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Academic dishonesty is prevalent and has unfortunately become normalized in post-secondary institutions worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic more than two years ago led to an increase in cheating and confrontation of instructors with academic honesty. The main objective of this study was to create an explicative model according to the levels of morality, pragmatism, and gender. Researchers applied an online questionnaire to 735 anonymous university students. Analysis showed that participants were less honest in morality than in pragmatism, but the average value was very close for both dimensions. A substantial number of students with low and moderate levels of dishonesty were observed in both moral and pragmatic contexts. The initial hypothesis was partially validated, as the level of morality was associated with the level of pragmatism rather than gender, indicating a direct albeit moderate impact of pragmatism on morality. We confirmed the second hypothesis, showing the influence of gender and morality on the level of pragmatism. Participants suggested that English as a Foreign Language instructors should modify their approach, account for ethical considerations, offer extra classes, revise teaching and evaluation methods, and sanction students who cheat. Surprisingly, results show a slight tendency for lower honesty in morality compared to pragmatism. Despite honest behaviors, it is essential to address gender differences and promote academic honesty through education, policies, and a culture of honesty.

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Fundamento: El conocimiento del inglés como el idioma empleado globalmente en diversos sectores, se ha convertido, junto a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, es una herramienta de formación, trabajo y entretenimiento indispensable; el dominio de este posibilita las relaciones de cooperación e intercambio de profesionales del sector de la salud en varios países. Objetivo: Diseñar un material didáctico para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa audio-oral en inglés en estudiantes de posgrado de la carrera de Medicina, mediante el empleo de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo con enfoque mixto en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el período marzo-julio de 2022. Se asumió el método dialéctico materialista como concepción general de la investigación y se emplearon otros del nivel teórico: histórico-lógico, análisis y síntesis e inducción deducción, sistémico-estructural-funcional y revisión documental; empíricos: encuesta, entrevista y observación participativa. Resultados: Las principales dificultades estuvieron relacionadas con el insuficiente tratamiento de la competencia comunicativa audio-oral en inglés, se constató la importancia de la misma dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés, pues establece las pautas generales que se deben seguir para una comunicación efectiva y se instituye desde una mirada holística del acto comunicativo del profesional. Conclusiones: Los especialistas valoraron el material como adecuado por su estructura y factibilidad para su implementación. Después de su aplicación se evidenció su efectividad en la consolidación del aprendizaje en este nivel educacional a través de la preparación idiomática.

Background: Knowledge of English as the language used globally in various sectors, has increasingly become, together with information and communications technologies, an indispensable training, work and entertainment tool in the current era. Its domain enables cooperation relations and exchange of professionals in the health sector in various countries. Objective: To design a didactic material for the development of audio-oral communicative competence in English in postgraduate medical students, through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Methods: A development research with a mixed approach was carried out at the Holguín University of Medical Sciences during the period March-July 2022. It was assumed the dialectical materialist method as the general conception of the research and others of the theoretical level: historical- logical, analysis and synthesis and induction deduction, systemic-structural-functional and documentary review; empirical: survey, interview and participatory observation. Results: The main difficulties were related to an insufficient treatment of audio-oral communicative competence in English, it was confirmed its importance within the teaching-learning process of English, since it establishes the general guidelines that must be followed for an effective communication. Moreover, it is instituted from a holistic view of the professional communicative act. Conclusions: The specialists assessed the material as adequate due to its structure and feasibility for its implementation. After its application, it was evidenced its effectiveness in consolidating learning in this educational level through language training.

