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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the aetiology of urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) and genital ulcer disease (GUD) in Brazil due to limited access to laboratory tests and treatment based mainly on the syndromic approach. OBJECTIVES: To update Brazilian treatment guidelines according to the current scenario, the first nationwide aetiological study for UDS and GUD was performed. METHODS: Male participants with urethral discharge (UD) and/or genital ulcer (GU) reports were enrolled. Sample collection was performed by 12 sentinel sites located in the five Brazilian regions. Between 2018 and 2020, 1141 UD and 208 GU samples were collected in a Universal Transport Medium-RT (Copan). A multiplex quantitative PCR kit (Seegene) was used to detect UD: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), M. hominis (MH), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Ureaplasma parvum (UP), U. urealyticum (UU) and another kit to detect GU: cytomegalovirus (CMV), Haemophilus ducreyi (HD), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), Treponema pallidum (TP) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). RESULTS: In UD samples, the frequency of pathogen detection was NG: 78.38%, CT: 25.6%, MG: 8.3%, UU: 10.4%, UP: 3.5%, MH: 3.5% and TV: 0.9%. Coinfection was assessed in 30.9% of samples, with 14.3% of NG/CT coinfection. The most frequent pathogen identified in GU was HSV2, present in 40.8% of the samples, followed by TP at 24.8%, LGV and CMV at 1%, and HSV1 at 0.4%. Coinfection of TP/HSV2 was detected in 4.4% of samples. VZV and HD were not detected. In 27.7% of the GU samples, no pathogen was detected. CONCLUSION: This study provided the acquisition of unprecedented data on the aetiology of UDS and GUD in Brazil, demonstrated the presence of a variety of pathogens in both sample types and reaffirmed the aetiologies known to be most prevalent globally.

