RESUMO

Physicians have privileged information regarding the importance of leading a healthy and drug-free lifestyle, but in everyday reality, they are subject to extreme stressors (work stress, compassion fatigue, burnout syndrome) that have a profound emotional impact. As a result, it is not uncommon for physicians to present substance use disorders and dependencies. Recently, greater attention has been paid to specific factors that may lead to substance use disorder. Despite these efforts, there is a lack of prevention policies and substance use disorders are excluded in the list of occupational diseases. The idiosyncrasies of the tasks and particularities of the behavior of health care workers create a major challenge for the design of effective and safe programs for the health care professional with addictions and their patients. The objective of this work is to carry out an analytical review of the existing literature related to the implementation of specific treatments for health professionals to address SUD. After a tour of the mental health programs in place for health workers in different regions of the world and local resources, a discussion of current information on mental health disorders, as well as prevention and occupational health policies, is presented. In this population, the challenges that must be faced in our reality to create a specific treatment for this population are summarized.

Los médicos cuentan con información privilegiada respecto a la importancia de llevar una vida saludable y libre de drogas, pero la realidad cotidiana señala que están sujetos a estresores extremos (estrés laboral, desgaste por empatía, síndrome de burnout) que producen un impacto emocional profundo. Por ello, no es infrecuente que los médicos presenten trastornos por uso de sustancias y dependencias. Recientemente se ha prestado mayor atención a factores profesionales de las distintas especialidades médicas que puedan propiciar el trastorno por uso de sustancias, aunque faltan políticas de prevención en grupos de mayor riesgo y la incorporación de estos trastornos al listado de enfermedades profesionales por la medicina laboral. La idiosincrasia de las tareas y particularidades de la conducta de trabajadores de la salud generan un desafío mayor para el diseño de programas efectivos y seguros para el profesional con adicciones y sus propios pacientes. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión analítica de la bibliografía existente relacionada a la implementación de tratamientos específicos para profesionales de la salud para el abordaje de los trastornos por uso de sustancias. Luego de un recorrido por los programas de salud mental en marcha para trabajadores de la salud en distintas regiones del mundo y los recursos locales, se presenta una discusión de la información actual sobre trastornos de salud mental, así como las políticas de prevención y salud laboral en esta población, se resumen los desafíos con los cuales se deben afrontar en nuestra realidad para el armado de un tratamiento específico para esta población.

RESUMO

A complexidade do cuidado tem ultrapassado os saberes de uma única profissão, superando uma visão unicamente biológica, médico-sanitária e higienista das práticas de assistenciais. Iniciativas que promovam a segurança do paciente e a qualidade na assistência à saúde exigem articulação de uma terapêutica descentralizada. Afirma-se, assim, a necessidade de haver mecanismos de comunicação interdisciplinar que viabilizem um cuidado colaborativo e seguro. A corrida de leito é considerada uma das formas de interlocução interdisciplinar para assegurar o fluxo rápido de informações ligadas à assistência, se configuram, portanto, em um espaço para que os profissionais de diferentes categorias discutam e determinem condutas coletivamente. Apesar da prática interdisciplinar potencializar a integração no trabalho em saúde por articular diversos saberes e fazeres profissionais, no contexto hospitalar há relações próprias de uma organização, com lutas por espaços e defesa de interesses que conduzem a uma reflexão sobre como os agentes sociais se inserem num sistema de posições e relações de poder estabelecidas. Na perspectiva das relações de poder, acredita-se que o trabalho articulado entre as equipes de saúde se apresenta como uma fragilidade para que as condutas de saúde estejam alinhadas. Com o objetivo de analisar a configuração das corridas de leito sob a ótica das relações de poder constituídas nos e pelos saberes de médicos e enfermeiros em um setor aberto e um setor fechado de um hospital, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa na perspectiva pós-estruturalista, com base no referencial teórico-metodológico de Michael Foucault. O cenário do estudo foi o Centro de Terapia Intensiva e o Posto 04 de uma Unidade de Internação de um hospital filantrópico geral, de grande porte, localizado na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Nos setores, procedeu-se à observação das corridas de leito e a realização de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com 11 médicos, 18 enfermeiros e oito informantes-chaves (por terem apresentado comportamento em destaque durante a observação das corridas de leito nos setores). A partir da análise dos discursos constituídos, identificou-se três categorias empíricas principais: corrida de leito: elementos e circunstâncias; A corrida de leito na percepção e subjetivação dos agentes envolvidos; e Composição de forças interdisciplinares na corrida de leito. Os discursos dos participantes, associados ao que foi possível observar, retrataram a corrida de leito como um reflexo do ambiente relacional. Os resultados demonstraram que a estruturação da corrida de leito hospitalar não favorece a articulação do trabalho entre médicos e enfermeiros, inibe a circulação do poder prejudicando iniciativas interdisciplinares e mantém o médico como agente principal nas decisões clínicas, comprometendo a integralidade do cuidado. As relações de poder imbricadas no processo de corrida de leito interferem negativamente na interdisciplinaridade das práticas de saúde entre médicos e enfermeiros no ambiente hospitalar, acarretando prejuízo assistencial ao paciente. Estudos dessa natureza podem subsidiar reflexões sobre práticas individuais e coletivas na perspectiva de que seja possível estabelecer maior fluidez nas relações entre as equipes de saúde em prol de um cuidado cada vez mais qualificado e seguro.

