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BACKGROUND: There is currently no case described in the literature of epidural hematoma associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to dissection of a spontaneous radiculomedullary artery at the lumbar level and therefore its incidence and prevalence are not known. However, its etiology is thought to be similar and may not be diagnosed given its nonspecific symptomatology. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present the case of an adult patient who consulted the emergency department for 2 weeks of low back pain. On physical examination there were negative signs of radiculopathy without neurological focalization. The patient was evaluated by neurosurgery via thoracic and lumbosacral spine magnetic resonance imaging, with findings of epidural hematoma associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the lumbosacral region. After that, panangiography was done. In the study, it was possible to visualize a dissection of the radicular artery at the L2 level. The patient was not a candidate for surgical management and continued with medical pain management. The patient has a good clinical evolution and was discharged. LESSONS: The aim of the present case is to describe a unique case of radiculomedullary artery dissection as a cause of spontaneous epidural hematoma associated with a subarachnoid hemorrhage in the lumbar region.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the US-Mexico border wall height extension on traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and related costs. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients who presented to the UC San Diego Health Trauma Center for injuries from falling at the border wall between 2016 and 2021 were considered. Patients in the pre-height extension period (January 2016-May 2018) were compared with those in the post-height extension period (January 2020-December 2021). Demographic characteristics, clinical data, and hospital charges were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 383 patients were identified: 51 (0 TBIs, 68.6% male) in the pre-height extension cohort and 332 (14 TBIs, 77.1% male) in the post-height extension cohort, with mean ages of 33.5 and 31.5 years, respectively. There was an increase in the average number of TBIs per month (0.0 to 0.34) and operative TBIs per month (0.0 to 0.12). TBIs were associated with increased Injury Severity Score (8.8 vs 24.2, p < 0.001), median (IQR) hospital length of stay (5.0 [2-11] vs 8.5 [4-45] days, p = 0.03), and median (IQR) hospital charges ($163,490 [$86,369-$277,918] vs $243,658 [$136,769-$1,127,920], p = 0.04). TBIs were normalized for changing migration rates on the basis of Customs and Border Protection apprehensions. CONCLUSIONS: This heightened risk of intracranial injury among vulnerable immigrant populations poses ethical and economic concerns to be addressed regarding border wall infrastructure.

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Introduction Epidural hematoma (EDH) is generally a direct sequela of head injury. Spontaneous EDH is rarely described in the literature. Spontaneous EDH can be caused by infections of adjacent regions, vascular malformations of the dura mater, metastases to the bone skull, and disorders of blood coagulation. The preferred treatment is surgical. The prognosis is directly related to the size, location, and Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission and the underlying disease. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed the search in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases. Abstracts and articles were screened according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The literature review yielded 1,156 records from the databases, of which a total of 164 full-text articles were included in the final synthesis, plus 22 additional relevant studies. A total of 89 case report studies were included, providing 95 unique patients. There was a predominance of coagulopathies as the main etiology of spontaneous EDH. A total of 45.3% of the patients presented lesions in > 1 brain lobe. The frontal lobe was the most prevalent location of EDH. The most used neuroimaging exam was computed tomography (CT). Surgical intervention was the most common treatment performed. A total of 24.2% of the patients died. Conclusion Nontraumatic EDH represents an uncommon manifestation of several pathologies. Clinical investigation should be aware of such a possibility. Healthcare professionals should value the physical examination and clinical history of the patient. Given the scarcity of information on the pathogenesis of spontaneous EDH, further studies are needed to better define intervention strategies and therapies for these patients.

Introdução Geralmente, o hematoma epidural (HED) é decorrente de traumatismo cranioencefálico. O HED espontâneo tem sido ocasionado por infecção de áreas adjacentes, malformação vascular na dura-máter, metástases para osso do crânio e doenças da coagulação sanguínea. Seu prognóstico está diretamente relacionado com o tamanho, a localização, o escore na escala de coma de Glasgow na admissão e a doença de base. Metodologia Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida e seguiu as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês). Realizamos a pesquisa nos bancos de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase e Scopus. Os resumos e artigos foram selecionados de acordo com os nossos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados A revisão da literatura resultou em 1,156 registros nas bases de dados, dos quais um total de 164 artigos com texto completo foram incluídos na síntese final; mais 22 estudos relevantes foram adicionados. Um total de 89 estudos de caso foi incluído, fornecendo 95 pacientes únicos. Havia uma predominância de coagulopatias como a principal etiologia do HED espontâneo. Um total de 45,3% dos pacientes apresentava lesões em > 1 lobo cerebral. A intervenção cirúrgica foi o tratamento mais comum realizado. Um total de 24,2% dos pacientes morreu. Conclusão Hematoma epidural não traumático representa uma manifestação incomum de várias patologias. A investigação clínica deve estar atenta a tal possibilidade e os profissionais de saúde devem valorizar o exame físico e a história clínica do paciente. Dada a escassez de informações sobre a etiopatogenia do HED, mais estudos são necessários para melhor definir estratégias de intervenção e terapias para estes pacientes.

