RESUMO
Chysobalanus icaco L. (C. icaco) is a plant that is native to tropical America and Africa. It is also found in the southeast region of Mexico, where it is used as food and to treat certain diseases. This study aimed to carry out a phytochemical analysis of an aqueous extract of C. icaco seed (AECS), including its total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannins (CT). It also aimed to examine the antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential of the AECS in vitro, as well as its toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential was examined by inhibiting DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The acute toxicity test involved a single administration of different doses of the AECS (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg body weight). Finally, a single administration at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of the AECS was used in the carrageenan-induced model of subplantar acute edema. The results showed that the AECS contained 124.14 ± 0.32 mg GAE, 1.65 ± 0.02 mg EQ, and 0.910 ± 0.01 mg of catechin equivalents/g dried extract (mg EC/g de extract) for TPC, TFC and CT, respectively. In the antioxidant potential assays, the values of the median inhibition concentration (IC50) of the AECS were determined with DPPH (0.050 mg/mL), ABTS (0.074 mg/mL), and FRAP (0.49 mg/mL). Acute toxicity testing of the AECS revealed no lethality, with a median lethal dose (LD50) value of >2 g/kg by the intragastric route. Finally, for inhibition of acute edema, the AECS decreased inflammation by 55%, similar to indomethacin (59%, p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that C. icaco seed could be considered a source of bioactive molecules for therapeutic purposes due to its antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity derived from TPC, with no lethal effect from a single intragastric administration in mice.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Edema , Extratos Vegetais , Sementes , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Camundongos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Sementes/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Carragenina/toxicidade , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Masculino , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Toxicological studies on medicinal plants are essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness in treating various diseases. Despite the species Chrysobalanus icaco L. being popularly used in the treatment of several diseases due to the pharmacological properties of its bioactive compounds, there are few studies in the literature regarding its toxicity regarding reproduction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the potential embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of the aqueous extract of C. icaco leaves (AECi) on Wistar rats. Animals were given AECi at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg during the pre-implantation and organogenesis periods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test and Kruskal-Wallis. Pregnant rats treated during the pre-implantation period showed no signs of reproductive toxicity. Rats that received AECi at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg during organogenesis did not exhibit any signs of maternal systemic toxicity or significant differences in gestational and embryotoxic parameters. Some skeletal changes were observed in the treated groups. Therefore, it can be suggested that AECi at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg is safe for treated animals and does not induce reproductive toxicity under the experimental conditions applied, but it also caused low systemic toxicity.
RESUMO
DNA damage and inflammation are promising targets in disease prevention studies. Since these pathways have shown to be modulated by dietary components, investigating the molecular effects of food becomes relevant. This study aimed at investigating the protective effects of cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) against doxorubicin (DXR)-induced damage. Rats were treated with cocoplum (100, 200 or 400mg/kg/day) for 14days, associated or not with DXR (15mg/kg b.w.). Tissue-targeted comet assay and the oxidative stress parameters oxidized/reduced glutathione and catalase were investigated in liver, kidney, and heart. The expressions of DNA damage/repair (Gadd45a, Parp1, Xrcc2) and proinflammatory genes (Il-1ß, Il-6, Nf-κb, Tnf-α) were performed by real-time quantitative PCR. Cocoplum decreased DNA damage and the expressions of Gadd45a, Il-1ß, and Tnf-α induced by DXR. These findings demonstrate that cocoplum fruits possess antigenotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects against DXR-induced damage and encourage other in vivo/clinical studies with this fruit.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Chrysobalanaceae/química , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/toxicidade , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Antimutagênicos/isolamento & purificação , Catalase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Ensaio Cometa , Regulação para Baixo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ratos Wistar , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
We investigated a strategy for the chemotaxonomy study of Chrysobalanus icaco Linnaeus (Chrysobalanaceae) based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection fingerprint in combination with multivariate analysis. Two models using principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were developed, and the samples could be successfully classified into two classes: Class 1 (red morphotype) and Class 2 (white and black morphotypes). Furthermore, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the main compounds responsible for class separation. The partial least squares discriminant analysis model accurately classified the C. icaco samples using an external validation subset with prediction ability of 100% and revealed the existence of two chemotypes. The most important finding obtained in this study is that the three morphotypes distinguished by the mature fruit color (white, red, and black) are not all phytoequivalent to each other.
