RESUMO
SUMMARY: The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and transitions into the brachial artery. Variations in the axillary artery are not uncommon. During the upper-limb dissection of a 95-year-old Korean female cadaver, assorted anatomical variations of the axillary artery branches were identified. On the right side, no branches emerged from the first part of the axillary artery. The thoracoacromial artery (excluding the pectoral branch) and the common subscapular trunk arose from the second part, with the common subscapular trunk giving origins to the pectoral branch, lateral thoracic artery, and subscapular artery. The subscapular artery is divided into the thoracodorsal artery, circumflex scapular artery, and accessory posterior circumflex humeral artery. Additionally, the superior thoracic artery arose from the lateral thoracic artery. The third part of the axillary artery gave rise to the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, accessory acromial branch, and accessory thoracodorsal artery. On the left side, the thoracoacromial artery (excluding the pectoral branch) and the superior thoracic artery arose from the first part. The common subscapular trunk arose from the second part, which included the pectoral branch, lateral thoracic artery, and subscapular artery. The subscapular artery is divided into the thoracodorsal artery, circumflex scapular artery, accessory posterior circumflex humeral artery, and accessory lateral thoracic artery. The third part gave rise to the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and the accessory acromial branch. This study presents variations of the axillary artery, emphasizing their rarity, considering their embryologic basis, and highlighting their importance not only for educational purposes but also surgical and radiological applications.
La arteria axilar es una continuación de la arteria subclavia y luego esta continua como arteria braquial. Las variaciones en la arteria axilar no son infrecuentes. Durante la disección de los miembros superiores de un cadáver de una mujer coreana de 95 años, se identificaron diversas variaciones anatómicas de las ramas de la arteria axilar. En el lado derecho no se originaban ramas de la primera parte de la arteria axilar. La arteria toracoacromial (excluyendo la rama pectoral) y el tronco subescapular común surgieron de la segunda parte, y el tronco subescapular común dio origen a la rama pectoral, la arteria torácica lateral y la arteria subescapular. La arteria subescapular se dividía en arteria toracodorsal, arteria circunfleja escapular y arteria humeral circunfleja posterior accesoria. Además, la arteria torácica superior se originaba de la arteria torácica lateral. La tercera parte de la arteria axilar dio origen a las arterias circunflejas humerales anterior y posterior, la rama acromial accesoria y la arteria toracodorsal accesoria. En el lado izquierdo, de la primera parte surgían la arteria toracoacromial (excluyendo la rama pectoral) y la arteria torácica superior. De la segunda parte se originaba el tronco subescapular común, que incluía la rama pectoral, la arteria torácica lateral y la arteria subescapular. La arteria subescapular se dividía en arteria toracodorsal, arteria circunfleja escapular, arteria circunfleja humeral posterior accesoria y arteria torácica lateral accesoria. La tercera parte daba origen a las arterias circunflejas humerales anterior y posterior y a la rama acromial accesoria. Este estudio presenta variaciones de la arteria axilar, enfatizando su rareza, considerando su base embriológica y destacando su importancia no sólo para fines educativos sino también para aplicaciones quirúrgicas y radiológicas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Artéria Axilar/anatomia & histologia , Variação Anatômica , CadáverRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus, particularly multi-drug resistant strains, presents significant challenges in dairy farming due to its role in causing bovine mastitis, which leads to substantial economic losses and limited treatment options. Seeking alternative therapies, we investigated the potential of a topical formulation derived from the medicinal herb Salvia officinalis to combat S. aureus growth and biofilms associated with bovine mastitis. Through systematic extraction in different solvents and fractionation by column chromatography, we isolated and identified three key multicyclic terpenoids-ferruginol, sugiol, and sclareol-exhibiting significant antimicrobial activity. The formulation effectively inhibited biofilm formation, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.09 to 0.74 mg ml-1 against clinical S. aureus strains, comparable to or lower than those of the pure compounds. Moreover, it displayed robust anti-adhesive properties, reducing biofilm formation by 20%-79% at subinhibitory concentrations. Furthermore, the formulation successfully disrupted pre-existing biofilms, achieving reductions ranging from 30% to 82%. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed the safety of the formulation on mammary epithelial cells, with cell viability maintained at 100% at MIC. Our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of Sa. officinalis-derived compounds in managing bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, emphasizing their antimicrobial efficacy and safety profile.