RESUMO
Violence against children and adolescents is a global public health problem. In Brazil, there are challenging boundaries for professionals in the protection network in general and for health professionals in particular. Moreover, among other factors, there is the challenge of referral, due to weaknesses in decision making, given the nature of sexual violence and how it is managed by healthcare services. This study aims to propose a Meta-Analytic framework to support the referral of young victims of sexual violence, considering levels of severity, independent of factors such as how protection systems are structured and managed and the local laws in force. We propose a Meta-Analytic approach, developed using the fundamentals of Delphi and DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Response Model of Intervention), from the perspective of Value-Focused Thinking. The Delphi method was structured in two stages: the first stage aimed to identify and classify typical cases of sexual violence; the second stage used the DPSIR model, with the aim of identifying the decision criteria for typical cases that occur in a given municipality. The main outcomes are: (i) the application of the modified Delphi participatory method within the context of local social policies; (ii) the construction of a value tree based on Value-Focused Thinking; and (iii) the identification and systematization of criteria that most interfere with the evaluation of cases of sexual violence, which can be used for multi-criteria decision making.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Delitos Sexuais , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Família , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , ViolênciaRESUMO
Research has shown the effort to develop conceptual models that relate anthropic stressors to changes in aquatic environment state. Several of these models come from the structure Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR), which has been used since the 1990s. However, there is a lack of conceptual models that consider in its structure the connection between the damages caused in the aquatic environment and technological disasters. This research develops a general conceptual model based on the DPSIR structure incorporating technological disasters. Based on the general conceptual model guidelines and the methodological procedure associated with it, a model was developed to assess the Lower Doce River waters' state, by considering Fundão's iron-ore dam failure scenario, which took place in November 2015, in the municipality of Mariana, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The relevant aspects of this adaptation of the DPSIR structure were: I) it considers the combined effect of drivers and pressures that already existed in the study area with those originated from the technological disaster; and II) the causal relationships among elements of the model were explicited through a systemic conceptual map, allowing a more holistic and integrated view of the problem. The application of the conceptual model to Doce River's scenario before the disaster allowed us to verify that a set of environmental pressures was already acting in a way to stress it, making the river vulnerable. For the post-disaster scenario, it was possible to determine that the already existing vulnerability condition, caused by urbanization, agriculture1 and mining, had been intensified by adding new pressures due to the tailings dam failure.
Assuntos
Desastres , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Coastal zones are complex systems where sustainability needs local participative governance, whose absence may result in conflicts between social actors. In its absence, the first step should be a diagnosis of the current situation based on integrative conceptual frameworks such as the DPSIR. However, in conflicting situations, the generated model needs validation from social actors. Chiloé Island is a critical Chilean coastal fishery and aquaculture area, coexisting with subsistence and cultural uses of marine resources. This article analyzes the current ecological state of the Chiloé coastal zone and its main social-ecological impact using a DPSIR model. We validated its results through a household survey and interviews with local experts and social actors. Results show that increased coastal fisheries and aquaculture generate a critical decrease of coastal species, eutrophication, and pollution that, along with harmful algal blooms, generate conflicts. Social validation showed that experts and local social actors have different perceptions of conflicting parties and conflict solutions. Following a post-normal approach, we propose three ideas to start social-ecological governance of Chiloé coastal marine ecosystems.
RESUMO
The interaction between intensive animal production and the environment is complex and depends on the location and management practices. The waste generated from intensive animal production may represent a triggering factor for environmental pressures in the function of the volume and the characteristics, degrading environmental quality and affecting ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework for the environmental description of the impacts caused by the accumulation of the waste from intensive animal production, integrating the causal chain approach of the driverpressurestatusimpactresponse (DPSIR) model with the causal network and ecosystem services. Therefore, a conceptual framework was developed that makes possible a comprehensive description of a set of structures and functions that interact in complex ways. The conceptual framework was validated through a case study performed within the scope of a hydrographic microbasin with intensive pig production. The conceptual framework developed made it possible to establish connections among the DPSIR components, including environmental perceptions and changes in the socioeconomic system. The impacts caused by the waste were considered as changes in the provision of ecosystem services and the socioeconomic system, identifiable in the proposed conceptual framework. The application of the conceptual framework identified the primary drivers that exert pressure on the system and has an impact on the ecosystem services, affecting the provision and regulation services. The development of this environmental conceptual framework contributes to the selection of the indicators and ecosystem services involved. This can aid in the promotion of environmental sustainability, providing subsidies for more adequate environmental policies obtained from indicators that reflect local conditions.