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Mexican Americans are among the highest risk groups for obesity and its associated health consequences, including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. 154 overweight/obese Mexican Americans recruited from the Mexican Consulate in New York City were enrolled in COMIDA (Consumo de Opciones Más Ideales De Alimentos) (Eating More Ideal Food Options), a 12-week Spanish-language lifestyle intervention that included a dietary counseling session, weight-loss resources, and thrice-weekly text messages. Participants' weight (primary outcome); dietary intake, physical activity, and nutrition knowledge (secondary outcomes) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Of the 109 who completed follow-up, 28% lost ≥ 5% of their baseline body weight. Post-intervention, participants consumed more fruit and less soda, sweet pastries, fried foods and red meat; increased physical activity; and evidenced greater nutrition knowledge. A community-based lifestyle intervention with automated components such as text messaging may be a scalable, cost-effective approach to address overweight/obesity among underserved populations.

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RESUMEN Los grandes volúmenes de información científica que se generan a diario demandan del profesional de la salud una actualización constante. La mayoría de esa información proviene de países de habla inglesa o se publica en ese idioma; de ahí la imperante necesidad por parte del profesional de aprender dicho idioma para poder apropiarse y/o divulgar en lo posible toda esa creación científica. En ese contexto, los glosarios de términos de diferentes idiomas aportan a cubrir esa necesidad. El presente glosario está concebido como instrumento de búsqueda rápida y actual de términos en inglés relacionados con la ortodoncia y la periodoncia. Recopila más de 150 vocablos de dichas especialidades, y está dirigido tanto a estudiantes como profesionales que deseen consultar eficazmente el significado de palabras propias de dichas ramas. En el presente glosario, no se pretende exponer todos los vocablos y frases pertenecientes a las mismas, pues eso sería imposible. Cabe aclarar que se excluyeron los términos cuya escritura se asemeje al español, excepto aquellos que su significado no sea el mismo.

ABSTRACT The large volumes of scientific information generated daily require health professionals to be constantly updated. Most of this information comes from English-speaking countries or is published in that language; hence, the professional must learn that language to be able to appropriate and/or disseminate as much as possible all this scientific creation. In this context, glossaries of terms from different languages contribute to cover this need. This glossary is conceived as a quick and up-to-date search tool for English terms related to orthodontics and periodontics. It compiles more than 150 terms from these specialties and is intended for students and professionals who wish to consult the meaning of words specific to these fields efficiently. It is not intended to present all the words and phrases pertaining to these specialties, as that would be impossible. It should be clarified that terms with spelling similar to Spanish were excluded, except those whose meaning is not the same.

RESUMO Os grandes volumes de informação científica gerados diariamente exigem dos profissionais de saúde uma atualização constante. A maior parte desta informação provém de países anglófonos ou é publicada nessa língua; daí a necessidade imperiosa de o profissional aprender essa língua para poder apropriar-se e/ou difundir, na medida do possível, toda esta criação científica. Neste contexto, os glossários de termos de diferentes línguas ajudam a responder a esta necessidade. Este glossário foi concebido como uma ferramenta de pesquisa rápida e atualizada de termos ingleses relacionados com a ortodontia e a periodontia. Reúne mais de 150 termos destas especialidades e destina-se tanto a estudantes como a profissionais que pretendam consultar eficazmente o significado de palavras específicas destes domínios. Não se pretende apresentar todas as palavras e expressões pertencentes a estas especialidades, pois tal seria impossível. Convém esclarecer que foram excluídos os termos cuja grafia é semelhante à do espanhol, exceto aqueles cujo significado não é o mesmo.