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RESUMEN El hematoma espinal es una entidad clínica poco frecuente. Se necesita de una alta sospecha clínica para su diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno. Habitualmente se presenta en forma de deterioro neurológico súbito debida a la compresión medular mecánica producida por sangre en el canal medular. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 53 años, consumidor de bebidas alcohólicas (ron paraguayo) en forma diaria que presenta un deterioro neurológico brusco comprometiendo miembros superiores e inferiores. Con la resonancia magnética se llega al diagnóstico de hematoma epidural a nivel de C4-C5 y mielopatía compresiva de los segmentos adyacentes.

ABSTRACT The spinal hematoma spinal is a infrequent clinical entity. A high clinical suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and timely treatment. It usually presents as a sudden neurological deterioration due to mechanical spinal cord compression caused by blood in the spinal canal. We present the case of a 53-year-old male patient, a daily consumer of alcoholic beverages (Paraguayan rum) who presented sudden neurological deterioration compromising upper and lower limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging leads to a diagnosis of epidural hematoma at the C4-C5 level and compressive myelopathy of the adjacent segments.

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Fetal intracranial hemorrhage affects 1 in every 10,000 pregnancies. In most cases, the etiology of the bleeding is multifactorial, and they can be either related to the mother or the fetus. Blunt prenatal trauma was occasionally associated with these hemorrhages, nevertheless, reports of hematomas secondary to mild traumas are rare. Within the prenatal intracranial bleedings, the most frequent are the subarachnoid hematoma and intraparenchymal, scarcely ever the epidural hematoma. Treating these bleedings is challenging due to the ongoing pregnancy. Thus, the prognosis is often reserved, with a mortality rate of 43% and 25% of neurological sequelae. Here, we report a singular case of a fetal epidural hematoma secondary to a mild blunt trauma at the third trimester with a good outcome.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare pharmacological and non-pharmacological prophylaxis in elective spine surgery to determine the risks of DVT, PTE, and epidural hematoma (EH) in both groups, as well as their respective treatment effectiveness. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on systematically searched articles, using combinations of MeSH terms related to chemoprophylaxis and non-chemoprophylaxis for prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in elective spine surgery. Adult patients were eligible for inclusion in the study, except for those with trauma, spinal cord injury, neoplasms, or those using vena cava filters. Results: Five studies were selected for this systematic review and meta-analysis: 3 retrospective studies, 1 prospective study, and 1 case series. Data analysis showed that 4.64% of patients treated with chemoprophylaxis had an unfavorable outcome regarding DVT, while this outcome occurred in 1.14% of patients not treated with chemoprophylaxis (p=0.001). Among patients using chemoprophylaxis, only 0.1% developed epidural hematoma and 0.38% developed PTE. Among those on non-pharmaceutical prophylaxis, 0.04% had EH (p=0.11) and 0.42% had PTE (p=0.45). Conclusions: No benefits were found for chemoprophylaxis as compared to non-chemoprophylaxis in preventing DVT in elective spine surgery, nor was there an increased risk of epidural hematoma or fatal thromboembolic events. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies; Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar profilaxia farmacológica e não farmacológica em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral, a fim de determinar os riscos de TVP, TEP e hematoma epidural (HE) em ambos os grupos, bem como a respectiva eficácia do tratamento. Métodos: Revisão sistemática e metanálise com base em artigos sistematicamente pesquisados, usando combinações de termos MESH relacionados à quimioprofilaxia e à não quimioprofilaxia para prevenção de trombose venosa profunda e embolia pulmonar em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral. Pacientes adultos foram elegíveis para inclusão no estudo, exceto aqueles com trauma, lesão medular, neoplasias e aqueles que usavam filtros de veia cava. Resultados: Cinco estudos foram incluídos para fazer parte desta revisão sistemática e metanálise: três estudos retrospectivos, um prospectivo e um série de casos. A análise dos dados mostrou que 4,64% dos pacientes tratados com quimioprofilaxia tiveram um resultado desfavorável em relação à TVP, enquanto esse resultado ocorreu em 1,14% dos pacientes não tratados com quimioprofilaxia (p = 0,001). Entre os pacientes em uso de quimioprofilaxia, apenas 0,1% desenvolveram hematoma epidural (HE) e 0,38% desenvolveram TEP. Entre aqueles em profilaxia não medicamentosa, 0,04% apresentaram HE (p = 0,11) e 0,42% tiveram TEP (p = 0,45). Conclusões: Não foram encontrados benefícios para a quimioprofilaxia quando comparada à não quimioprofilaxia na prevenção da TVP em cirurgia eletiva da coluna vertebral, assim como não foi verificado aumento do risco de hematoma epidural ou eventos tromboembólicos fatais. Nível de evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la profilaxis farmacológica y no farmacológica en la cirugía de columna electiva para determinar los riesgos de TVP, TEP y hematoma epidural (HE) en ambos grupos, así como la respectiva eficacia del tratamiento. Métodos: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis basados en artículos buscados sistemáticamente, utilizando combinaciones de términos MESH relacionados con quimioprofilaxis y no quimioprofilaxis para la prevención de trombosis venosa profunda y embolia pulmonar en cirugía electiva de columna. Se eligieron pacientes adultos para su inclusión en el estudio, excepto aquellos con traumatismos, lesión medular, neoplasias y aquellos que usan filtros de vena cava. