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A Odontologia Legal é a especialidade responsável por esclarecer demandas administrativas ou judiciais provenientes de diferentes esferas. Na esfera criminal, o processo de identificação humana engloba um conjunto de procedimentos que visam individualizar uma pessoa e, em diversas situações, a Odontologia Legal se destaca como um importante método de identificação humana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi apresentar um relato de caso em que a presença de um remanescente de guta-percha foi decisiva no processo de identificação humana. Após exame necroscópico em um cadáver e com a entrega do prontuário odontológico, foi realizada a comparação das informações recebidas do suspeito com aquelas coletadas no exame post mortem. Por meio dessa comparação, verificou-se que havia pontos coincidentes que permitiram que a identificação positiva da vítima fosse estabelecida, especialmente a presença, tanto no exame ante mortem quanto no post mortem, de um remanescente de guta-percha envolto por tecido cicatricial ósseo na região do dente 21. Os materiais dentários utilizados em procedimentos odontológicos, tais como o remanescente de guta-percha neste relato de caso pericial, são extremamente valiosos no processo de identificação humana

Forensic Dentistry is the specialty responsible for clarifying administrative or judicial demands from different spheres. In the criminal sphere, the human identification process encompasses a set of procedures that aim to individualize a person and, in several situations, and Forensic Dentistry stands out as an important method in human identification. The objective was to present a case report in which the presence of a gutta-percha remnant was important in the human identification process. After necroscopic examination and delivery of the dental records, the information received from the suspect was compared with that collected in the post mortem examination. Through this comparison, it was verified that there were coincident points that allowed the positive identification of the victim, especially the presence, both in the ante-mortem and in the post-mortem examination, of a gutta-percha remnant surrounded by bone scar tissue in the tooth region 21. Materials used in dental procedures, such as the gutta-percha remnant in this forensic case report, are extremely valuable in the human identification process

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the capacity of two reciprocating NiTi instruments in removing gutta-percha/sealer material from simulated curved root canals (SCRC). The time required for filling material removal was also recorded. Twenty SCRCs were divided into two groups of 10 (n=10) samples each. In Group 1, the SCRC were prepared to a R25 Reciproc Blue instrument (RCPB; VDW, Munich, Germany). In Group 2 the SCRC were prepared to a Primary WaveOne Gold instrument (PWOG; Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland). In both groups, the canals were filled with matched-taper single gutta-percha cones and AH Plus sealer. Filling materials were removed with R25 RCPB (Group 1) and PWOG (Group 2). The amount of remaining gutta-percha/sealer was calculated at three predetermined levels of evaluation located at 2, 6 and 10 mm from the WL and expressed in percentages. Canals re-treated with RCPB contained significantly less remaining gutta-percha/sealer compared to canals prepared with PWOG (P=0.02). The RCPB instruments required significantly less time to complete the retreatment procedures (P<0.01). No unwinding or instrument separation was noted. RCPB instruments removed significantly more gutta-percha/sealer from simulated curved root canals than PWOG. However, neither of the tested instruments completely removed all filling materials.

RESUMEN El propósito del presente estudio fue comparar la capacidad de dos instrumentos de NiTi de movimiento reciproco para remover la obturación de gutapercha/sellador durante el retratamiento de conductos curvos simulados (SCRC). El tiempo requerido para la remoción del material fue también registrado. Se utilizaron veinte (n=20) SCRC divididos en dos grupos de diez especimenes (n=10) cada uno. En el Grupo 1 los SCRC se prepararon hasta un instrumento Reciproc Blue R25 (RCPB; VDW, Munich, Germany). En el Grupo 2, los SCRC se prepararon hasta un instrumento WaveOne Gold Primary (PWOG; Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland). En ambos grupos los conductos se obturaron con cono único de gutapercha de conicidad creciente y el sellador AH Plus. La remoción de los materiales de obturación se realizó mediante los instrumentos RCPB R25 (Grupo 1) o PWOG (Grupo 2). La cantidad de gutapercha/sellador remanente se calculó en tres niveles de evaluación predeterminados ubicados a 2, 6 y 10 mm de la LT, y finalmente fue expresada en porcentajes. La cantidad de gutapercha/ sellador remanente en los SCRC retratados con RCPB fue significativamente menor en comparación con los que fueron retratados con PWOG (P=0.02). Los instrumentos RCPB requirieron un tiempo significativamente menor para completar el retratamiento (P<0.01). No se observaron deformaciones o separación de los instrumentos. Los instrumentos RCPB removieron una cantidad significativamente mayor de gutapercha/sellador que los instrumentos PWOG en conductos curvos simulados. Sin embargo, ninguno de los instrumentos ensayados removió completamente los materiales de obturación.

