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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Findings on the role of diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis are inconsistent. There are few studies on the dietary habits of pregnant women with NAFLD. Our primary aim was to compare the dietary intakes of pregnant women with and without NAFLD. METHODS: This case-control study recruited 60 women (26-34 weeks' gestation) with recently diagnosed gestational diabetes (GDM) before any treatment was implemented. At recruitment, all participants underwent B-mode hepatic ultrasound. We included 30 women with sonographic NAFLD (cases) and 30 women without NAFLD (controls) matched for age, skin color, and pre-pregnancy body mass index. We assessed participants' dietary intakes in the last six months using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Mann-Whitney´s test was used to compare differences in median macro and micronutrient intakes between cases and controls. RESULTS: Total median daily energy (1965.1 × 1949.2 calories) and lipid (25.1% × 28.3%) intakes were similar in women with and without NAFLD and fell within recommended ranges. Participants with NAFLD reported significantly higher median daily intakes of carbohydrates (59.4% × 53.1% p = 0.003), and significantly lower protein (15.6% × 17.0% p = 0.005), fiber (10.7 × 13.3 g/day p = 0.010), and vitamin C (151.8 × 192.6 mg/day p = 0.008) intakes than those without NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with NAFLD ingest more carbohydrates and less protein, fiber, and vitamin C than those without NAFLD. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of diet in the development of NAFLD in pregnant women.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was whether the Food Intake Visual Scale (FIVS) can be used in clinical practice to measure food intake in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with patients with cirrhosis between April 2017 and July 2019. The food intake was assessed through the 1-day diet record (DR) and according to FIVS, which consists of pictures of four plates of food at different levels of consumption: "about all," "half," "a quarter," or "nothing." The analysis of variance test with Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis was used to compare the mean energy intake through the DR according to the FIVS categories. RESULTS: This study included 94 patients with a mean age of 60.29 ± 9.33 years. Patients with lower food intake according to the FIVS categories also had lower mean energy and macronutrient intake according to the DR: patients eating "about all" (n = 49, 52.1%) consumed a mean of 1526.58 ± 428.27 kcal/day, patients eating "half" (n = 16, 17%) consumed a mean of 1282.08 ± 302.83 kcal/day, patients eating "a quarter" (n = 25, 26.6%) consumed a mean of 978.96 ± 468.81 kcal/day, and patients eating "nothing" (n = 4, 4.3%) consumed a mean of 353.59 ± 113.16 kcal/day (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that FIVS can be implemented in clinical practice to measure food intake in patients with decompensated cirrhosis as a substitute for the DR because it is a noninvasive, low-cost, quick, reliable, and easy bedside method for obtaining data.

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Objective: To describe the evolution of beverage portion sizes consumed in Brazil between 2008 and 2018. Methods: Data from the dietary surveys of 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 Brazilian Household Budget Surveys, conducted with 34,003 and 46,164 individuals, respectively, were used to analyze the portion size of beverages. Food consumption data were used to group beverages according to nutritional characteristics, type and size of portions into eight groups: high-calorie soft drinks, fruit refreshments, alcoholic beverages, coffee/tea, fruit juices, milk and milk substitutes and ultra-processed milk-based beverages. The two-day food record and recall were considered to analyze the consumed portions. Comparisons between the surveys were done using Chi-Square tests and linear regression models. Results: Between 2008 and 2018, the average portion consumed showed a significant increase for the group of alcoholic beverages (+29%), flavored juices (+11%), caloric soft drinks (+8%), milk and milk substitutes (+6%) and fruit juices (+5%); and reduction for the coffee/tea group (-11%). Analyzes by age group showed that among individuals between 20 and 40 years of age, the soft drinks and alcoholic beverage groups showed the greatest increase in portion size, +12 and +44%, respectively. Conclusion: The beverage portion sizes consumed in Brazil between 2008 and 2018 increased for the group of alcoholic beverages, flavored juices, caloric soft drinks, milk and milk substitutes, and fruit juices.

