em 88% dos pacientes, com 3% de conversão e 9% de morbidade. 12% receberam tratamento não operatório, associado a 65% colecistostomia percutânea. Idade avançada, comorbidades, discrasias e gravidade do quadro apresentaram associação significativa com a modalidade terapêutica (p < 0,05). 40% dos pacientes nos quais o manejo não operatório foi realizado apresentaram recidivas sintomáticas. Todos foram submetidos à colecistectomia diferida. Conclusões: a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce é a abordagem terapêutica mais frequente. As principais indicações para o manejo não operatório em nosso meio são as características sistêmicas desfavoráveis. Apresentando altas taxas de sucesso e baixa morbidade com recorrência sintomática de 40%.

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The treatment for patients with acute calculous cholecystitis who have high surgical risk with percutaneous cholecystostomy instead of surgery is an appropriate alternative choice. The aim of this study was to examine the promising percutaneous cholecystostomy intervention to share our experiences about the duration of catheter that has yet to be determined. A total of 163 patients diagnosed with acute calculous cholecystitis and treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy between January 2011 and July 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 were used to diagnose and grade patients with acute cholecystitis. The mean age was 71.81±12.81 years. According to the Tokyo grading, 143 patients had grade 2 and 20 patients had grade 3 disease. The mean duration of catheter was 39.12±37 (1-270) days. Minimal bile leakage into the peritoneum was noted in 3 (1.8%) patients during the procedure. The rate of complications during follow-up of the patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy was 6.9% (n=11), and the most common complication was catheter dislocation. Cholecystectomy was performed in 33.1% (n=54) of the patients at follow-up. Post-cholecystectomy complication rate was 12.9%. At the follow-up, the rate of recurrent acute cholecystitis episodes was 5.5%, while the mortality rate was 1.8%. The length of follow-up was five years. The rate of recurrence was significantly higher among the patients with catheter for <21 days. We recommend that the duration of catheter should be minimum 21 days in patients undergoing percutaneous cholecystostomy.

O tratamento para pacientes com colecistite calculosa aguda que apresentam alto risco cirúrgico com colecistostomia percutânea em vez de cirurgia é uma alternativa apropriada. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a promissora intervenção de colecistostomia percutânea para compartilhar nossas experiências sobre a duração do cateter que ainda não foi determinada. Um total de 163 pacientes diagnosticados com colecistite calculosa aguda e tratados com colecistostomia percutânea entre janeiro de 2011 e julho de 2020 foram revisados ​​retrospectivamente. As Diretrizes de Tóquio 2018 foram usadas para diagnosticar e classificar pacientes com colecistite aguda. A média de idade foi de 71,81±12,81 anos. De acordo com a classificação de Tóquio, 143 pacientes tinham grau 2 e 20 pacientes tinham doença de grau 3. A duração média do cateter foi de 39,12±37 (1-270) dias. Vazamento mínimo de bile no peritônio foi observado em 3 (1,8%) pacientes durante o procedimento. A taxa de complicações durante o seguimento dos pacientes submetidos à colecistostomia percutânea foi de 6,9% (n=11), sendo a luxação do cateter a complicação mais comum. A colecistectomia foi realizada em 33,1% (n=54) dos pacientes no seguimento. A taxa de complicação pós-colecistectomia foi de 12,9%. No seguimento, a taxa de episódios recorrentes de colecistite aguda foi de 5,5%, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade foi de 1,8%. O tempo de seguimento foi de cinco anos. A taxa de recorrência foi significativamente maior entre os pacientes com cateter <21 dias. Recomendamos que a duração do cateter seja de no mínimo 21 dias em pacientes submetidos à colecistostomia percutânea.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The treatment for patients with acute calculous cholecystitis who have high surgical risk with percutaneous cholecystostomy instead of surgery is an appropriate alternative choice. The aim of this study was to examine the promising percutaneous cholecystostomy intervention to share our experiences about the duration of catheter that has yet to be determined. METHODS: A total of 163 patients diagnosed with acute calculous cholecystitis and treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy between January 2011 and July 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 were used to diagnose and grade patients with acute cholecystitis. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.81±12.81 years. According to the Tokyo grading, 143 patients had grade 2 and 20 patients had grade 3 disease. The mean duration of catheter was 39.12±37 (1-270) days. Minimal bile leakage into the peritoneum was noted in 3 (1.8%) patients during the procedure. The rate of complications during follow-up of the patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy was 6.9% (n=11), and the most common complication was catheter dislocation. Cholecystectomy was performed in 33.1% (n=54) of the patients at follow-up. Post-cholecystectomy complication rate was 12.9%. At the follow-up, the rate of recurrent acute cholecystitis episodes was 5.5%, while the mortality rate was 1.8%. The length of follow-up was five years. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of recurrence was significantly higher among the patients with catheter for <21 days. We recommend that the duration of catheter should be minimum 21 days in patients undergoing percutaneous cholecystostomy.