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Aim:To demonstrate the effectiveness of disinfecting substances with 2% and 5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate at each of the pre-established times of 0:15 and 0:30 seconds, and 1, 2, 5, and 10 minutes. Methods: This study selected 96 gutta-percha cones that were contaminated with Enterococcus Faecalis, dried and treated with the aforementioned substances and applied at pre-established times. Subsequently, these were transferred to sterile Brain Heart Infusion broth and placed in a bacteriological incubator at 37°C for 24 hours to evaluate microbial growth, as well as in a nutrient agar medium in Petri dishes. Half of the cone was transferred to individual filter paper packages and exposed to the environment in a dental clinic at Universidade José do Rosário Velano, for 7 days, with subsequent evaluation for microbial growth. The bacterial phenotype test was performed using Gram stain and growth in 6.5% saline solution. The results were submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskal Wallis H test, with a significance level of 5%. Results:The substances were effective at all times tested and individual storage supported disinfection. In the statistics test, the p-value was greater than 0.05, as there was no variability in the data configurations. Conclusion: The disinfection of gutta-percha cones and individual storage was an effective protocol to be adopted with 2% and 5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine.

Objetivo: Demonstrar a eficácia de substâncias desinfetantes, Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2% e 5% e Gluconato de Clorexidina 2% em cada um dos tempos pré-estabelecidos de 15 e 30 segundos, e 1,2, 5 e 10 minutos.Métodos: Este estudo selecionou 96 cones de guta-percha,contaminados com Enterococcus Faecalis, secos e tratados com as substâncias citadas e aplicadas em tempos pré-estabelecidos. Posteriormente, estes foram transferidos para tubos contendo caldo Infusão Cérebro Coração estéril e colocados estufa bacteriológica a 37°C por 24 horas para avaliar o crescimento microbiano, também verificado em meio ágar nutriente em Placas de Petri. Metade dos cones foram transferidos para embalagens individuais de papel de filtro, e expostas ao ambiente da clínica odontológica da Universidade José do Rosário Velano por 7 dias, com posterior avaliação do crescimento microbiano. O teste do fenótipo bacteriano foi realizado pela coloração de Gram e crescimento em solução salina a 6,5%. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do Teste H de Kruskal Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%.Resultados: As substâncias foram eficazes em todos os tempos testados e o armazenamento individual favoreceu a desinfecção. No teste estatístico, o valor de p foi maior que 0,05, pois não houve variabilidade nas configurações dos dados.Conclusão: A desinfecção dos cones com Hipoclorito de Sódio 2% e 5% e Clorexidina 2% a partir de 15 segundos, e o armazenamento individual foram protocolos eficazes para serem adotados.

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ABSTRACT: Foreign bodies in the ethmoid sinus are uncommon, and endodontic gutta percha displacement is even more rare. We present and discuss a case of displacement of gutta percha into the ethmoid sinus following root canal intervention of a maxillary first molar which presumably migrated through the maxillary sinus. There have been reports on the displacement of tooth roots or implants into the maxillary sinus. However, we know of only one such report on the migration of a gutta-percha point into the ethmoid sinus.

RESUMEN: Los cuerpos extraños en el seno etmoidal son infrecuentes y el desplazamiento de la gutapercha endodóntica es aún más raro. Presentamos y analizamos un caso de desplazamiento de la gutapercha hacia el seno etmoidal después de la intervención del conducto radicular de un primer molar superior que se presume migró a través del seno maxilar. A pesar de que existen informes sobre el desplazamiento de raíces dentales o implantes hacia el seno maxilar, solo conocemos un informe de este tipo sobre la migración de un punto de gutapercha hacia el seno etmoidal.

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Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é revisar a literatura sobre os tipos de guta-percha para obturação, as suas formas de apresentação e as características físico-químicas e biológicas do material. Métodos: Artigos publicados entre 1973 e 2016 foram selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed e Science Direct. Foram utilizados como descritores na língua inglesa "gutta-percha and obturation"; "cones of gutta-percha" e "obturation cones and endodontic". Revisão: A guta-percha é um material de origem orgânica que pode ser encontrado em duas formas cristalinas. Encontra-se, geralmente, na forma de cones compostos de guta-percha associada a outras substâncias. A guta-percha é considerada inerte e biocompatível, porque causa pouca reação alérgica e possui biodegradação lenta. Pode sofrer alterações físico-químicas quando utilizada em técnicas de termo-obturação, nas quais as altas temperaturas aceleram a sua degradação, comprometendo a sua função. Além disso, a sua degrada- ção precoce é também afetada pela presença ou ausência de lesões periapicais. Conclusão: Os cones de guta-percha ainda são considerados o material mais adequado e acessível para o preenchimento de canais radiculares (AU).

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the types of gutta-percha for obturation and their forms of presentation, as well as physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the material. Materials and Methods: Articles were selected from the PubMed and Science Direct databases, published between 1973 and 2016. Were used as descriptors: "gutta-percha and obturation"; "cones of gutta-percha" and "obturation cones and endodontic". Review: Gutta-percha is a material of organic origin, which can be found in two crystalline forms. It is usually found in the form of cones composed of gutta-percha associated with other substances. Gutta-percha is considered inert and biocompatible, because it causes little allergic reaction and slow biodegradation. It can suffer physical-chemical changes when used in thermo-obturation techniques, where the high temperatures accelerate its degradation, compromising its function. In addition, its early degradation is also affected by the presence or absence of periapical lesions. Conclusion: Gutta-percha Cones are still considered the most suitable and accessible material for root canal filling