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OBJECTIVES: Sexual networks are known to structure sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). We sought to estimate the risks of STI diagnosis for various partnership types within these networks. METHODS: Our cross-sectional survey analysed data from 1376 MSM screened for a partner management intervention in Lima, Peru. Participants were tested for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea (NG) and chlamydia (CT) and completed surveys on their demographics, sexual identity/role, HIV status, partnership types and sexual network from the prior 90 days. χ2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests compared participants without an STI to those diagnosed with (1) syphilis, (2) NG and/or CT (NG/CT) and (3) syphilis and NG/CT coinfection (coinfection). RESULTS: 40.8% (n=561/1376) of participants were diagnosed with an STI (syphilis: 14.9%, NG/CT: 16.4%, coinfection: 9.5%). 47.9% of all participants were living with HIV and 8.9% were newly diagnosed. A greater proportion of participants with syphilis and coinfection were living with HIV (73.5%, p<0.001; 71.0%, p<0.001) compared with those with NG/CT (47.8%) or no STI (37.8%). Participants with syphilis more often reported sex-on-premises venues (SOPVs) as the location of their last sexual encounter (51.7%, p=0.038) while those with NG/CT tended to meet their last sexual partner online (72.8%, p=0.031). Respondents with coinfection were the only STI group more likely to report transactional sex than participants without an STI (31.3%, p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual networks and partnership types of Peruvian MSM are associated with differential risks for STIs. Participants diagnosed with syphilis tended to meet single-encounter casual partners at SOPV, while MSM with NG/CT were younger and often contacted casual partners online. Coinfection had higher frequency of transactional sex. These findings suggest the potential importance of public health interventions through combined syphilis/HIV screening at SOPV, syphilis screening at routine clinic appointments for MSM living with HIV and directed advertisements and/or access to NG/CT testing through online platforms.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and synthesize scientific evidence that the use of face protection masks by children, in the community and at home, is a way of preventing communicable diseases. Data source: A scoping review was made using the Joana Briggs Institute method and PRISMA-ScR. A research was carried out in five electronic databases, at the Cochrane Library and on seven websites of governmental and non-governmental institutions. The data were organized in a spreadsheet and submitted to narrative analysis. Data synthesis: Initially, 658 productions were identified, of which 19 made up the final sample. Studies with higher levels of evidence are scarce. The types of masks identified were professional (surgical and facial respirators with filtration) and non-professional (homemade). The transmissible agents studied were influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, and the evaluated environments were schools, homes and community spaces. The main discomforts reported were heat, shortness of breath, headache and maladjustment to the face. The indication and acceptability of masks change according to the age group and clinical conditions. There is no consensus on the reduction in the transmissibility of infections. Conclusions: Children older than five can benefit from the correct use of masks, as long as they are supervised, taught and educated to do so and the masks should be well adjusted to the face. The use of masks show better results when associated with other measures such as physical distancing, keeping places ventilated and frequent hand hygiene.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e sintetizar evidências científicas sobre o uso de máscaras faciais de proteção por crianças, na comunidade e no domicílio, como forma de prevenção de doenças transmissíveis. Fontes de dados: Revisão de escopo seguindo o método Joana Briggs Institute e o PRISMA-ScR. Realizou-se pesquisa em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, na Biblioteca Cochrane e em sete sites de instituições governamentais e não governamentais. Os dados foram organizados em planilha e submetidos à análise narrativa. Síntese dos dados: Inicialmente foram identificadas 658 produções, das quais 19 compuseram a amostra final. Estudos com melhores níveis de evidência são escassos. Os tipos de máscaras identificadas foram as profissionais (cirúrgicas e respiradores faciais com filtragem) e as não profissionais (caseiras). Os agentes transmissíveis estudados foram os vírus influenza e SARS-CoV-2, e os ambientes avaliados foram escolas, domicílios e espaços comunitários. Os principais desconfortos relatados foram calor, falta de ar, dor de cabeça e desajuste ao rosto. A indicação e a aceitabilidade mudam conforme faixa etária e condições clínicas. Não há consenso sobre a redução da transmissibilidade de infecções. Conclusões: Crianças maiores de 5 anos podem se beneficiar com o uso correto de máscaras, desde que sejam supervisionadas e educadas para isso e que a máscara esteja bem ajustada ao rosto. Há melhores resultados quando seu uso está associado a outras medidas, como distanciamento físico, permanência em locais arejados e higiene frequente das mãos.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los factores laborales asociados con la ocurrencia de COVID-19 en el personal de salud expuesto a distinta magnitud de riesgo con el uso de la política de gestión de crisis de las Naciones Unidas para COVID-19. Métodos. Encuesta transversal realizada entre abril y mayo del 2021. Se consideraron como grupo de riesgo bajo (GRB) quienes tenían contacto mínimo con pacientes; de riesgo medio (GRM) a quienes tenían contacto con pacientes no-COVID-19 y no realizaban intervención instrumental de vías respiratorias; y de riesgo alto (GRA) a quienes atendían pacientes COVID-19 y realizaban intervención instrumental con generación de aerosoles. Se consideró como desenlace el antecedente de enfermedad diagnosticada de COVID-19 y la presencia de anticuerpos IgG positivos contra el SARS-CoV-2 medida con Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. Desenlace en 43,8% en el GRB; 46,7% en el GRM (razón de momios [RM]: 1,125; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311); y 48,6% en el GRA (RM: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusión. Pertenecer al GRM y al GRA por el grado de exposición a pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 en el área de trabajo no se asoció con mayor ocurrencia de enfermedad o de seroconversión.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the occupational factors associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 in health personnel who were exposed to different magnitudes of risk and who followed the United Nations crisis management policy for COVID-19. Methods. Cross-sectional survey conducted between April and May 2021. The low-risk group (LRG) were considered to be those who had minimal contact with patients; the medium-risk group (MRG) had contact with non-COVID-19 patients and did not perform instrumental airway intervention; and the high-risk group (HRG) were those who cared for COVID-19 patients and performed instrumental intervention with aerosol generation. Diagnosed COVID-19 disease and the presence of positive IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 measured with Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 were considered as outcomes. Results. Outcome recorded in 43.8% of the LRG, versus 46.7% in the MRG (odds ratio [OR]: 1.125; 95% confidence interval [CI 95% ]: 0.896-1.414; p = 0.311), and 48.6% in the HRG (OR: 1,214; CI 95%: 0.964-1.530; p= 0.10). Conclusion. Belonging to the high-risk group and the medium-risk group, based on the degree of exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients in the work area, was not associated with a higher occurrence of disease or seroconversion.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar os fatores ocupacionais associados à ocorrência de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde expostos a diferentes níveis de risco utilizando a política de gestão de crises elaborada pelas Nações Unidas para a COVID-19. Métodos. Pesquisa transversal realizada entre abril e maio de 2021. O grupo de risco baixo (GRB) consistia em profissionais que tinham contato mínimo com os pacientes; o grupo de risco médio (GRM) incluía profissionais que tinham contato com pacientes sem COVID-19 e não realizavam intervenções instrumentais nas vias aéreas; e grupo de risco alto (GRA), profissionais que cuidavam de pacientes com COVID-19 e realizavam intervenções instrumentais com geração de aerossóis. Para estabelecer o desfecho, considerou-se a história de COVID-19 do profissional de saúde e a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2 por Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. A doença foi diagnosticada em 43,8% dos profissionais no GRB, 46,7% no GRM (razão de chances ajustada: 1,125; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311) e 48,6% no GRA (razão de chances: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusões. Pertencer ao GRM e ao GRA em função do nível de exposição a pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 no ambiente de trabalho não foi associado a um aumento da ocorrência da doença ou da soroconversão.