A interação entre a produção intensiva de animais com seu meio ambiente é complexa e depende principalmente da localização e das práticas de gestão. Os dejetos oriundos da produção intensiva de animais, em função do volume e características, podem representar um fator desencadeador de pressões sobre o ambiente, degradando a qualidade ambiental e impactando os serviços ecossistêmicos. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual para descrição ambiental dos impactos do acumulo de dejetos da produção intensiva de animais, integrando o enfoque de cadeia causal do modelo Drive- Pressure- Status- Impact- Response (DPSIR) com rede causal e serviços ecossistêmicos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma estrutura conceitual, que permite descrever de forma abrangente um conjunto de estruturas e funções que interagem de maneira complexa. A validação da estrutura conceitual foi realizada por meio de sua aplicação em um estudo de caso realizado no âmbito da uma microbacia hidrográfica com produção intensiva de suínos. A estrutura conceitual desenvolvida permitiu estabelecer vinculação entre os componentes do DPSIR, incluindo percepções ambientais bem como de mudanças no sistema socioeconômico. Os impactos causados pelos dejetos podem ser entendidos como mudanças no fornecimento de serviços do ecossistema e no sistema socioeconômico, identificáveis na estrutura de análise conceitual proposta. A aplicação da estrutura conceitual identificou o principal driver que exerce pressões no sistema e que impactam nos serviços ecossistêmicos, afetando serviços de provisão e regulação. O desenvolvimento desta estrutura conceitual contribui para a seleção de indicadores e dos serviços ecossistêmicos envolvidos, que podem auxiliar na promoção da sustentabilidade ambiental, fornecendo subsídios para políticas ambientais mais adequadas, obtidas a partir de indicadores que reflitam as condições locais.
Assuntos
Animais , Avaliação de Danos/análise , Biomassa , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/normas , Meio AmbienteRESUMO
The interaction between intensive animal production and the environment is complex and depends on the location and management practices. The waste generated from intensive animal production may represent a triggering factor for environmental pressures in the function of the volume and the characteristics, degrading environmental quality and affecting ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework for the environmental description of the impacts caused by the accumulation of the waste from intensive animal production, integrating the causal chain approach of the driverpressurestatusimpactresponse (DPSIR) model with the causal network and ecosystem services. Therefore, a conceptual framework was developed that makes possible a comprehensive description of a set of structures and functions that interact in complex ways. The conceptual framework was validated through a case study performed within the scope of a hydrographic microbasin with intensive pig production. The conceptual framework developed made it possible to establish connections among the DPSIR components, including environmental perceptions and changes in the socioeconomic system. The impacts caused by the waste were considered as changes in the provision of ecosystem services and the socioeconomic system, identifiable in the proposed conceptual framework. The application of the conceptual framework identified the primary drivers that exert pressure on the system and has an impact on the ecosystem services, affecting the provision and regulation services. The development of this environmental conceptual framework contributes to the selection of the indicators and ecosystem services involved. This can aid in the promotion of environmental sustainability, providing subsidies for more adequate environmental policies obtained from indicators that reflect local conditions.(AU)
A interação entre a produção intensiva de animais com seu meio ambiente é complexa e depende principalmente da localização e das práticas de gestão. Os dejetos oriundos da produção intensiva de animais, em função do volume e características, podem representar um fator desencadeador de pressões sobre o ambiente, degradando a qualidade ambiental e impactando os serviços ecossistêmicos. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual para descrição ambiental dos impactos do acumulo de dejetos da produção intensiva de animais, integrando o enfoque de cadeia causal do modelo Drive- Pressure- Status- Impact- Response (DPSIR) com rede causal e serviços ecossistêmicos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma estrutura conceitual, que permite descrever de forma abrangente um conjunto de estruturas e funções que interagem de maneira complexa. A validação da estrutura conceitual foi realizada por meio de sua aplicação em um estudo de caso realizado no âmbito da uma microbacia hidrográfica com produção intensiva de suínos. A estrutura conceitual desenvolvida permitiu estabelecer vinculação entre os componentes do DPSIR, incluindo percepções ambientais bem como de mudanças no sistema