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Biofilmes , Mastite Bovina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais , Plantas Medicinais , Salvia officinalis , Staphylococcus aureus , Terpenos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bovinos , Salvia officinalis/química , Terpenos/farmacologia , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the main nutritional resources in the world, and a low environmental impact source of protein. However, the majority of its cultivation areas are affected by drought and this scenario is only expected to worsen with climate change. Stomatal closure is one of the most important plant responses to drought and the MYB60 transcription factor is among the key elements regulating stomatal aperture. If targeting and mutating the MYB60 gene of common bean would be a valuable strategy to establish more drought-tolerant beans was therefore investigated. RESULTS: The MYB60 gene of common bean, with orthology to the Arabidopsis AtMYB60 gene, was found to have conserved regions with MYB60 typical motifs and architecture. Stomata-specific expression of PvMYB60 was further confirmed by q-RT PCR on organs containing stomata, and stomata-enriched leaf fractions. Further, function of PvMYB60 in promoting stomata aperture was confirmed by complementing the defective phenotype of a previously described Arabidopsis myb60-1 mutant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study finally points PvMYB60 as a potential target for obtaining more drought-tolerant common beans in the present context of climate change which would further greatly contribute to food security particularly in drought-prone countries.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Resistência à Seca , Phaseolus , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Resistência à Seca/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Phaseolus/genética , Phaseolus/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estômatos de Plantas/genética , Estômatos de Plantas/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
In addition to their pigment properties, the potential health benefits of anthocyanins have made them a subject of interest in recent years. This study aimed to obtain purified anthocyanin fractions from native Mexican black bean cultivars using Amberlite XAD-7 resin column and HPCCC and evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties using RAW 264.7 cells. The major anthocyanins in the purified anthocyanin fractions were delphinidin 3-glucoside (61.8%), petunidin 3-glucoside (25.2%), and malvidin 3-glucoside (12.2%). Purified anthocyanin fractions at 12.5 µg/mL effectively prevented LPS-induced ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation and reduced the protein expression of COX-2 and mRNA expression of iNOS. Results showed that purified anthocyanin fractions have the potential to modulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the ERK1/ERK2 and NF-κB pathways. This study suggests that anthocyanins from black beans could be used as a natural strategy to help modulate inflammation-associated diseases.
Assuntos
Antocianinas , Anti-Inflamatórios , NF-kappa B , Extratos Vegetais , Antocianinas/farmacologia , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , Animais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Distribuição Contracorrente , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/imunologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , México , Phaseolus/química , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Extrusion cooking of cereal-legume flour mixture is an innovative strategy to introduce nutrient-enriched ready-to-eat snacks to the market. However, this thermal process triggers the formation of compounds that could impact safety aspects of these products. Maillard reaction markers and the end products known as melanoidins were evaluated to assess the toxicological and bioactive profiles of extruded snacks from corn-plus-common-bean-flour combinations. Different molecular weight fractions were isolated and purified to analyze their antioxidant activity and to investigate the role of melanoidins. RESULTS: The snack formulated with an 84:16 ratio of corn:common bean flours exhibited an enhanced toxicological profile. It displayed the lowest levels of acrylamide and furanic compounds, along with reduced blockage of lysine residues in the protein. Extrusion increased the antioxidant activity of uncooked flours (30 to 64%) and total phenolic compounds (26 to 50%), and decreased the available lysine (-72.7 to -79.5%). During the fractionation process, it was established that compounds within the range of 3-10 kDa made the greatest contribution to antioxidant activity. The fraction greater than 10 kDa, which included melanoidins, displayed 7 to 33% lower antioxidant activity. The purification of the fraction greater than 10 kDa revealed that pure melanoidins represented approximately one-third of the antioxidant activity in that fraction. Non-covalent adducts linked to the melanoidin core therefore had a relevant role in the antioxidant action of formulated snacks. CONCLUSION: This investigation illustrates the importance of considering both potential risks and associated benefits of compounds formed during the Maillard reaction while developing new extruded snacks. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
RESUMO
Common variable immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous symptomatic group of inborn errors of immunity that mainly affects antibodies production and/or function, predisposing patients to recurrent and severe infections. More than half of them usually develop autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, enteropathy, and malignancies. Among these conditions, chronic lung disease such as granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease is one of the leading causes of death in these patients. Recently, many genes that play a key role in B and T cells' development, maintenance, and/or cytokines signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we describe the first Argentinian patient presenting with common variable immunodeficiency and granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease, harboring two in cis heterozygous variants in the SOCS1 gene.