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ABSTRACT Objective To present changes in the estimated amount of food intake in Brazil between the 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 National Dietary Surveys. Methods Food intake data from the 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 surveys were used to highlight the differences in the frequencies of foods mentioned, the number of the measurement units mentioned, and the frequency of measurements that were incompatible with the reported food and were exchanged by the most mentioned measurement (standard measurement), as well as to describe the updates performed in the database between edits. Results The elaboration of the 2017-2018 referenced measurement table was based on the 2008-2009 table, which was revised and updated. In the 2008-2009 survey, 9980 household measurements were mentioned for 1970 types of food and preparations, while in 2017-2018 there were 11050 and 2534, respectively. While in 2008-2009, 2.8% of citations were replaced by the standard measurement, in 2017-2018, only 0.7% of food items needed to be replaced. Conclusion The procedures used to estimate the amount of food intake between the surveys allowed updating the table of household measurements and minimizing errors in the estimate of this amount, with a reduction in measurement units that were inconsistent or incompatible with the aforementioned foods.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a evolução na estimativa da quantidade dos alimentos consumidos no Brasil entre os Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação de 2008-2009 e de 2017-2018. Métodos Foram utilizados dados de consumo alimentar de 2008-2009 e de 2017-2018 para evidenciar as diferenças nas frequências de citações, nos números de unidades de medidas citadas e na frequência de medidas incompatíveis com o alimento que foram substituídas pela medida citada com maior frequência (medida padrão), bem como descrever as atualizações realizadas no banco de dados entre as edições. Resultados A construção da tabela de medidas referidas de 2017-2018 foi baseada na tabela de 2008-2009, a qual foi revisada e atualizada. No inquérito de 2008-2009 foram citadas 9980 medidas caseiras para 1970 alimentos e preparações, enquanto em 2017-2018 foram 11050 para 2534, respectivamente. Enquanto em 2008-2009 2,8% das citaçoes foram substituídas pela medida padrao, em 2017-2018, somente 0,7% dos alimentos precisaram ser substituídos. Conclusão Os procedimentos utilizados na estimativa de quantidade de alimentos consumidos entre os inquéritos permitiram atualizar a tabela de medidas caseiras e minimizar erros na estimativa dessa quantidade, com redução de unidades de medidas incoerentes ou incompatíveis com os alimentos citados.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there is a relationship between diet quality and bone health in a group of elderly Brazilian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 105 elderly women. Participants were evaluated regarding diet quality (good, needing improvement, and poor) and its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and C-telopeptide (CTX). RESULTS: Fifty eight participants (55.2%) presented a poor-quality diet and 47 (44.8%) required dietary improvements, while no subjects presented a good quality diet. The group requiring dietary improvements had lower CTX [0.35 (0.05;1.09) vs. 0.52 (0.10;1.45); p = 0.03)] and BSAP (38.7 ± 12.9 U/L vs. 46.10 ± 15.2 U/L; p < 0.01) levels than the poor-quality diet group. Groups did not differ in terms of BMD. CONCLUSION: In this group of elderly Brazilian women, there was a relationship between diet quality and bone health, where worse diet quality was associated with higher levels of bone remodelling markers.

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La pérdida de patrones de alimentación tradicionales a favor de otros más occidentales redunda en un descenso de calidad de la dieta alrededor del mundo. Muchos aspectos determinan la calidad dietética, aunque en general pueden resumirse en una dieta moderada, variada, equilibrada y adecuada para cada individuo. Estos aspectos son evaluados por el Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Objetivo: Comparar la calidad de la dieta de población mexicana y española mediante un índice de calidad internacional de la dieta, determinando que factores son en mayor medida responsables de la pérdida de calidad. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal sobre una muestra representativa de sujetos adultos residentes en Querétaro (México) y de sujetos de la misma franja de edad procedentes de la Región de Murcia, en la cuenca mediterránea española. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y de ingesta con 3 recuerdos de 24 horas y se valoró el DQI-I en la población. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias para el gasto energético y el DQI-I en todos sus aspectos con valores de calidad superiores para la población mexicana. La variedad fue la dimensión más castigada para todos los sujetos, presentando los mexicanos mejores cifras de consumo de vegetales pero peores para las fuentes proteicas. Conclusiones: La muestra mexicana mejoró las cifras de calidad de la española, tal vez por una mayor influencia de conocimientos en nutrición. El 86% de la población podría mejorar sus puntajes de calidad en el DQI-I ajustando sus frecuencias de consumo de alimentos(AU)

