RESUMO

Introduction. Nonlinear EEG provides information about dynamic properties of the brain. This study aimed to compare nonlinear EEG parameters estimated from patients with Long COVID in different cognitive and motor tasks. Materials and Methods. This 12-month prospective cohort study included 83 patients with Long COVID: 53 symptomatic and 30 asymptomatic. Brain electrical activity was evaluated by EEG in 4 situations: (1) at rest, (2) during the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A), (3) during the TMT Part B (TMT-B), and (4) during a coordination task: the Box and Blocks Test (BBT). Nonlinear EEG parameters were estimated in the time domain (activity and complexity). Assessments were made at 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 12 months after inclusion. Results. There was a decrease in activity and complexity during the TMT-A and TMT-B, and an increase of these parameters during the BBT in both groups. There was an increase in activity at rest and during the TMT-A in the COVID-19 group at 0 to 3 months compared to the control, an increase in activity in the TMT-B in the COVID-19 group at 3 to 6 months compared to the control, and reduced activity and complexity at rest and during the TMT-A at 6 to 12 months compared to the control. Conclusion. The tasks followed a pattern of increased activity and complexity in cognitive tasks, which decreased during the coordination task. It was also observed that an increase in activity at rest and during cognitive tasks in the early stages, and reduced activity and complexity at rest and during cognitive tasks in the late phases of Long COVID.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen: Introducción: la diabetes es un importante factor de riesgo cardiovascular; sin embargo, los análisis de la dinámica cardíaca no son claros al evaluar cuantitativamente el impacto de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar la aplicabilidad clínica de una metodología basada en una ley caótica exponencial para analizar la dinámica cardíaca de pacientes diabéticos. Método: se analizaron registros Holter de 30 pacientes: 10 con antecedentes de diabetes, 10 con antecedente de enfermedades cardiovasculares y 10 normales. Posteriormente, se construyeron atractores con los valores de frecuencia cardíaca y se calcularon los espacios de ocupación para cada caso. Se realizaron cálculos de rendimiento y concordancia diagnóstica. Resultados: los registros normales tuvieron espacios de ocupación mayores a 200 en la rejilla Kp; los registros de personas diabéticas oscilaron entre normalidad y enfermedad aguda cardíaca. Se obtuvo sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% Conclusión: esta metodología detecta alteraciones crónicas y agudas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Abstract: Introduction: an important cardiovascular risk factor is diabetes; however, the analysis of cardiac dynamics is not clear when evaluating quantitatively the impact of this disease. Objective: to determine the clinical applicability of a methodology based on an exponential chaotic law to analyze the cardiac dynamics of diabetic patients. Method: 10 Holter records were taken from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 10 from patients with cardiovascular diseases and 10 normal. Afterwards, attractors were constructed with the heart rate values and the occupation spaces were calculated for each case. Sensitivity and specificity calculations and diagnostic agreement were performed. Results: the normal records had occupation spaces in the Kp grid greater than 200; records of people with diabetes ranged from normal to acute heart disease. Sensitivity and specificity of 100% were obtained. Conclusion: this methodology detects chronic and acute alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

RESUMO

RESUMO Nos esportes coletivos, a análise do desempenho e a condução do processo de ensino-aprendizagem implicam, implícita ou explicitamente, escolhas metodológicas. Neste trabalho, serão apresentadas algumas das principais abordagens teórico-metodológicas que embasam a análise do desempenho e o ensino-aprendizagem nos esportes coletivos e suas implicações práticas. Será discutida a integração desses conteúdos com o intuito de contribuir com o suporte científico para a prática pedagógica do professor/treinador.

ABSTRACT In team sports, the performance analysis and the teaching-learning process imply, implicitly or explicitly, methodological choices. In this work, we will present some of the main theoretical-methodological approaches that support performance analysis and teaching-learning in team sports and their practical implications. We will discuss the integration of these subjects in order to contribute with scientific support to the pedagogical practice of the teacher/coach.

RESUMEN En los deportes de equipo, analizar el rendimiento y conducir el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje implica, implícita o explícitamente, elecciones metodológicas. En este trabajo presentaremos algunos de los principales enfoques teórico-metodológicos que sustentan el análisis del desempeño y la enseñanza-aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo y sus implicaciones prácticas. Discutiremos la integración de estas temáticas con el objetivo de contribuir con el soporte científico de la práctica pedagógica del profesor/entrenador.