The complexity of care has exceeded the knowledge of a single profession, overcoming a solely biological, medical-sanitary, and hygienist perspective on care practices. Initiatives promoting patient safety and healthcare quality demand coordination with a decentralized therapy. Therefore, there is a need for interdisciplinary communication mechanisms that enable collaborative and safe care. Bedside rounding is considered one of the forms of interdisciplinary dialogue to ensure the rapid flow of information linked to care. It is thus a space for professionals from different categories to collectively discuss and determine the conduct to be adopted. Although interdisciplinary practice enhances integration in healthcare work by articulating different knowledge and professional practices, in the hospital setting there are certain relationships typical of organizations, including the struggle for space and defense of interests that lead to a reflection on how social agents are inserted in a system of well-established positions and power relations. From the perspective of power relations, it is believed that the coordinated work between health teams presents itself as a weakness in guaranteeing that health behaviors are aligned. Aiming to analyze the configuration of bedside rounding from the power perspective of power relations formed in and by the knowledge of doctors and nurses in open and closed departments of a hospital, this study consists of qualitative research developed from a post-structuralist view based on Michael Foucault's theoretical-methodological framework. The chosen setting was the Intensive Care Unit and Station Four of an Inpatient Unit of a large philanthropic general hospital, located in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Bedside rounding was observed in the departments, and interviews with a semi-structured script were carried out with 11 doctors, 18 nurses, and eight key informants (as they stood out during the bedside rounding observation in the departments). Through discourse analysis, three main empirical categories were identified: bedside rounding: elements and conditions; bedside rounding in the perception and subjectivation of the involved agents; and interdisciplinary collaboration in bedside rounding. The participants' speeches, associated with what was observed, portray the bedside rounding as a reflection of the relational environment. The results demonstrated that the bedside rounding structure doesn't favor coordinating the work between doctors and nurses; it also hinders the circulation of power, damaging interdisciplinary initiatives and keeping doctors as the main agents in clinical decisions, compromising the comprehensiveness of care. The power relations involved in the bedside rounding process negatively interfere with the quality of interdisciplinarity in care practices between doctors and nurses in the hospital setting, affecting patient care. Studies of this nature might support reflections on individual and collective practices, considering that it is possible to establish greater fluidity in relationships between health teams towards increasingly modern and safe care.

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RESUMO

Introducción: A pesar de la importancia de la medicina basada en la evidencia, es necesario una mejor comprensión de la situación para el desarrollo de esfuerzos educativos y prácticos en función de implementar la medicina basada en la evidencia en el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Determinar la actitud, el uso, las barreras y los conocimientos de la medicina basada en la evidencia en los médicos peruanos según el nivel de atención. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal a través de una encuesta que se aplicó a los médicos peruanos que trabajan en diferentes niveles de atención en salud. Resultados: Se encuestó un total de 1396 médicos. El 64,35 % señaló una actitud positiva hacia la aplicación de la medicina basada en la evidencia. En el caso de las barreras, el 51,01 % no tenía suficiente evidencia relevante; el 49,35 % no contaba con tiempo; el 47,20 % no poseía suficientes habilidades para encontrarla; mientras que el 44,40 % no podía hacer lectura crítica de estas. En cuanto a los accesos de información, casi el 80 % de los participantes reportó que no tiene acceso a ninguna base de datos de las mencionadas. Teniendo en cuenta la comprensión de los términos estadísticos, más de dos tercios de los participantes tenían un alto nivel de comprensión. Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría de los médicos encuestados tienen un buen conocimiento y una actitud positiva hacia la medicina basada en la evidencia, aún existen barreras y uso de la información que se deben mejorar.