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco estudios para formar parte de esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis: 3 estudios retrospectivos, 1 prospectivo y 1 serie de casos. El análisis de los datos reveló que el 4,64% de los pacientes tratados con quimioprofilaxis tuvieron un resultado desfavorable con respecto a la TVP, mientras que este resultado se produjo en el 1,14% de los pacientes no tratados con quimioprofilaxis (p = 0,001). Entre los pacientes que recibieron quimioprofilaxis, sólo el 0,1% desarrolló hematoma epidural (HE) y el 0,38% desarrolló TEP. Entre los que recibieron profilaxis no farmacológica, el 0,04% desarrolló HE (p = 0,11) y el 0,42% desarrolló TEP (p = 0,45). Conclusiones: No se encontraron beneficios para la quimioprofilaxis en comparación con la no quimioprofilaxis para prevenir la TVP en la cirugía de columna electiva, así como tampoco un mayor riesgo de hematoma epidural o eventos tromboembólicos fatales. Nivel de evidencia - III; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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BACKGROUND: The American Society of Regional Anesthesia currently recommends ceasing antithrombotic medications for all spinal epidural steroid injections, however there is a paucity of data on the true risk of spinal epidurals via various approaches versus the risk of cessation of an agent as it relates to the underlying medical condition. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the complication rate of caudal epidural steroid injections in patients who remain on antithrombotic medications. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Physiatric Spine Clinic in Orthopedic Specialty Office and Surgical Center. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed identifying patients (n = 335) who received a caudal epidural steroid injection (n = 673) from June 2015 through April 2020. Patients were included if they had received the injection while taking an antithrombotic medication. Patients were excluded if they were not taking an antithrombotic. The patient's age, indication for the injection including magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography findings, antithrombotic medication, the medical condition requiring an antithrombotic, and any complications following the injection were collected via chart review. RESULTS: Of the 443 injections included in the study, 51 encounters were lost to follow-up. Of the other 392 injections, there were no reported complications, regardless of the patient's imaging findings, age, the antithrombotic medication used, or the underlying medical condition for which an antithrombotic medication was indicated. LIMITATIONS: This is a retrospective study. Therefore, a prospective study may have yielded fewer encounters lost to follow-up. Patients were not contacted directly after the procedure and chart reviews were utilized to evaluate for complications, which was limited to a patient's reporting of perceived complications without any imaging. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that caudal epidural steroid injections can be performed safely in patients while taking antithrombotic medications. Catastrophic events have been observed in patients who have discontinued antithrombotic agents preceding procedures. Thus, discontinuing antithrombotic medications may pose a greater risk than benefit for patients on an antithrombotic medication who have painful lumbar radiculopathy.

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Objetivo : Describir las características clínicas del traumatismo encéfalo craneano en neonatos. Materiales y métodos : Se realizó una serie de casos de neonatos con traumatismo encéfalo craneano, todos con diagnóstico clínico y tomográfico atendidos por el Servicio de Neuropediatría y Neonatología del Hospital Cayetano Heredia del 2014 al 2019. Resultados : Se incluyeron 12 neonatos, 67% (8/12) fueron varones, 33% (4/12) menores de cuatro días de edad y 25% (3/12) hijos de madres añosas. La caída libre fue el mecanismo de lesión en todos los casos y tres de ellos se cayeron de coches de paseo para bebés. El lugar más frecuente de la caída fue el hospital, tres neonatos se encontraban en alojamiento conjunto, dos en la sala de espera de la consulta externa y uno en hospitalización. El 83% (10/12) de los casos cayó de ≥ 0.5 m de altura y 33% (4/12) cayó de ≥ 1m. El 58% (7/12) fue sintomático a la caída, cuatro casos con letargia y uno con irritabilidad. Además, se reportaron vómitos y dificultad respiratoria. Cuatro presentaron hematoma epidural y tres de ellos fractura craneal, dos de gravedad por hipertensión endocraneana descompensada que requirieron evacuación quirúrgica de emergencia. Conclusión : El traumatismo encéfalo craneano en neonatos es un problema potencialmente grave. El hematoma epidural fue la lesión intracraneal más frecuente. La letargia e irritabilidad fueron los síntomas más frecuentes en los neonatos que cayeron de ≥ 0.5m de altura.