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BACKGROUND: Acute calculous cholecystitis (AC) is one of the most frequent surgical emergencies in our field. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the treatment of choice, although not sufficiently widespread. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the application of the Tokyo Guidelines in the management of AC and to determine the influence of the degree of severity on management and prognosis. METHOD: Prospective, observational study of patients with a primary diagnosis of AC between 2010 and 2015.. Exclusion criteria: AC recurrence; AC as a secondary diagnosis; acalculous cholecystitis; concurrent biliary pathology. Severity was classified according Tokyo 2013 Guidelines. RESULTS: 998 patients were included: 338 (33.9%) mild AC, 567 (56.8%) moderate AC, and 93 (9.3%) severe AC. A total of 582 (58.3%) patients were operated on. Postoperative complications Dindo-Clavien grade ≥ II 12.6%: mild AC 3.6%; moderate AC 12.2%; severe AC 49.0% (p < 0.001). Overall mortality 2%: mild AC 0%; moderate AC 0.5%; severe AC 18.0% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the treatment of choice for mild and moderate AC. In patients with severe AC, the risks and benefits of surgery should be assessed, given the high degree of complications and associated mortality.

ANTECEDENTES: La colecistitis aguda litiásica (CA) es una de las urgencias quirúrgicas más frecuentes en nuestro medio. La colecistectomía laparoscópica se considera el tratamiento de elección, aunque sigue sin ser una realidad su práctica generalizada. OBJETIVO: Analizar la aplicación de las Guías de Tokio en el manejo de la CA y determinar la influencia de la gravedad en el manejo y el pronóstico. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, de pacientes con diagnóstico primario de CA entre 2010 y 2015. Criterios de exclusión: recidiva de CA, CA como diagnóstico secundario, CA alitiásica u otra patología biliar concomitante. Se ha clasificado la gravedad según las Guías de Tokio de 2013. RESULTADOS: Se incluyen 998 CA: 338 (33.9%) leves, 567 (56.8%) moderadas y 93 (9.3%) graves. Se operaron 582 pacientes (58.3%), y posteriormente 15 precisaron rescate. Complicaciones posoperatorias Dindo-Clavien ≥ 12,6%: CA leve 3,6%, CA moderada 12,2%, CA grave 49% (p < 0.001). Mortalidad global 2%: CA leve 0%, CA moderada 0.5%, CA grave 18% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: La colecistectomía laparoscópica sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección para la CA leve y moderada. En pacientes con CA grave debe valorarse el riesgo-beneficio de la cirugía, dadas las complicaciones y la mortalidad asociadas.

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Antecedentes: la colecistitis enfisematosa (CE) es una forma de presentación infrecuente de la colecistitis aguda. Material y métodos: presentecedentes patológicos, mientras que los otros eran diabéticos. A todos se les realizó tomografía computarizada (TC). Dos pacientes fueron sometidos a colecistectomía videolaparoscópica (CL) con buena evolución, mientras que en un caso se realizó colecistostomía percutánea (CP). Discusión: la CE se refiere a la presencia de gas en la luz o en la pared de la vesícula biliar. La tasa de morbilidad es del 50%. Los pacientes suelen padecer diabetes, pero puede presentarse en pacientes más jóvenes sin factores de riesgo. La TC es el método de elección para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento definitivo es la CL, aunque la CP es otra opción válida. Conclusión: la CL se considera un enfoque eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento de la CE.

Background: Emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) is a rare presentation of acute cholecystitis. Material and methods: We report three cases of EC in two men and one woman between 55 and 79 years. One of the patients was otherwise healthy while the other two were diabetics. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in all the cases. Two patients underwent video-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy with favorable outcome and one patient underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy. Discussion: Emphysematous cholecystitis is characterized by the presence of gas in the gallbladder lumen or wall. Mortality rate is 50%. Most patients are diabetics, but EC may present in younger patients without risk factors. Computed tomography scan is the method of choice for the diagnosis. Cholecystectomy is indicated as definite treatment, but percutaneous cholecystostomy may be a valid option. Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and antibiotics are effective and safe to treat.

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Acute cholecystitis is one of the most frequent diseases faced by the general surgeon. In recent decades, different prognostic factors have been observed, and effective treatments described, to improve the results in patients with said pathology (lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospital stay, and minimum conversion of laparoscopic to open procedures). In general, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment for acute cholecystitis, but it is not exempt from complications, especially in patients with numerous comorbidities or those that are critically ill. Percutaneous cholecystostomy emerged as a less invasive alternative for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with organ failure or a prohibitive surgical risk. Even though it is an effective procedure, its usefulness and precise indications are subjects of debate. In addition, there is little evidence on cholecystostomy catheter management. We carried out a review of the literature covering the main aspects physicians involved in the management of acute cholecystitis should be familiar with.

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