Introduction: Despite the importance of evidence-based medicine, a better understanding of the situation is necessary for developing educational and practical efforts to implement evidence-based medicine in the health system. Objective: To determine the attitude, use, barriers and knowledge of evidence-based medicine in Peruvian doctors according to the level of care. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out through a survey that was applied to Peruvian doctors who work at different levels of health care. Results: A total of 1396 physicians were surveyed. 64.35% indicated positive attitude towards the application of evidence-based medicine. In the case of barriers, 51.01% did not have enough relevant evidence; 49.35% did not have time; 47.20% did not have sufficient skills to find it; while 44.40% could not critically read them. Regarding information access, almost 80% of the participants reported that they do not have access to any of the aforementioned databases. Taking into account the understanding of statistical terms, more than two-thirds of the participants had high level of understanding. Conclusions: Although the majority of physicians surveyed have good knowledge and positive attitude towards evidence-based medicine, there are still barriers and use of information that need to be improved.

RESUMO

Introducción: la resiliencia es la capacidad de adaptación de los individuos frente a los retos de la vida. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de resiliencia y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en médicos residentes del Hospital de Clínicas. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, retrospectivo. Muestreo no probabilístico, realizado en el periodo de mayo a julio de 2022. Se utilizó la encuesta de Wagnild & Young para evaluar la resiliencia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, niveles de resiliencia y factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se utilizó el software Epi info para el análisis de los datos. A las variables cualitativas se les calculó la frecuencia absoluta y relativa y a las variables cuantitativas la media y desviación estándar. Para buscar la asociación entre el nivel de la resiliencia y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se utilizó el Chi cuadrado, se consideró estadísticamente significativo p: <0,05. Resultados: participaron en el estudio 154 residentes, 45,5 % de los residentes presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad, 87,7 % consumen alcohol, 14,9 % sedentarismo, 5,2 % Hipertensión Arterial, 10,4 % dislipidemia y el 50 % antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular. El 48 % de los médicos presentó baja resiliencia. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la resiliencia baja y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (p <0,05). Conclusión: la mitad de los residentes presentan baja resiliencia y existe relación entre factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la baja resiliencia en los médicos residentes del Hospital de Clínicas.

Introduction: resilience is the ability of individuals to adapt to life's challenges. Objective: determine the level of resilience and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in resident doctors at the Hospital de Clínicas. Methodology: this was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study. We used non-probability sampling, from May to July 2022. The Wagnild & Young survey was used to evaluate resilience. Sociodemographic variables, resilience levels and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Epi info software was used for data analysis. The absolute and relative frequency was calculated for the qualitative variables and the mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables. To find the association between the level of resilience and cardiovascular risk factors, the Chi square was used; p: <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 154 residents participated in the study, 45.5 % of the residents were overweight or obese, 87.7 % consumed alcohol, 14.9 % had a sedentary lifestyle, 5.2 % had high blood pressure, 10.4 % had dyslipidemia and 50 % had a family history of cardiovascular disease. 48 % of respondents presented low resilience. A statistically significant relationship was found between low resilience and cardiovascular risk factors (p <0.05). Conclusion: half of the residents have low resilience and there is a relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and low resilience in resident doctors at the Hospital de Clínicas.

RESUMO

Introducción: la resiliencia es la capacidad de adaptación de los individuos frente a los retos de la vida. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de resiliencia y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en médicos residentes del Hospital de Clínicas. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, retrospectivo. Muestreo no probabilístico, realizado en el periodo de mayo a julio de 2022. Se utilizó la encuesta de Wagnild & Young para evaluar la resiliencia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, niveles de resiliencia y factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se utilizó el software Epi info para el análisis de los datos. A las variables cualitativas se les calculó la frecuencia absoluta y relativa y a las variables cuantitativas la media y desviación estándar. Para buscar la asociación entre el nivel de la resiliencia y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se utilizó el Chi cuadrado, se consideró estadísticamente significativo p: <0,05. Resultados: participaron en el estudio 154 residentes, 45,5 % de los residentes presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad, 87,7 % consumen alcohol, 14,9 % sedentarismo, 5,2 % Hipertensión Arterial, 10,4 % dislipidemia y el 50 % antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular. El 48 % de los médicos presentó baja resiliencia. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la resiliencia baja y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (p <0,05). Conclusión: la mitad de los residentes presentan baja resiliencia y existe relación entre factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la baja resiliencia en los médicos residentes del Hospital de Clínicas.