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INTRODUCTION: Vibrio cholerae is a microorganism that causes acute diarrheal diseases and cholera, one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years old. It is present in many regions and has been isolated from diverse sources such as water, soil and food. Surveillance of this microorganism in Cuba from 1985 through June 1997 showed circulation of non-epidemic non-O1/non-O139 serogroups, but surveillance continued to identify distribution of V. cholerae serotypes and serogroups in the different geographic regions of the country during the following years, due to the risk of introducing cholera-causing serogroups that provoked cholera epidemics in other countries of the region. OBJECTIVE: Describe the temporal‒spatial distribution of serogroups and serotypes of V. cholerae in Cuba. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted that included isolates from passive surveillance of V. cholerae in 16 hygiene and epidemiology centers throughout Cuba from July 1997 through December 2019, submitted to the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrheal Diseases of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute in Havana, Cuba. The timeline was subdivided into three five-year periods and one eight-year period. The centers submitting isolates were grouped into three geographical regions: western, central and eastern Cuba. A total of 1060 V. cholerae isolates were studied, from the 1438 samples sent from 15 Provincial Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Centers and the Municipal Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology Center of the Isle of Youth Special Municipality. Genus, species and serotype of all specimens were studied and reviewed in the context of the outbreaks of acute diarrheal diseases reported in the country. RESULTS: All 1060 isolates were confirmed as V. cholerae. In the distribution by time period and region, the highest percentage occurred in the 2012‒2019 period, and the eastern region contributed the most isolates in all periods. Approximately 63.9% (677/1060) were from outbreaks, and in the 2012‒2019 period, the most epidemic-causing isolates came from the western region. Approximately 52.8% (560/1060) were identified as non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, and 47.2% (500/1060) as O1 V. cholerae; of these, 96.4% (482/500) corresponded to Ogawa serotype and 3.6% (18/500) to Inaba. Circulation of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae occurred throughout the entire period. The O1 serogroup began to circulate in 2012 and continued through 2016; however, since 2017, it has not been identified again. In the western region, there were smaller percentages of isolates of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in all periods, except 2012‒2019. In that period, V. cholerae O1 was identified to a lesser degree in the central region. CONCLUSIONS: Vibrio cholerae circulated in all three Cuban regions during the years studied, with a higher percentage of isolates of the non-O1/non-O139 serogroup, which caused outbreaks or sporadic cases of diarrhea in the eastern region, with the exception of the 2012‒2019 period, when epidemic outbreaks of the O1 serogroup (which causes cholera) occurred in all three regions, with higher percentages in the western region.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed several dilemmas for managers in the public sector, with school reopening being among the most complex decisions. The present article presents a microsimulation model of the pandemic course considering various scenarios within the confines of a classroom in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. For that, a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model was integrated with a random graph model, associating epidemiological characteristics with sociometric and sociodemographic factors. Social contact rates projected for Brazil in the European POLYMOD project were adapted for the city of Belo Horizonte to simulate the number of contacts among individuals considering a Poisson distribution. The simulation used as reference a group of 20 students and their families. The projected scenarios discriminated three age groups with their respective rate of daily social contacts: 0 to 5 years (0.01), 6 a 14 years (1.80), and 15 to 19 years (0.20). The simulations showed clear differences between these age groups, depending on the initial number of infected individuals and on the use or not of face masks in the school. The results confirm that the absence of adequate mitigation measures entails a considerable increase in transmission in the school setting.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado una serie de dilemas para los administradores públicos, que ha hecho de la reapertura de las escuelas una de las decisiones más complejas. En el presente artículo se presenta una microsimulación del curso de la pandemia, en la cual se analizan varias situaciones hipotéticas dentro de los límites de un salón de clases en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Se utilizó un modelo de personassusceptibles, infectadas y recuperadas (SIR) integrado a un modelo de gráficos aleatorios, dentro del cual se asociaron lascaracterísticas epidemiológicas a factores sociométricos y sociodemográficos. Se utilizaron las tasas de contactos sociales previstas para Brasil por el proyecto europeo POLYMOD y adaptadas a la ciudad de Belo Horizonte con el fin de simular el número de contactos entre las personas con una distribución de Poisson. Para la simulación se tomó como referencia un grupo de 20 alumnos y sus familias. En las situaciones hipotéticas proyectadas se distinguieron tres grupos etarios con sus respectivas tasas diarias de contactos sociales: de 0 a 5 años (0,01), de 6 a 14 años (1,80) y de 15 a 19 años (0,20). Las simulaciones demostraron que hay claras diferencias en los grupos etarios analizados, según el número inicial de personas infectadas y el uso o la falta de uso de mascarilla en el ambiente escolar. Los resultados confirman que la falta de medidas adecuadas de mitigación eleva de forma considerable el riesgo de contagio en la comunidad escolar.