Objective : To describe clinical characteristics of head trauma in neonates. Material and methods : This is a case series of neonate patients with head trauma. All of them had a clinical diagnosis and computed tomography scans performed. They were taken care of in both Neuropediatrics and Neonatology services in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital in Lima, Peru from 2014 to 2019. Results : Twelve neonates were included, 67% (8/12) were male, 33% (4/12) were less than four days old, and 25% (3/12) were born to mature mothers. Free fall was the mechanism of lesion for all cases, and three of them fell down from baby trolleys. Places where these accidents occurred were at the hospital. Three neonates were in joint housing, two were in the waiting room of the outpatient clinic, and one fall occurred in the hospitalization ward. Eighty- three per cent (10/12) of all cases fell from ≥0.5- m height, and 33% (4/12) fell from 1- m height. Fifty-eight per cent (7/12) developed symptoms after the fall, four had lethargy and one had irritability. Also, vomits and respiratory distress were reported. Four neonates developed epidural hematoma and three had cranial fracture, two of these latter cases were severe because of decompensated cranial hypertension that required emergency surgical decompression. Conclusion : Head trauma in neonates is a potentially severe condition. Epidural hematoma was the most frequent intracranial lesion. Lethargy and irritability were most frequent symptoms in neonates who fell from ≥0.5- m height.

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El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una causa común de morbi-mortalidad en la población pediátrica, sus lesiones secundarias como los hematomas epidurales son frecuentemente hallados, pero en su localización de la fosa posterior solo representa el 5% y son de alto riesgo de presentar complicaciones; además el hematoma supra e infratentorial simultáneo es muy poco frecuente. En el presente trabajo daremos a conocer el manejo quirúrgico de alto riesgo de un paciente con un hematoma supra e infratentorial de gran volumen, describiendo las posibles complicaciones y observando la evolución. Se realizó craneotomía supratentorial y una craniectomía sub-occipital para evacuación de hematoma. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente mostrando mejoría en el postoperatorio inmediato, siendo dado de alta recuperando la función global.

Traumatic Head Injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Its secondary lessons, such as epidural hematomas, are frequently found, but in the posterior fossa it only represents 5% and they are at high risk of complications; in addition, simultaneous supra and infratentorial hematoma is very rare. In the present work, we will present the high-risk surgical management of a patient with a large volume supra- and infratentorial hematoma, describing the possible complications and observing the evolution. Supratentorial craniotomy and sub-occipital craniectomy were performed to evacuate the hematoma. The patient recovered satisfactorily showing improvement in the immediate postoperative period, being discharged recovering global function.

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El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una causa común de morbi-mortalidad en la población pediátrica, sus lesiones secundarias como los hematomas epidurales son frecuentemente hallados, pero en su localización de la fosa posterior solo representa el 5% y son de alto riesgo de presentar complicaciones; además el hematoma supra e infratentorial simultáneo es muy poco frecuente. En el presente trabajo daremos a conocer el manejo quirúrgico de alto riesgo de un paciente con un hematoma supra e infratentorial de gran volumen, describiendo las posibles complicaciones y observando la evolución. Se realizó craneotomía supratentorial y una craniectomía sub-occipital para evacuación de hematoma. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente mostrando mejoría en el postoperatorio inmediato, siendo dado de alta recuperando la función global(AU)

Traumatic Head Injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Its secondary lessons, such as epidural hematomas, are frequently found, but in the posterior fossa it only represents 5% and they are at high risk of complications; in addition, simultaneous supra and infratentorial hematoma is very rare. In the present work, we will present the high-risk surgical management of a patient with a large volume supraand infratentorial hematoma, describing the possible complications and observing the evolution. Supratentorial craniotomy and sub-occipital craniectomy were performed to evacuate the hematoma. The patient recovered satisfactorily showing improvement in the immediate postoperative period, being discharged recovering global function(AU)

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