Introduction: resilience is the ability of individuals to adapt to life's challenges. Objective: determine the level of resilience and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in resident doctors at the Hospital de Clínicas. Methodology: this was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study. We used non-probability sampling, from May to July 2022. The Wagnild & Young survey was used to evaluate resilience. Sociodemographic variables, resilience levels and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Epi info software was used for data analysis. The absolute and relative frequency was calculated for the qualitative variables and the mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables. To find the association between the level of resilience and cardiovascular risk factors, the Chi square was used; p: <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 154 residents participated in the study, 45.5 % of the residents were overweight or obese, 87.7 % consumed alcohol, 14.9 % had a sedentary lifestyle, 5.2 % had high blood pressure, 10.4 % had dyslipidemia and 50 % had a family history of cardiovascular disease. 48 % of respondents presented low resilience. A statistically significant relationship was found between low resilience and cardiovascular risk factors (p <0.05). Conclusion: half of the residents have low resilience and there is a relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and low resilience in resident doctors at the Hospital de Clínicas.

RESUMO

Introducción: El uso irracional de medicamentos se debe, entre otros elementos, a la falta de superación profesional; situación con mayor repercusión en la atención primaria de salud, donde generalmente laboran los médicos generales integrales. Objetivo: Caracterizar las actividades de superación profesional de médicos generales integrales sobre el uso racional de medicamentos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 269 médicos generales integrales que laboraban en los consultorios del médico de la familia o en los servicios de urgencia de las 17 áreas de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba en el período comprendido desde enero hasta julio de 2022, quienes fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico por conglomerado bietápico. Se consideró como variable las actividades de superación profesional relacionadas con el uso racional de medicamentos, las cuales fueron valoradas a través de 5 indicadores. Resultados: La triangulación metodológica de los resultados evidenció que el nivel alcanzado en cuanto a la frecuencia de realización de dichas actividades fue bajo (índice de 1,18), al igual que lo obtenido en los indicadores analizados, excepto en el referido a la autopreparación que mostró un nivel medio. Conclusiones: Las actividades de superación profesional de los médicos generales integrales relacionadas con el uso racional de medicamentos en el municipio de Santiago de Cuba se caracterizaron por un nivel bajo de frecuencia de realización.

Introduction: Irrational use of medications is, among other elements, due to the lack of professional training; situation with more repercussion in primary health care, where comprehensive general doctors generally work. Objective: To characterize the professional training activities of comprehensive general doctors on the rational use of medications. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 269 comprehensive general doctors who worked in the family doctor offices or in the emergency services of the 17 health areas of Santiago de Cuba municipality was carried out from January to July, 2022, who were selected by means of a probabilistic sampling by biphase conglomerate. The activities of professional training related to the rational use of medications were considered as variable, which were valued through 5 indicators. Results: The methodological triangulation of the results evidenced that the level reached as for the frequency of realization of this activities was low (index of 1.18), as well as what was obtained in the analyzed indicators, except the one referred to the self-preparation which showed a mean level. Conclusions: Professional training activities of comprehensive general doctors related to the rational use of medications in Santiago de Cuba municipality were characterized by a low level of realization frequency.

RESUMO

Se presenta una recopilación de hechos relacionados con la salud y seguridad en el trabajo, en forma de aproximación, sin intentar un análisis histórico, siguiendo un hilo transversal del rol de la medicina, en lo que ha significado a través del tiempo la salud física y mental del trabajador. Se discute la contradicción entre la salud y el trabajo, intentando dar una explicación de cómo los diferentes sistemas económicos han intentado mediar en esta contradicción. El artículo hace hincapié en las circunstancias, que en el caso venezolano, condujeron al desarrollo de hecho y de derecho de la atención de la salud de quien trabaja, primero de nuestros ancestros, los indios americanos, luego de los esclavos negros y con el pasar del tiempo, de los trabajadores de las minas en el siglo XIX y delos trabajadores petroleros en el siglo XX, siglo que a partir de 1950, con la graduación en Inglaterra del primer médico ocupacional venezolano, el Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, vio crecer exponencialmente los profesionales que se sumaron a este campo del ejercicio profesional, que incluyó servicios en las empresas, gremios, y finalmente, los postgrados. Se trae a la memoria a personas de todo el país, que, desde su lugar de acción, dieron su aporte para que la Medicina del Trabajo o Medicina Ocupacional ocupe hoy un lugar estratégico en lo que significa la empresa nacional, sea pública o privada(AU)

A compilation of facts related to health and safety at work is presented, in the form of an approximation, without attempting a historical analysis, following a transversal thread of the role of medicine in what physical and mental health has meant over time. Who works the contradiction between health and work is discussed, trying to explain how different economic systems have tried to mediate this contradiction. The article emphasizes the circumstances that in the Venezuelan case led to the de facto and legal development of health care, first of our ancestors, the American Indians, then of the black slaves and over time of the workers of the mines in the 19th century and of the oil workers in the 20th century, a century that from1950, with the graduation in England of the first Venezuelan occupational doctor, Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, will see the professionals who joined grow exponentially. To this field of professional practice, which will include services in companies, trade unions and finally postgraduate courses. The article brings to mind people from all over the country, who from their place of action, gave their contribution so that Occupational Medicine or Occupational Medicine now occupies a strategic place in what the national company means, whether public or private(AU)