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INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women continue to be vulnerable to COVID-19, and their immunosuppressed state could put them at greater risk of developing more severe forms of the disease. In Colombia and Latin America, there are few studies on the immune response of the newborn against SARS-CoV-2. AIM: To determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in umbilical cord blood in two hospital centers in Córdoba and Sucre. METHODS: Between March and June 2021, a prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Two hospitals from the departments of Córdoba and Sucre, located in the Northwest Caribbean area of Colombia, participated. Three hundred sixty umbilical cord blood samples were taken at the two hospitals. A commercial ELISA was performed to detect total IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. The ethics committee approved the study of the participating institutions. RESULTS: Of 3.291 women who gave birth in the hospital centers included in the study, 360 (11%) participated. Complete clinical data were obtained for 223 women. The mean age of the women was 24 years (range, 15-42). 29.4% (106/360) of the umbilical cord samples had total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Pregnant women did not have blood samples taken. 58% of the women were asymptomatic. There was no association between umbilical cord samples, clinical, epidemiological characteristics, and serological response to antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of umbilical cord blood samples was 29.4% for total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The study provides essential aspects for the epidemiological approach to neonates infected with SARS-CoV-2.

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INTRODUCTION: Transmission of COVID-19 occurs from person to person through respiratory droplets and aerosol, through contact and direct transmission, through kissing, handshaking, etc. In this perspective, several countries have implemented actions and strategies to reduce the risks of transmission. Because of this, there are several widespread reflexes and concerns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. One change in behavior that can be affected due to the social distance that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic is sexual activity. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the sexual intercourse of Brazilian men during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: 518 men over 18 years of age responded to the online survey that included sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and anthropometric characteristics and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The sample was divided into two groups according to the practice of sexual intercourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Through multivariate regression analysis, being satisfied or equally dissatisfied/satisfied with sex life and being in a stable relationship were the factors associated with the sexual intercourse of Brazilian men during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, not drinking alcohol was a protective factor for sexual intercourse in this sample. CONCLUSION: In our study, being satisfied or equally dissatisfied/satisfied with the overall sex life and having a stable relationship were associated with intercourse during a COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, not drinking alcohol was considered a protective factor.

INTRODUÇÃO: A transmissão da COVID-19 ocorre de pessoa para pessoa por meio de gotículas respiratórias e aerossol, por contato e por transmissão direta, por meio de beijo, aperto de mão, etc. Nessa perspectiva, vários países têm implementado ações e estratégias para reduzir os riscos de transmissão. Por causa disso, existem vários reflexos e preocupações generalizadas resultantes da pandemia de COVID-19. Uma mudança de comportamento que pode ser afetada devido o distanciamento social que ocorreu durante a pandemia de COVID-19 é a atividade sexual. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados às relações sexuais de homens brasileiros durante a pandemia do COVID-19. MÉTODO: 518 homens maiores de 18 anos responderam à pesquisa online que incluiu características sociodemográficas, clínicas, comportamentais e antropométricas e o Índice Internacional de Função Erétil (IIFE). A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com a prática de relações sexuais durante a pandemia de COVID-19. RESULTADOS: Por meio da análise de regressão multivariada, estar satisfeito ou igualmente insatisfeito/satisfeito com a vida sexual e estar em união estável foram os fatores associados à relação sexual de homens brasileiros durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Além disso, não consumir bebidas alcoólicas foi fator de proteção para a relação sexual nesta amostra. CONCLUSÃO: Em nosso estudo, estar satisfeito ou igualmente insatisfeito/satisfeito com a vida sexual geral e ter uma relação estável foram fatores associados à relação sexual durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Por outro lado, não beber álcool foi considerado fator de proteção.