RESUMO
Background: Tixagevimab-cilgavimab is a combination of 2 mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In December 2021, the Food and Drug Administration issued Emergency Use Authorization for intramuscular injection of tixagevimab-cilgavimab for prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients. Shortly thereafter, our clinic distributed tixagevimab-cilgavimab to patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Objective: We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in a common variable immunodeficiency clinic. Methods: A retrospective chart review from February 1, 2022, to August 1, 2022, of 47 patients with common variable immunodeficiency who were offered tixagevimab-cilgavimab was carried out. Comparative outcomes of treatment and nontreatment groups examined the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and other non-SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results: Seventy percent of the patients were female; mean age was 49 years. Twenty-three patients received tixagevimab-cilgavimab, and 24 did not receive prophylaxis. In the tixagevimab-cilgavimab group, all were vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 and 22 were receiving immunoglobulin replacement. One patient was infected with SARS-CoV-2, no patients required emergency care, and 7 patients had non-SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the cohort that did not receive prophylaxis, 21 were vaccinated, and all received immunoglobulin replacement. Two patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 1 patient required emergency care due to SARS-CoV-2 disease severity, and 4 patients had a non-SARS-CoV-2 infection. None of the results showed statistical significance. Conclusions: Although there is evidence that tixagevimab-cilgavimab can be protective against SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals, our data suggest that this benefit may be blunted in patients with common variable immunodeficiency on immunoglobulin replacement. The additional benefit of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in immunocompromised patients already receiving replacement therapy requires further exploration.
RESUMO
Local adaptation is common in plant species, and knowing whether a population is locally adapted has fundamental and applied relevance. However, local adaptation in tropical plants remains largely less studied, and covering this gap is not simple since reciprocal transplantation - the gold standard for detecting local adaptation - is not feasible for most species. Here, we combined genetic, climatic and phenotypic data to investigate ecotypic differentiation, an important aspect of local adaptation, in coastal and inland populations of the orchid Epidendrum fulgens Brongn., a long-lived tropical plant for which reciprocal transplantation would not be feasible. We used nine microsatellite markers to estimate genetic divergence between inland and coastal populations. Moreover, occurrence data and climate data were used to test for differences in the realized niche of those populations. Finally, we assessed saturated water content, leaf specific area, height, and stomatal density in common garden and in situ to investigate the effects of ecotypic differentiation and plasticity on the phenotype. Coastal and inland groups' niches do not overlap, the former occupying a wetter and warmer area. However, this differentiation does not seem to be driven by ecotypic differentiation since there was no positive correlation between genetic structure and climate dissimilarity. Moreover, specific leaf area and leaf saturated water content, which are important phenotypic traits related to soil fertility and drought stress, were rather plastic. We conclude that ecotypic differentiation is absent, since phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism explaining the niche broadness of this species.
RESUMO
Introduction: Genotyping large-scale gene bank collections requires an appropriate sampling strategy to represent the diversity within and between accessions. Methods: A panel of 44 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from the Alliance Bioversity and The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) gene bank was genotyped with DArTseq using three sampling strategies: a single plant per accession, 25 individual plants per accession jointly analyzed after genotyping (in silico-pool), and by pooling tissue from 25 individual plants per accession (seq-pool). Sampling strategies were compared to assess the technical aspects of the samples, the marker information content, and the genetic composition of the panel. Results: The seq-pool strategy resulted in more consistent DNA libraries for quality and call rate, although with fewer polymorphic markers (6,142 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) than the in silico-pool (14,074) or the single plant sets (6,555). Estimates of allele frequencies by seq-pool and in silico-pool genotyping were consistent, but the results suggest that the difference between pools depends on population heterogeneity. Principal coordinate analysis, hierarchical clustering, and the estimation of admixture coefficients derived from a single plant, in silico-pool, and seq-pool successfully identified the well-known structure of Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools of P. vulgaris across all datasets. Conclusion: In conclusion, seq-pool proved to be a viable approach for characterizing common bean germplasm compared to genotyping individual plants separately by balancing genotyping effort and costs. This study provides insights and serves as a valuable guide for gene bank researchers embarking on genotyping initiatives to characterize their collections. It aids curators in effectively managing the collections and facilitates marker-trait association studies, enabling the identification of candidate markers for key traits.