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Background: English is a global language used to communicate with members of the international community. Self-efficacy in learning English is an important factor that is influenced by perceived importance, interest, and beliefs about the ability to successfully perform tasks in English. Objective: The aim is to develop and validate a measurement instrument to assess English self-efficacy. Methods: A total of 453 students from different Peruvian universities participated, with ages ranging from 18 to 60 years (M = 23; SD = 6.18). Statistical techniques for latent variables were used and recommendations for educational and psychological tests were followed in its construction. The sample was divided into two groups to perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The English Self-Efficacy Scale (ESS-P) is representative and relevant in terms of its item content (Aiken's V > 0.70). Its internal structure is organized into three first order factors and a second order factor that are consistent with the theoretical proposal and was confirmed through CFA with excellent goodness-of-fit indices (χ2 = 1184.9, gl = 626, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.06 y SRMR = 0.04). It also has adequate internal consistency in its three factors (Reading α/ω = 0.96), Oral Communication (α/ω = 0.95), and Writing (α/ω = 0.97) and the whole scale (α/ω = 0.98), is invariant with respect to sex, and has a conceptual relationship with variables such as academic self-efficacy and exam anxiety. Conclusion: The ESS-P is a measurement instrument with evidence of validity, factorial invariance, and good reliability of its scores. Therefore, it can be used in future studies in the academic context.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of Spanish as a primary language for a family with the health outcomes of Hispanic infants with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500g). STUDY DESIGN: Data from the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC) linked to hospital discharge records were analyzed. Hispanic infants with VLBW born between 2009 and 2018 with a primary language of English or Spanish were included. Outcomes selected were hypothesized to be sensitive to language barriers. Multivariable logistic regression models and mixed models estimated associations between language and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 18 364 infants meeting inclusion criteria, 27% (n = 4976) were born to families with Spanish as a primary language. In unadjusted analyses, compared with infants of primarily English-speaking families, these infants had higher odds of hospital readmission within 1 year (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.02-1.21]), higher odds to receive human milk at discharge (OR 1.32 [95% CI 1.23-1.42]), and lower odds of discharge home with oxygen (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.73-0.94]). In multivariable analyses, odds of readmission and home oxygen remained significant when adjusting for infant but not maternal and hospital characteristics. Higher odds for receipt of any human milk at discharge were significant in all models. Remaining outcomes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences exist between Hispanic infants with VLBW of primarily Spanish-vs English-speaking families. Exploration of strategies to prevent readmissions of infants of families with Spanish as a primary language is warranted.

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La enseñanza del idioma inglés se ha convertido en una necesidad dentro de la educación superior en Ecuador; la demanda de comunicación intercultural y bilingüe hace que se considere como imprescindible que los futuros profesionales adquieran destrezas y habilidades que le permitan un adecuado manejo del idioma inglés, para lo cual es necesario mantener una estructura de aprendizaje adecuada. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la enseñanza de idioma inglés en la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo. Existe un programa general de enseñanza del idioma inglés en todas las facultades y carreras de la alta casa de estudio. Se identifica que, a pesar de existir una estructura adecuada, donde se prioriza la enseñanza del idioma en varios semestres y que existe como reglamento la necesidad de suficiencia en inglés para titularse, es insuficiente la realización de actividades prácticas fueras del escenario áulico; existe necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura dedicada a la enseñanza del idioma inglés. Los recursos humanos disponibles son suficientes y presentan un elevado nivel de preparación, lo que garantiza la calidad de la enseñanza. Además, Se concluye que se hacen esfuerzos para lograr la suficiencia en inglés y la preparación bilingüe en los futuros profesionales. Sin embargo, existe necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura y de potenciar actividades extracurriculares que consoliden la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas en el manejo del idioma inglés.

The teaching of the English language has become a necessity within higher education in Ecuador; The demand for intercultural and bilingual communication makes it essential for future professionals to acquire skills and abilities that allow them to have an adequate command of the English language, for which it is necessary to maintain an adequate learning structure. The objective of this research is to characterize the teaching of the English language at the Higher Polytechnic School of Chimborazo. There is a general program of teaching the English language in all the faculties and careers of the high house of study. It is identified that, despite the existence of an adequate structure, where the teaching of the language is prioritized in several semesters and that there is a regulation of the need for proficiency in English to graduate, it is insufficient to carry out practical activities outside the classroom setting; there is a need to improve the infrastructure dedicated to teaching the English language. The available human resources are sufficient and present a high level of preparation, which guarantees the quality of teaching. In addition, it is concluded that efforts are made to achieve proficiency in English and bilingual preparation in future health professionals who are trained in this health home. However, there is a need to improve the infrastructure and promote extracurricular activities that consolidate the acquisition of skills and abilities in the management of the English language.