RESUMO

La Teoría del Caos, considerada la tercera revolución de la física, se ha convertido en un método científico para abordar sistemas complejos que no pueden ser explicados por los recursos tradicionales de la ciencia. Su campo de aplicación es cada vez más amplio, porque el pensamiento complejo ha ofrecido solución a numerosos sistemas en la naturaleza, la biología y muy diversas esferas de la vida. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una panorámica general sobre el tema, desde una postura no estrictamente matemática. Se realizó una revisión en la literatura y se expone el conocimiento sedimentado en el tiempo, por los estudiosos y expertos en la materia. Se ofrece una visión general de la Teoría del Caos, las condiciones para su surgimiento, así como sus aspectos y propiedades generales expresadas en sus dos dimensiones: tiempo (sistemas dinámicos) y espacio (fractales). Se hacen explícitos en cada caso, los conceptos y definiciones necesarias para entender y hablar de Caos. En un segundo artículo se expondrán las principales aplicaciones de esta teoría en la medicina y en particular en el campo de las neurociencias. Para los profesionales del sector salud, resulta un reto necesario familiarizarse con este nuevo enfoque, entender su esencia, principios y conceptos, para adquirir una cultura del Caos(AU)

Chaos Theory, considered the third revolution in physics, has become a scientific method to address complex systems that cannot be explained by the traditional resources of science. Its field of application is increasingly wide, because complex thinking has offered solutions to numerous systems in nature, biology and very diverse spheres of life. The objective of this work is to offer a general overview of the subject, from a non-strictly mathematical position. A literature review was carried out and the knowledge settled over time, by scholars and experts in the field, is exposed. An overview of Chaos Theory is offered, the conditions for its emergence, as well as its aspects and general properties expressed in its two dimensions: time (dynamic systems) and space (fractals). The concepts and definitions necessary to understand and speak of Chaos are made explicit in each case. In a second article, the main applications of this theory in medicine and in particular in the field of neurosciences will be exposed. For professionals in the health sector, it is a necessary challenge to become familiar with this new approach, understand its essence, principles and concepts, to acquire a culture of Chaos(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a pathology that often causes a gradual thyroid insufficiency in affected patients due to the autoimmune destruction of this gland. The cellular immune response mediated by T helper lymphocytes TH1 and TH17 can induce the HT disease. In this pathologic condition, there is an imbalance between the TH17 and Treg lymphocytes as well as a gut microbiota dysfunction. The objective of this work was to describe the interactions of the cell subpopulations that participate in HT. To achieve this goal, we generated a mathematical model that allowed the simulation of different scenarios for the dynamic interaction between thyroid cells, the immune system, and the gut microbiota. We used a hypothetical-deductive design of mathematical modeling based on a system of ordinary differential equations, where the state variables are the TH1, TH17, and Treg lymphocytes, the thyrocytes, and the bacteria from gut microbiota. This work generated a compartmental model of the cellular immune response occurring in the thyroid gland. It was observed that TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes could increase the immune cells' activity, as well as activate effector cells directly and trigger the apoptosis and inflammation processes of healthy thyrocytes indirectly. Likewise, the model showed that a reduction in Treg lymphocytes could increase the activity of TH17 lymphocytes when an imbalance of the gut microbiota composition occurred. The numerical results highlight the TH1, TH17, and bacterial balance of the gut microbiota activities as important factors for the development of HT disease.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: se han establecido diagnósticos cuantitativos de los sistemas cardiacos, partiendo de teorías como los sistemas dinámicos, la geometría fractal y la teoría de probabilidad. Objetivo: evaluar la dinámica cardiaca con base en una metodología fundamentada en la teoría de probabilidad y los sistemas dinámicos, en dieciséis horas. Metodología: a partir de ochenta registros electrocardiográficos de dinámicas cardiacas, diez normales y setenta con enfermedad, se tomaron los valores máximos y mínimos de la frecuencia cardiaca y el número de latidos/hora durante cada hora, con los cuales se construyó el atractor. Posteriormente, se calculó la dimensión fractal por el método de box counting, los espacios de ocupación y la probabilidad de los espacios de ocupación del atractor. Se determinó el diagnóstico matemático y se hizo una validación estadística respecto al diagnóstico convencional, tomado como estándar de oro. Resultados: se evidenció que la probabilidad de ocupación espacial de los atractores de dinámicas patológicas estuvo entre 0,029 y 0,144 y para dinámicas en estado de normalidad entre 0,164 y 0,329. Se hallaron valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de 100% y coeficiente kappa de 1. Conclusiones: se pudo confirmar la capacidad diagnóstica y predictiva de la metodología para diferenciar estados normales de patológicos a nivel clínico.