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RESUMO

Multiple studies have reported a high prevalence of mental health problems among male and female physicians. Although doctors are reluctant to seek professional help when suffering from a mental disorder, specialised services developed specifically to treat their mental health problems have reported promising results. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and implementation of the Professional Wellbeing Programme (Programa de Bienestar Profesional) of the Uruguayan Medical Council (Colegio Médico del Uruguay). The context, inputs, activities and some of the outputs are described according to a case study design. The main milestones in the implementation of the programme are also outlined, as well as the enabling elements, obstacles and main achievements. Emphasis will be placed on the importance of international collaboration to share experiences and models, how to design the care process to promote doctors' access to psychiatric and psychological care, the need for them to be flexible and dynamic in adapting to new and changing circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and to work in parallel with the medical regulatory bodies. It is hoped that the experience described in this work may be of use to other Latin American institutions interested in developing mental health programmes for doctors.

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RESUMO

Son múltiples los estudios que informan de una alta prevalencia de problemas de salud mental en médicos y médicas. Aunque los médicos presentan resistencias a la hora de solicitar ayuda profesional cuando están aquejados de trastornos mentales, los servicios especializados desarrollados específicamente para tratar sus problemas de salud mental han reportado resultados prometedores. El propósito de este artículo es describir el diseno y la implementación del Programa de Bienestar Profesional del Colegio Médico del Uruguay. El contexto, los insumos, las actividades y algunos de los productos se describen de acuerdo con el diseno de un estudio de caso. También se sefñalan los principales hitos en la puesta en marcha del programa, así como los elementos facilitadores, los obstáculos y los principales logros. Se enfatizará la importancia de la colaboración internacional para compartir experiencias y modelos, cómo articular el proceso asistencial para fomentar el acceso de los médicos a la atención psiquiátrica y psicológica, la necesidad de que sean flexibles y dinámicos para adaptarse a circunstancias novedosas y cambiantes como la pandemia por COVID-19 y la necesidad de que vayan en paralelo con las exigencias de los organismos reguladores de la práctica médica. Se espera que la experiencia descrita en este trabajo pueda ser de utilidad a otros colectivos latinoamericanos interesados en desarrollar programas de salud mental para los médicos.

Multiple studies have reported a high prevalence of mental health problems among male and female physicians. Although doctors are reluctant to seek professional help when suffering from a mental disorder, specialized services developed specifically to treat their mental health problems have reported promising results. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and implementation of the Professional Wellbeing Programme (Programa de Bienestar Profesional) of the Uruguayan Medical Association (Colegio Médico del Uruguay). The context, inputs, activities and some of the outputs are described according to a case study design. The main milestones in the implementation of the programme are also outlined, as well as the enabling elements, obstacles and main achievements. Emphasis will be placed on the importance of international collaboration to share experiences and models, how to design the care process to promote doctors' access to psychiatric and psychological care, the need for them to be flexible and dynamic in adapting to new and changing circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and to work in parallel with the medical regulatory bodies. It is hoped that the experience described in this work may be of use to other Latin American institutions interested in developing mental health programmes for doctors.

RESUMO

Los autores describen los hechos que dieron lugar al nacimiento, en 1872, de la SCA, que cumplió 150 años de existencia. Se señalan sus fundadores, sus objetivos y los principales hitos a lo largo de ese tiempo. El análisis hace hincapié en que durante la primera mitad de ese período solo un presidente fue médico: los demás fueron ingenieros, físicos, químicos, militares, abogados e investigadores naturalistas. En cambio, durante la segunda mitad 8 médicos, de distintas especialidades, ocuparon la presidencia, todos con una destacada actuación profesional, tanto nacional como internacional, y que aportaron una característica especial a la institución, propia de esta profesión. (AU)

The authors describe the events that led to the birth, in 1872, of the SCA, which celebrated 150 years of existence. Its founders, its objectives and the main milestones throughout that time are indicated. The analysis emphasizes that during the first half of that period only one president was a doctor: the others were engineers, physicists, chemists, soldiers, lawyers, and naturalistic researchers. On the other hand, during the second half, 8 doctors, from different specialties, held the presidency, all with an outstanding professional performance, both nationally and internationally, and who contributed a special characteristic to the institution, typical of this profession. (AU)

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