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El manejo del inglés, como idioma universal, constituye una necesidad para los profesionales ecuatorianos. La educación superior tiene la responsabilidad de facilitar la adquisición y consolidación de habilidades y destrezas en su manejo. La investigación formativa puede contribuir a esto por las características propias de este proceso. El objetivo de este trabajo fue exponer los elementos conceptuales y operacionales que permiten el adecuado desarrollo de la investigación formativa para consolidar destrezas y habilidades en el manejo del idioma inglés. En esta investigación se vierten opiniones de como puede ser utilizada la investigación formativa en el fomento de la preparación bilingüe de los estudiantes, basado en sus conceptos básicos. Con su aplicación se favorecen dos elementos básicos como son la motivación del estudiante y la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas relacionadas con los cuatro componentes fundamentales para el conocimiento de idiomas. Se concluye que la adopción de la investigación formativa como una estrategia metodológica de aprendizaje en el sistema de educación superior en el Ecuador, abre el camino a la formación, directa o indirecta, de habilidades y destrezas en el manejo del idioma inglés; es necesario entonces fortalecer el conocimiento sobre sus elementos metodológicos básicos que pueden favorecer la participación y formación bilingüe de los estudiantes de educación superior en el país.

The use of English, as a universal language, is a necessity for Ecuadorian professionals. Higher education has the responsibility of facilitating the acquisition and consolidation of abilities and skills in its management. Formative research can contribute to this due to the characteristics of this process. The objective of this work was to expose the conceptual and operational elements that allow the adequate development of formative research to consolidate skills and abilities in the management of the English language. In this research, opinions are expressed on how formative research can be used to promote the bilingual preparation of students, based on its basic concepts. With its application, two basic elements are favored, such as student motivation and the acquisition of abilities and skills related to the four fundamental components for language knowledge. It is concluded that the adoption of formative research as a methodological learning strategy in the higher education system in Ecuador, opens the way to the formation, direct or indirect, of abilities and skills in the management of the English language; It is therefore necessary to strengthen the knowledge about its basic methodological elements that can favor the participation and bilingual training of higher education students in the country.

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Fundamento: La enseñanza del idioma inglés constituye una prioridad en la preparación integral de los profesionales de la salud. En las circunstancias actuales la modalidad de educación a distancia es una vía para garantizar la continuidad del proceso docente-educativo en la educación médica superior. Objetivo: Diseñar para su implementación un sistema de tareas docentes que contribuya a desarrollar la habilidad de expresión oral en inglés a través de la educación a distancia en los estudiantes de 2.do año de Medicina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio experimental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín durante el período de marzo hasta septiembre de 2021. Se utilizó el método dialéctico materialista como concepción metodológica general de la investigación y se emplearon otros del nivel teórico: análisis y síntesis, inducción-deducción, sistémico-estructural-funcional, histórico-lógico y modelación; empíricos: análisis documental, encuesta, observación de clases, y estadísticos. Resultados: Las principales dificultades estuvieron relacionadas con limitaciones en el tratamiento de la expresión oral en inglés, la insuficiente preparación de los estudiantes en torno a la temática abordada y sus limitaciones en la habilidad de expresión oral en este idioma, por lo que se elaboró un sistema de tareas docentes para solucionar estos aspectos. Conclusiones: Los especialistas valoraron el sistema como adecuado por su estructura y factibilidad de implementación, contribuyó de forma efectiva en la consolidación de la formación cultural y en el plano motivacional.