Assuntos
Chrysobalanaceae/química , Frutas/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Chrysobalanaceae/classificação , Análise Multivariada , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chrysobalanus icaco is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat fungal infections in Brazilian Amazonian region. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. icaco (HECi) against oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. and to determine the pharmacognostic parameters of the herbal drug and the phytochemical characteristics of HECi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pharmacognostic characterization was performed using pharmacopoeial techniques. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to investigate the chemical composition of the HECi. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the extract against 11 oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. RESULTS: Herbal drug presented parameters which were within the limits set forth in current Brazilian legislation. A high amount of flavonoid content (132,959.33 ± 12,598.23 µg quercetin equivalent/g of extract) was found in HECi. Flavonoids such as myricetin and rutin were detected in the extract by HPLC analyses. HECi showed antifungal activity against oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively), and C. albicans American American Type Culture Collection (MIC <1.56 mg/mL). CONCLUSION: HECi was shown to possess antifungal activity against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis, and these activities may be related to its chemical composition. The antifungal activity detected for C. icaco against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in HECi, characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. SUMMARY: Chrysobalanus icaco presents a high amount of flavonoids in its constitutionLC analysis was able to identify the flavonoids myricetin and rutin in C. icaco hydroalcoholic extractThe C. icaco hydroalcoholic extract inhibits the growth of oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection. Abbreviations Used: HECi: Hydroalcoholic extract of C. icaco; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; AlCl3: Aluminum chloride; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; CH3NOONa: Sodium acetate; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Eastern Amazon; v/v: Volume per volume; SD: Standard deviation; TFC: Total flavonoid content; w/v: Weight per volume; ELSD: Evaporative light scattering detector; DAD: Diode-arrange detector; UFPA: Federal University of Pará; IEC: Evandro Chagas Institute; INCQS-FIOCRUZ: National Institute of Quality Control in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; SDA: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar; CFU: Colony-forming units; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentrations; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentrations.
RESUMO
Chrysobalanus icaco L. is a medicinal plant present in the Brazilian coastline and known for its hypoglicemic and antioxidant properties. Here, we assessed the beneficial metabolic effects of the aqueous extract of C. icaco (AECI) leaves in diet-induced obese mice. Swiss mice were fed standard chow (SC used as controls) or high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. After 10 weeks, mice on each diet were divided into two groups with one group used as control while the other group treated with AECI for 4 weeks resulting in four groups of mice: SC; SC treated with AECI (SC + AECI); HFD; and HFD treated with AECI (HFD + AECI). AECI was administered drinking water at about 200 mg/kg. AECI was able to normalize insulin (13,682 ± 1090 vs. 9828 ± 485 AU, P < .05) and fasting blood glucose (192.8 ± 14.2 vs. 132.3 ± 6.4 mg/dL, P < .05) and inhibit weight gain (39 ± 5.7%) and fat storage in liver (72.60 ± 3.83%, P < .0001), despite the high-fat intake. These findings reinforce the use of AECI in hyperglycemia and highlight the potential extract's effect in preventing weight gain and fat accumulation in liver of diet-induced obese mice.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Chrysobalanaceae/química , Resistência à Insulina , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Peso Corporal , Brasil , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Creatinina/sangue , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Insulina/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Ureia/sangue , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
Eugenia rotundifolia Casar., Myrtaceae, occurs in the sandy coastal environments of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States. To the best of our knowledge, E. rotundifolia was not included in ethnobotanical and nor in pharmacological research, but its leaves are sold in a public market of Rio de Janeiro City as "abajurú", the common name for Chrysobalanus icaco L., Chrysobalanaceae. C. icaco, in contrast, has been studied and its medicinal effects reported. Since E. rotundifolia is often sold in the public market as "abajurú," this paper describes and compares the leaf anatomy and morphology of E. rotundifolia with C. icaco, previously described in the literature, in order to provide tools for the authentication of commercialized "abajurú." Phyllotaxy; texture; color; margin; midrib prominence; stomata type; type and shape of midrib and petiole vascular bundle; the presence of marginal vein, secretory cavities, which are seen as translucent dots, and overlying cells only in E. rotundifolia; and the presence of trichomes, periclinal divisions in adaxial face epidermis, hypodermis and vascular bundle extensions only in C. icaco were found to be the most distinguishable diagnostic characters.
RESUMO
Este artigo analisa as prováveis razões de introdução e comercialização de uma espécie de uso medicinal em um mercado popular urbano na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - o Mercado de Madureira. Durante os anos de 2005 e 2006 aplicaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 15 erveiros obtendo-se o freelist das espécies consideradas como mais comercializadas (97) a partir do qual se calculou o índice de saliência, que para o abajurú (Eugenia rotundifolia Casar), foi elevado. A espécie conhecida na literatura e comercializada como abajurú é Chysobalanus icaco L., que apresenta propriedades hipoglicemiantes comprovadas por pesquisas farmacológicas e é utilizada pela população para este fim; no entanto, verificou-se, nesse mercado, a venda quase exclusiva de E. rotundifolia, com esse nome popular e mesma propriedade. Até o momento não existem dados farmacológicos para essa espécie. Ambas são nativas e ocorrem, predominantemente, nas restingas litorâneas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A atribuição da atividade hipoglicemiante a E. rotundifolia pode indicar uma correlação, por parte dos erveiros, com a farmacologia de outras espécies de Myrtaceae. Questões relacionadas à fiscalização ambiental bem como desconhecimento e coleta equivocada podem também estar envolvidos nesse processo.