socioeconômico. Os impactos causados pelos dejetos podem ser entendidos como mudanças no fornecimento de serviços do ecossistema e no sistema socioeconômico, identificáveis na estrutura de análise conceitual proposta. A aplicação da estrutura conceitual identificou o principal driver que exerce pressões no sistema e que impactam nos serviços ecossistêmicos, afetando serviços de provisão e regulação. O desenvolvimento desta estrutura conceitual contribui para a seleção de indicadores e dos serviços ecossistêmicos envolvidos, que podem auxiliar na promoção da sustentabilidade ambiental, fornecendo subsídios para políticas ambientais mais adequadas, obtidas a partir de indicadores que reflitam as condições locais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/normas , Biomassa , Avaliação de Danos/análise , Meio AmbienteRESUMO
Resumo Este artigo objetivou analisar a contribuição da metodologia Peir para estudo de uma pequena cidade da Amazônia a partir da análise do modo de vida da população. Como procedimento metodológico procurou-se entender a relação entre aspectos de urbanização conectados à globalização e saúde da população dessa cidade. Foram obtidos dados em campo, os quais permitiram analisar a situação de saúde em dois setores urbanos. A metodologia Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta (Peir), desenvolvida pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (Pnuma) e adaptada pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), servirá de suporte para a compreensão dos impactos na saúde da população a partir do acesso a infraestruturas disponíveis, entre elas o abastecimento de água. O local de estudo é cidade de Ponta de Pedras, situada na Ilha do Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil. Como resultado nota-se a necessidade de intervenções imediatas por parte do poder público para minimizar os impactos das condições de vulnerabilidade sobre as populações.
Abstract This article aimed to analyze DPSIR approach's contribution in an Amazonian small town, according to the local people's lives. As methodological procedure, we sought to understand the relation between urbanization aspects connected to globalization and the population health of said small town. For this research, data were obtained in field, which allowed an analysis of the health situation in two urban sectors. The DPSIR methodology - Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response, developed by United Nations Environment (UNE) and adapted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), will serve as support for the understanding of impacts on the population's health, analyzing issues as access to available infrastructure, including water supply. As a result, Ponta de Pedras town, located in Marajó Island (PA), Brazil - where the research was performed -, requires an immediate intervention from the public authorities to minimize impacts of population's exposure to vulnerable conditions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Condições Sociais , Urbanização , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Poder Público , Meio Ambiente , InfraestruturaRESUMO
Ecosystem-based management implies understanding feedbacks between ecosystems and society. Such understanding can be approached with the Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impacts-Response framework (DPSIR), incorporating stakeholders' preferences for ecosystem services to assess impacts on society. This framework was adapted to six locations in the central coast of Chile, where artisanal fisheries coexist with an increasing influx of tourists, and a set of fisheries management areas alternate with open access areas and a no-take Marine Protected Area (MPA). The ecosystem services in the study area were quantified using biomass and species richness in intertidal and subtidal areas as biological indicators. The demand for ecosystem services was elicited by interviews to the principal groups of users. Our results evidenced decreasing landings and a negative perception of fishermen on temporal trends of catches. The occurrence of recreational fishing was negligible, although the consumption of seafood by tourists was relatively high. Nevertheless, the consumption of organisms associated to the study system was low, which could be linked, amongst other factors, to decreasing catches. The comparison of biological indicators between management regimens provided variable results, but a positive effect of management areas and the MPA on some of the metrics was observed. The prioritising of ecosystem attributes by tourists was highly homogenous across the six locations, with "scenic beauty" consistently selected as the preferred attribute, followed by "diversity". The DPSIR framework illustrated the complex interactions existing in these locations, with weak linkages between society's priorities, existing management objectives and the state of biological communities. Overall, this work improved our knowledge on relations between components of coastal areas in central Chile, of paramount importance to advance towards an ecosystem-based management in the area.