Background: English language teaching is a priority in the comprehensive preparation of medical professionals. In the current circumstances, distance education is a way to continue the teaching-learning process in higher medical education. Objective: To design for its implementation a system of learning tasks aimed at developing oral expression skills in English through distance education in 2.nd year medical students. Methodology: It was adopted the materialist dialectical method as the general methodological conception of the research, and other methods, from the theoretical level: analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, systemic-structural-functional, historical-logical and modeling; empirical: documentary analysis, survey, class observation and statistical procedures. Result: The main difficulties were related to the limitations in the treatment of the oral expression in the English language, insufficient preparation of the students on the analyzed topic and their limited ability to develop oral expression in this language, so a system of learning tasks was developed to solve these aspects. Conclusions: The experts considered the system adequate in terms of its structure and feasibility of implementation, contributing effectively to the consolidation of cultural training and at the motivational level.

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The English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the second most important fruit crop of importance in Chile, with 43,700 hectares mainly in the Central Valley (www.odepa.cl, 2022). For several seasons symptoms of a branch dieback have been observed in walnut orchards with 3 to 50% of trees incidence levels. During the 2020 winter season (July) a total of 150 symptomatic spurs of 15 trees were sampled from an 8-year-old walnut cv. Chandler orchard located in Buin (33°42' S, 70° 42' W). The collected spurs showed external and internal brown necroses, starting from the tip with well-defined margins. The symptomatic tissue was cut in to small pieces (5 x 4 x 2 mm), surface disinfected by dipping in a 10% solution made from a commercial bleach solution (4,9% NaOHCl), rinsed twice in sterile water and plated on APDA (PDA Difco laboratories acidified with lactic acid (2,5 ml of 25% (vol/vol) per liter of medium). After five days at 20 °C in darkness, fast-growing, white-grey turning to black colonies were obtained, tentatively classified as a member of the Botryosphaeraceae family and two single-spore isolates (SS1, SS2) were selected for identification. Colony mycelia were first white and turned to light grey, dark grey or black, with tufts of mouse gray aerial mycelia. The pycnidia and conidia production was induced by inoculating autoclaved pine needles placed on APDA an incubation for 25 to 30 days at 20 °C in darkness. Black pycnidia solitary and globose were obtained producing hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to obovoid conidia with truncated ends with dimensions of (22.6-) 19.1 ± 1.4 (-13.3) x (6.7-) 5.5 ± 0.5 (-3.7) µm and 3.5 length/width ratio (n=100). Both isolates were identified using dichotomous keys confirming the description of Crous et al, 2006 as Neofusicoccum australe. The identification was molecularly confirmed by amplifying the nuclear ribosomal gene 5,8S (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) using the ITS1/ITS4 primers, a partial region of ß-tubulin gene (Bt2a/Bt2b), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) with TEF1-728F/TEF1-986R primers. The BLASTn search revealed 100% of identity for ITS and TEF according to sequences of N. australe reference strains MT587467.1 and MK759852.1, respectively; and over 99% for ß-tubulin compared to N. australe strain KX464929.1. The DNA sequences were submitted to the GenBank (ITS, OP142414, OP142416; BT, OP209981, OP209978; and TEF OP209979, OP209980) for SS1 and SS2 isolates, respectively, and deposited in the fungal collection of CChRGM - INIA, Chillán, Chile (RGM 3409 and 3410). Pathogenicity of both isolates was tested in 8-year-old asymtomatic English walnut cv. Chandler in the field during 2020 spring season, by cutting transversally 15 twigs of different tress and inoculating with a 5 day-old PDA plug. An equal number of wounded twigs were inoculated with a sterile PDA plug and served as control. After six months, all inoculated twigs developed the same necrotic lesions observed in field of 2.0 to 10.1 cm (SS1) and 1.9 to 10.8 cm (SS2) in length while control twigs showed only a scar without any dieback tissues. The inoculated pathogens of N. australe were recovered from the diseased tissues, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A similar dieback of walnut was reported in Chile, which caused Diplodia mutila (Díaz et al, 2018), and N. parvum (Luna et al, 2022) while N. australe has been reported in other hosts (Auger et al, 2013, Besoain et al, 2013). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. australe associated with walnut branch dieback in Chile.