The loss of traditional eating patterns in favour of more Western ones results in a decline in dietary quality around the world. Many aspects determine dietary quality, but in general they can be summarised as a moderate, varied, balanced diet suitable for each individual. These aspects are assessed by the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Objective: To compare the quality of the diet of the Mexican and Spanish populations using an international diet quality index, determining which factors are most responsible for the loss of quality. Material and methods: Cross-sectional observational study on a representative sample of adult subjects living in Querétaro (Mexico) and subjects of the same age group from the Region of Murcia, in the Spanish Mediterranean basin. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, food frequency consumption and intake data were collected with 3 24-hour recall and the DQI-I was assessed in the population. Results: Differences were found for energy expenditure and DQI-I in all aspects with higher quality values for the Mexican population. Variety was the most punished dimension for all subjects, with Mexicans presenting better figures for vegetable intake but worse for protein sources. Conclusions: The Mexican sample improved the quality figures of the Spanish sample, perhaps due to a greater influence of nutritional knowledge. Eighty-six percent of the population could improve their DQI-I quality scores by adjusting their food consumption frequencies(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether there is a relationship between diet quality and bone health in a group of elderly Brazilian women. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 105 elderly women. Participants were evaluated regarding diet quality (good, needing improvement, and poor) and its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and C-telopeptide (CTX). Results: Fifty eight participants (55.2%) presented a poor-quality diet and 47 (44.8%) required dietary improvements, while no subjects presented a good quality diet. The group requiring dietary improvements had lower CTX [0.35 (0.05;1.09) vs. 0.52 (0.10;1.45); p = 0.03)] and BSAP (38.7 ± 12.9 U/L vs. 46.10 ± 15.2 U/L; p < 0.01) levels than the poor-quality diet group. Groups did not differ in terms of BMD. Conclusion: In this group of elderly Brazilian women, there was a relationship between diet quality and bone health, where worse diet quality was associated with higher levels of bone remodelling markers.

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Calcium is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in growing and pregnancy, and its necessity is increased during pregnancy in adolescence. Thus, the aim of the study is to describe the daily calcium intake and its associations with dietetic habits, sociodemographic data and perinatal outcomes among pregnant adolescents. A prospective cohort study was conducted among primiparous adolescents who started prenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation. Sociodemographic data, weight and height, 24-h dietary recall (24hRec) and perinatal outcomes were collected over four meetings (three during pregnancy and one in puerperium). All 24hRecs were analysed by the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR)® programme, and descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were done. A total of 150 pregnant adolescents were included, with a mean of daily calcium intake of 659.9 mg (50% of recommended intake). Adolescents who ate more than three meals per day (89.3%), and ate breakfast every day (69.3%), were shown to have higher daily calcium intake, odds ratio (OR CI 95%) of 3.4 (1.0, 11.0) and 16.8 (1.0, 302.1), respectively. No correlation was observed between calcium daily intake and sociodemographic data or perinatal outcomes. Dairy products were the foods that mostly contributed to achieving recommended daily calcium intake. In our cohort, pregnant adolescents had a low daily calcium intake. They should be advised to eat more than three meals per day, eat breakfast in particular, increase the consumption of calcium rich-foods, such as dairy products and green leafy vegetables, and consider calcium supplementation.

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Abstract It was assessed the intake and prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to weight status among Brazilian adults from urban areas (n=16,198) evaluated in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS - 2008-2009), that obtained food records from two non-consecutive days. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to weight status was estimated based on Brazilian and international recommendations, in which usual intake was estimated applying the National Cancer Institute method. From 14 nutrients evaluated, six differed according to weight status in men, and only two among women. For men, the mean proportion of energy derived from lipids and saturated fat and mean intake of cholesterol, zinc, and vitamin B12 were greater among those with excess weight compared to those with normal weight; the inverse was observed for dietary fiber. Mean sodium intake was greater and proportion of energy from added sugar intake was lower among obese women compared to overweight ones. Strategies to encourage food consumption with high micronutrient density should be targeted to adult population regardless of their weight status.