The present paper analyzes the commercialization of a new medicinal specie in a public market in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the years 2005-2006 semi-structured interviews were made with 15 herbalists. A free list of the most commercialized species (97) was made, and calculated the salience index in witch Eugenia rotundifolia presented a high value. Chrysobalanus icaco is known in the literature as sold as abajurú, and has hipoglicemient properties, proven by pharmacological research. The local population uses this species for these properties, however in the market in question, E. rotundifolia is almost exclusively sold with the same popular name and medicinal property. Until the present time, no pharmacological data exists for this specie. Both species are native and predominantly present in the coastal formations (restinga) of Rio de Janeiro. The attribution of the hipoglicemient property of E. rotundifolia may indicate a correlation, made by the herbalists, with the pharmacology of other Myrtaceae species. The lack of knowledge, erroneous field surveys and problems related with environmental monitoring may be involved with this process.
RESUMO
Chrysobalanus icaco (abajeru; C.icaco) is recommended in the treatment of diabetes and other clinical disorders. Blood constituents labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are used in nuclear medicine. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of an abajeru extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and on the shape of red blood cells (RBC). Blood samples(Wistar rats) were incubated with abajeru extract and the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and morphology of RBC were carried out. The results showed significant (P<0.05) alteration of labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and the morphometry (perimeter/area ratio) of the RBC in presence of the extract. These data suggest that this abajeru extract could alter the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc by its chelating/antioxidant action and/or effects on membrane structures involved in the ion transport.
Chrysobalanus icaco (abajeru; C.icaco) é recomendado para tratar diabetes e outras desordens clínicas. Constituintes sangüíneos marcados com tecnécio -99m (99mTc) são usados em medicina nuclear. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos de um extrato de abajetu na radiomarcação de constituintes sangüíneos com 99mTc e na forma de células vermelhas do sangue (RBC). Amostras de sangue retiradas de ratos Wistar foram incubadas com extrato de abajeru e a marcação dos constituintes sanguíneos com 99mTc e a morfologia das RBC foram realizadas. Os resultados mostraram alteração significativa (P<0.05) da marcação dos constituintes sangüíneos com 99mTc e a morfometria (relação perímetro/área) das RBC na presença do extrato. Esses resultados sugerem que esse extrato de abajeru poderia alterar a marcação de constituintes sangüíneos com 99mTc pela sua ação quelante/antioxidante e/ou seus efeitos nas estruturas de membrana envolvidas no transporte de íons.
RESUMO
Chrysobalanus icaco (C. icaco) leaves are used in folk medicine (known as Abajeru in Brazil) to control the glycaemia in diabetic patients. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) is a powerful reducing agent used for different purposes and presents cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of an aqueous C. icaco extract on the plasmid DNA topology and on the effects of the stannous chloride on DNA plasmid. Plasmid pBSK was incubated with a C. icaco extract in the presence or absence of SnCl2 (200 mg/mL), after that, the agarose gel electrophoresis procedure was carried out. Plasmid incubated only SnCl2 was used as positive control and, as negative control, plasmid incubated with Tris buffer. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide, DNA bands were semiquantified by densitometry. The data showed that C. icaco extract alters the electrophoretic profile and decreases significantly (p < 0.05) the effect of SnCl2 on plasmid DNA. The results obtained in this work could indicate a dose-dependent protective action and a genotoxic effect of C. icaco extract on plasmid DNA.
Folhas de Chrysobalanus icaco (C. icaco) são usadas na medicina popular (conhecido como Abajeru no Brasil) para controlar a glicemia em pacientes diabéticos. Cloreto estanoso (SnCl2) é um agente redutor potente usado para diferentes propostas e apresenta efeitos citotóxico e genotóxico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos de um extrato aquoso de C. icaco na topologia de DNA plasmidial e nos efeitos do cloreto estanoso sobre o DNA plasmidial. Plasmídios pBSK foram incubados com um extrato de C. icaco na presença ou ausência do SnCl2 (200 mg/mL), em seguida, o procedimento de eletroforese em gel de agarose foi realizado. Plasmídios incubados somente com SnCl2 foram usados como controle positivo e, como controle negativo, plasmídios incubados com tampão Tris. Os géis foram corados com brometo de etídio e as bandas de DNA foram semiquantificadas por densitometria. Os dados mostraram que o extrato de C. icaco altera o perfil eletroforético e diminui significativamente (p < 0,05) os efeitos do SnCl2 sobre DNA plasmidial. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam uma ação protetora dependente da dose e um efeito genotóxico de extrato de C. icaco sobre o DNA plasmidial.