RESUMO
SUMMARY: Hypoxic preconditioning is known to induce neuroprotection, but its effects and pathways in chronic brain pathology still unknown. The aim was to establish an involvement of a7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (a7nAchRs), and sirtuins of 1 (SIRT1) and 3 (SIRT3) types in the effects of hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning on brain damage in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion caused by the left common carotid artery occlusion. The male C57/6j (C57, wild type) and a7nAchRs(-/-) mice were divided to six experimental groups (10 mice per group): sham-operated C57, C57 with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, C57 with hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, sham-operated a7nAchRs(-/-) mice, a7nAchRs(-/-) with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, a7nAchRs(-/-) with hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. For preconditioning, mice were exposed to hypoxia by "lifting" in barochamber to simulated altitude of 5600 m a.s.l. for 1 h/day on 3 consecutive days before surgical manipulation. Expressions of SIRT1, SIRT3 in brain tissue, and histopathological changes of the hippocampi were examined. It was shown that 8-week chronic hypoperfusion of the brain, caused by unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery, was accompanied by injury to the neurons of the hippocampi of both hemispheres, which was more pronounced on the side of the occlusion. This damage, as well as the mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by hypoxic preconditioning, were maintained for at least 8 weeks by mechanisms mediated through a7nAChRs. Deficite of a7nAChRs was accompanied with reduction of neuronal damage caused CCH in 8 weeks, as well as preconditioning effects, and lead to compensatory activation of regulatory and protective mechanisms mediated by SIRT1, in normal conditions and in CCH. In wild-type (C57) mice, protective mechanisms in CCH were realized to a greater extent by increased expression of SIRT3 in both hemispheres of the brain.
Se sabe que el precondicionamiento hipóxico induce neuroprotección, pero aún se desconocen sus efectos y vías en la patología cerebral crónica. El objetivo fue establecer la participación de la subunidad a7 de los receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina (a7nAchR) y las sirtuinas de tipo 1 (SIRT1) y 3 (SIRT3) en los efectos del precondicionamiento hipóxico hipobárico sobre el daño cerebral en ratones con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica causada por la oclusión de la arteria carótida común izquierda. Los ratones macho C57/6j (C57, tipo salvaje) y a7nAchRs(-/-) se dividieron en seis grupos experimentales (10 ratones por grupo): C57 con operación simulada, C57 con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica, C57 con precondicionamiento hipobárico hipóxico y crónica. hipoperfusión cerebral, ratones a7nAchRs(-/-) operados de forma simulada, a7nAchRs(-/-) con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica, a7nAchRs(-/-) con precondicionamiento hipobárico hipóxico e hipoperfusión cerebral crónica. Para el preacondicionamiento, los ratones fueron expuestos a hipoxia "levantándolos" en una cámara de barro a una altitud simulada de 5600 m s.n.m. durante 1 h/día durante 3 días consecutivos antes de la manipulación quirúrgica. Se examinaron las expresiones de SIRT1, SIRT3 en tejido cerebral y los cambios histopatológicos de los hipocampos. Se demostró que la hipoperfusión cerebral crónica de 8 semanas, causada por la oclusión unilateral de la arteria carótida común, se acompañaba de lesión de las neuronas del hipocampo de ambos hemisferios y que era más pronunciada en el lado de la oclusión. Este daño, así como los mecanismos de neuroprotección inducidos por el precondicionamiento hipóxico, se mantuvieron durante al menos 8 semanas mediante mecanismos mediados por a7nAChR. El déficit de a7nAChR se acompañó de una reducción del daño neuronal causado por CCH en 8 semanas, así como de efectos de precondicionamiento, y condujo a una activación compensatoria de mecanismos reguladores y protectores mediados por SIRT1, en condiciones normales y en CCH. En ratones de tipo salvaje (C57), los mecanismos de protección en CCH se realizaron en mayor medida mediante una mayor expresión de SIRT3 en ambos hemisfe- rios del cerebro.