Abstract Introduction: Quantitative diagnostics of cardiac systems have been established using theories such as, dynamic systems, fractal geometry, and probability theory. Objective: To evaluate cardiac dynamics using a methodology based on probability theory and dynamic systems in sixteen hours. Methods: Using a total of 80 cardiac dynamic electrocardiograph traces (10 normal and 70 with disease), a record was made of the maximum and minimum heart rate values, as well as the number of heart beats/hour during each hour. These values were used to construct the attractor. The fractal dimension was then calculated using the "box counting" method, the spatial occupation, and the probability of spatial occupation by the attractor. The mathematic diagnosis was determined, and a statistical validation was made as regards the conventional diagnosis, which was taken as the reference standard. Results: It was shown that the probability of spatial occupation of the pathological attractor dynamics was between 0.29 and 0.144, and for dynamics in the normal state it was between 0.164 and 0.329. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 100%, and the kappa coefficient was 1. Conclusions: The diagnostic and predictive capacity of the methodology to differentiate normal from disease states at clinical level was demonstrated.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Colombia has an underreporting of 30% of the total cases, according to World Health Organization (WHO) estimations. In 2016, successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment rate was 70%, and the mortality rate ranged between 3.5% and 10%. In 2015, Colombia adopted and adapted the End TB strategy and set a target of 50% reduction in incidence and mortality by 2035 compared with 2015. The aims of this study were: To evaluate whether Colombia will be able to achieve the goals of TB incidence and mortality by 2050, using the current strategies; and whether the implementation of new screening, diagnosis and TB treatment strategies will allow to achieve those WHO targets. An ecological study was conducted using TB case-notification, successful treatment and mortality rates from the last 8 years (2009-17). System dynamics analysis was performed using simulated scenarios: (1) continuation with the same trends following the trajectory of the last 8 years (Status quo) and (2) modification of the targets between 2017 through 2050, assuming the implementation of multimodal strategies to increase the screening, to improve the early diagnosis and to improve the treatment adherence. Following the current strategies, it is projected that Colombia will not achieve the End TB strategy targets. Achieving the goal of TB incidence of 10/100 000 by 2050 will only be possible by implementing combined strategies for increasing screening of people with respiratory symptoms, improving access to rapid diagnostic tests and improving treatment adherence. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement simultaneous strategies according to the population needs and resources, in order to stride towards the End TB targets.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This paper presents the design and development of an IoT device, called MEIoT weather station, which combines the Educational Mechatronics and IoT to develop the required knowledge and skills for Industry 4.0. MEIoT weather station connects to the internet, measures eight weather variables, and upload the sensed data to the cloud. The MEIoT weather station is the first device working with the IoT architecture of the National Digital Observatory of Intelligent Environments. In addition, an IoT open platform, GUI-MEIoT, serves as a graphic user interface. GUI-MEIoT is used to visualize the real-time data of the weather variables, it also shows the historical data collected, and allows to export them to a csv file. Finally, an OBNiSE architecture application to Engineering Education is presented with a dynamic system case of study that includes the instructional design carried out within the Educational Mechatronics Conceptual Framework (EMCF) to show the relevance of this proposal. This work main contribution to the state of art is the design and integration of the OBNiSE architecture within the EMCF offering the possibility to add more IoT devices for several smart domains such as smart campus, smart cities, smart people and smart industries.

RESUMO

Calcium carbonate scale is formed during oil and gas production. Tube-blocking tests (TBTs) are used to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in order to prevent scale adhesion in the petroleum production system equipment. However, non-adhered crystals may favor heterogeneous nucleation to other deposits such as calcium naphthenates, causing a more severe scale problem, increasing production losses and treatment costs. The objective of the present work was to develop a new dynamic test methodology to determine the MIC for CaCO3 using a sintered metal filter. Organophosphorus inhibitors were selected for comparison with the conventional dynamic tube-blocking system. The results demonstrated that the use of the filter allowed an MIC of the inhibitors to be obtained considering the precipitation prevention. The inhibitor concentration in the conventional tube-blocking system does not prevent precipitation, acting only on adhesion and crystal growth on the capillary wall. Tests to evaluate the potential of calcium naphthenates formation in a naphthenate flow rig dynamic system demonstrated the influence of heterogeneous nucleation from non-adhered carbonate crystals, potentially aggravating deposition problems in oil and gas production systems.

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: A partir de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos y de la teoría de la probabilidad se han desarrollado metodologías altamente sensibles de aplicación clínica que permiten diferenciar normalidad, enfermedad y evolución hacia la enfermedad cardiaca. Métodos: Se seleccionaron los registros Holter de siete casos normales y 73 con diagnóstico de arritmia con y sin tratamiento terapéutico de metoprolol. Se aplicaron medidas de probabilidad establecidas previamente para evaluar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima, mínima y promedio, así como el número de latidos por hora. Resultados: Casi la mitad de los casos con arritmias y sin tratamiento presentaron medidas matemáticas de enfermedad y de evolución hacia la enfermedad, mientras que en el grupo con tratamiento con metoprolol, tres cuartas partes cumplieron con estas características. Conclusiones: Se lograron distinciones matemáticas más objetivas entre dinámicas cardiacas tratadas con y sin metoprolol, las cuales pueden ser de gran utilidad para realizar seguimiento individual.

Abstract Introduction: Based on the theory of dynamic systems and probability theory, highly sensitive clinical methodologies have been developed to differentiate normality, disease and evolution towards cardiac disease. Methods: Holter recordings, 7 normal and 73 with arrhythmia diagnosis with and without therapeutic treatment of Metoprolol, were selected. Probability measures, established in a previous work, were applied for assessing maximum, minimal and average heart rate and beats per hour. Results: It was found that almost a half of the cases with arrhythmias without beta-blocker therapy exhibited mathematical measures of illness and evolution towards disease, whereas in the treatment group with Metoprolol, three quarters accomplished these features. Conclusions: More objective mathematical distinctions were achieved between cardiac dynamics treated with and without metoprolol, which is very useful for individual follow-up.