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Objetivo: Apresentar elementos teóricos acerca da transmissão do SARS-CoV-2 por meio das partículas respiratórias, para além do seu diâmetro aerodinâmico e trajetória balística, a subsidiar reflexões sobre a adequação do uso de máscaras pelos profissionais de saúde. Método: Ensaio acadêmico com o uso de dados de revisão narrativa da literatura. Resultados: Clarifica a confusão acerca dos termos gotículas, núcleos de gotículas, aerossóis e par-tículas, divergências que contribuem para entendimentos diferenciados sobre os mecanismos de transmissão desse agente etiológico, levando à adoção de distintas medidas de intervenção para o controle do vírus. Apresenta dados da transmissibilidade do SARS-CoV-2 pelo ar, a despeito das dificuldades técnica e metodológica para a detecção desse agente em tal meio, situação que dificulta conclusões contundentes acerca da transmissão aérea do pató-geno.Conclusão: Acredita-se ser um erro usar a falta de conclusões sobre a identificação do SARS-CoV-2 em amostras de ar para questionar a transmis-são aérea e, igualmente, para recomendar medidas de prevenção segundo o tamanho aerodinâmico dos vírus. Assim, o uso da máscara N95 por profis-sionais de saúde durante pandemia deve ser medida basilar e inequívoca para a proteção e a segurança dessa população.

Objective: To present theoretical elements about the transmission of SARS CoV-2 through respiratory particles, in addition to its aerodynamic dia-meter and ballistic trajectory, to support reflections on the adequacy of the use of masks by health professionals. Method: Academic essay using narrative review data from the literature. Results: Clarifies the confusion about the terms droplets, droplet nuclei, aerosols and particles, divergences that contribute to diffe-rentiated understandings about transmission mechanisms of this etiological agent, with the adoption of different intervention measures to control this virus. It shows data on the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 by air, despite the technical and methodological difficulties for detecting this agent in the air, a situation that hinders hard conclusions about the aerial transmission of this pathogen. Conclusions: It is believed to be an error to use the lack of sars-cov-2 identification conclusions in air samples, to question airborne transmission, also to recommend prevention measures depending on the aerodynamic size of viruses. Thus, the use of the N95 mask by health professionals during the pandemic should be a basic and unequivocal measure for the protection and safety of this population.

Objetivo: Presentar elementos teóricos sobre la transmisión del SARS CoV-2 a través de partículas respiratorias, además de su diámetro aerodi-námico y trayectoria balística, para apoyar reflexiones sobre la adecuación del uso de mascarillas por parte de los profesionales sanitarios. Método: Ensayo académico utilizando datos de revisión narrativa de la literatura. Resultados: Aclara la confusión sobre los términos gotitas, núcleos de gotitas, aerosoles y partículas, divergencias que contribuyen a entendimientos diferenciados sobre los mecanismos de transmisión de ese agente etiológico, con la adop-ción de diferentes medidas de intervención para controlar ese virus. Presenta datos sobre la transmisibilidad del SARS-CoV-2 por vía aérea, a pesar de las dificultades técnicas y metodológicas para detectar ese agente en el aire, situación que dificulta duras conclusiones sobre la transmisión aérea del pató-geno. Conclusión: Se cree que es un error utilizar la falta de conclusiones sobre la identificación del SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de aire para cuestionar la transmisión aérea e, igualmente, recomendar medidas de prevención según el tamaño aerodinámico de los virus. Así, el uso de los respiradores N95 por parte de los profesionales sanitarios durante la pandemia debe ser una medida básica e inequívoca para la protección y seguridad de esta población.

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