Resumo Avaliou-se a ingestão e a prevalência de ingestão inadequada de nutrientes segundo a condição de peso em adultos brasileiros de áreas urbanas (n = 16.198) investigados no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA 2008-2009), que obteve o registro alimentar de dois dias não consecutivos. A prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de nutrientes foi estimada segundo a condição de peso e com base em recomendações brasileiras e internacionais, sendo a ingestão usual estimada pelo método do National Cancer Institute. Dos 14 nutrientes avaliados, seis diferiram segundo a condição de peso em homens e apenas dois entre as mulheres. Para os homens, a proporção média de energia proveniente dos lipídios e da gordura saturada e a ingestão média de colesterol, zinco e vitamina B12 eram mais elevadas para aqueles com excesso de peso do que entre os que tinham peso normal; o inverso foi observado para fibra dietética. A ingestão média de sódio foi maior e a proporção de ingestão de energia proveniente do açúcar de adição foi menor entre as mulheres obesas comparadas àquelas com sobrepeso. Estratégias para incentivar o consumo de alimentos com alta densidade de micronutrientes devem ser dirigidas à população adulta independentemente da sua condição de peso.

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Introdução: A hemodiálise é um tratamento comumente realizado em pacientes que apresentam perda da função renal, com o intuito de liberar resíduos prejudiciais à saúde do corpo. Esta terapêutica ocasiona perdas de nutrientes do sangue, sendo, dessa forma, contribuinte para a desnutrição, o que reforça o papel da nutrição como tratamento coadjuvante.A análise da ingestão alimentar é capaz de fornecer informações para nortear as condutas dietéticas,portanto, este estudo objetivou verificar a adequabilidade da ingestão nutricional com as recomendações nutricionais específicas e sua relação com o estado nutricional de pacientes submetidos a tratamento hemodialítico em uma clínica do município de Vitória da Conquista, BA. Método: A avaliação da ingestão nutricional foi procedida determinando a ingestão proteica por quilo de peso, de quilocalorias por quilo de peso, cálcio, ferro, potássio e fósforo,comparando-as com as recomendações específicas. O estado nutricional foi determinado por meio da Avaliação Subjetiva Global modificada. Resultados: Um total de 122 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, estando a maioria em risco nutricional e nenhum com desnutrição gravíssima. A maioria também apresentou inadequação quanto à ingestão de calorias e dos nutrientes avaliados. Não foram encontradas correlações entre a ingestão calórica vs. estado nutricional e ingestão proteica vs. estado nutricional, mas analisando a ingestão calórica e proteica foi observada forte correlação (r=0,799). Conclusão: As ingestões de proteínas, quilocalorias, cálcio, ferro, potássio e fósforo apresentaram-se inadequadas na população estudada, o que pode influenciar o estado clínico e nutricional destes pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: Hemodialysis is a treatment commonly performed in patients who had loss of kidney function, in order to release harmful waste to body's health. This therapy causes loss of nutrients from the blood, and thus contributes to malnutrition, which reinforces the role of nutrition as adjuvant treatment. Analysis of food intake is able to provide information to guide dietetic conducts, so this study aimed to verify the nutritional intake adequacy with specific nutritional recommendations and their relation with the nutritional status of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment at a clinic in the city of Vitória da Conquista, BA. Method: The assessment of nutritional intake was done determining the protein intake per kilogram of weight, kilocalories per kilogram of weight, calcium, iron, potassium and phosphorus comparing it to the specific recommendations. Nutritional status was determined using the Subjective Global Assessment modified. Results: A total of 122 patients were included in the study, with the majority in nutritional risk and none had very serious malnutrition. Similarly, most also had impairments as to intake of calories and nutrients evaluated. No correlations were found between calorie intake vs. nutritional status and protein intake vs. nutritional status, but in the analyse caloric and protein intake was found strong correlation (r=0.799). Conclusion: The intake of protein, kilocalories, calcium, iron, potassium and phosphorus showed to be inadequate in the study population, which may influence the clinical and nutritional status of these patients.(AU)

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