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Objetivo: Estimar y comparar la eficacia de diferentes técnicas de obturación para impedir el flujo de colorante a través de los conductos laterales. Materiales y métodos: Se emplearon 50 premolares inferiores extraídos y conservados en formol neutro al 5% hasta el momento de su uso, a los cuales se les realizaron conductos laterales artificiales. Una vez instrumentados los conductos principales, los dientes fueron divididos al azar en 5 grupos (n=10) para ser obturados con cuatro técnicas distintas: A) System B + inyección de gutapercha termoplástica del sistema Elements, Extruder; B) obturadores de Thermafil, ProTaper Universal; C) técnica híbrida y D) obturación con inyección de gutapercha termoplástica del sistema Elements, Extruder. Inmersos en tinta china y diafanizadas las raíces, se evaluó la longitud de penetración de la tinta en los conductos laterales. Se empleó el análisis de la varianza para detectar diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los niveles medios de penetración del colorante según las técnicas de obturación y las zonas del diente, y se efectuaron pruebas de rango múltiple (HSD de Tukey) para realizar comparaciones dos a dos, manteniendo fija la tasa de error por familia. Resultados: A la técnica B le correspondió el valor medio más bajo (30,63%) de penetración de tinta china. Los valores medios más elevados (54,52% y 51,74%) correspondieron a las técnicas A y C, respectivamente. Conclusión: Ninguna de las técnicas de obturación del conducto radicular empleadas ha sido capaz de impedir la filtración del colorante en los conductos laterales (AU)

Aim: To estimate and compare the different obturation techniques to avoid the flow of colorant through lateral canals. Materials and methods: 50 extracted lower premolars preserved in 5% neutral formol until the moment of use, had artificial lateral canals made. Once canals were instrumented, the teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10) to be filled with four different techniques: A) System B + injection of thermoplastic gutta-percha, Elements system, Extruder; B) Thermafil, ProTaper Universal obturators; C) hybrid technique, and D) injection of thermoplastic gutta-percha, Elements system, Extruder. Having immersed the premolars in India ink and diaphanized the roots, the penetration length of the India ink inside the canals was assessed. Analysis of variance was used to detect significant differences (P<0.05) between the mean levels of dye penetration according to the filling techniques and tooth areas, and multiple range tests (Tukey's HSD) were performed for two-to-two comparisons, keeping the error rate per family fixed. Results: Technique B had the lowest mean value (30.63%) of penetration. The highest mean values (54.52% and 51.74%) corresponded to techniques A and C, respectively. Conclusion: No obturation technique of the root canal used was able to avoid filtration of colourant in the lateral canals (AU)

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Objetivo: Evaluar ex vivo, mediante reconstrucción tridimensional con tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, la presencia de vacíos, el volumen y la adaptación de la obturación a las paredes de conductos con reabsorciones dentinarias internas simuladas empleando gutapercha inyectable o cono único de gutapercha más sellador biocerámico. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 10 incisivos centrales superiores humanos extraídos, en cada uno de los cuales se talló una reabsorción artificial para su obturación. La muestra fue sometida, de manera sucesiva, a dos condiciones experimentales diferentes: grupo 1, gutapercha inyectable con sistema EQ-V Master; grupo 2, cono de gutapercha más sellador biocerámico BioRoot RCS. Luego, se realizaron tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico y se hizo el estudio tridimensional. A continuación, se utilizó un programa para identificar los vacíos en la obturación y analizar cuantitativamente el volumen y la superficie cubierta por la obturación en los tercios coronario, medio (ampolla) y apical. Los datos fueron evaluados con la prueba de Wilcoxon (P<0,05). Resultados: El volumen de obturación y la superficie dentinaria en contacto con la obturación fueron similares para las dos técnicas empleadas. Las diferencias entre ambos grupos no fueron estadísticamente significativas (P>0,05). Conclusión: Aunque se observaron vacíos con ambas técnicas (en contacto con la superficie dentinaria cuando se empleó gutapercha inyectable, y en el interior de la obturación cuando se usó cono único de gutapercha más sellador BioRoot RCS), las dos rellenaron adecuadamente las reabsorciones simuladas (AU)

Aim: Ex vivo, tridimensional evaluation with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), of the presence of voids, the obturation volume and adaption to the root canal walls with simulated internal root resorption, using injected gutta-percha or bioceramic sealer with single gutta-percha cone. Materials and methods: Ten maxillary extracted central human incisors were used and artificial internal root resorption was created in each one. For the root canal obturation, each tooth was subjected to two different experimental conditions successively, conforming two matched groups: Group I: EQ-V Master injected thermo plasticized gutta-percha system. Group II: gutta- percha point plus BioRoot RCS bioceramic sealer. First, the root canals were filled with injected gutta-percha and then, with the bioceramic sealer. Then the teeth were scanned with CBCT and subsequently a digital three-dimensional reconstruction was performed. The presence of voids, obturation volumne and the dentin wall surface covered by the filling material was quantitative analyzed through a software; at the coronal, middle (blister) and apical thirds. The data was analyzed by using Wilcoxon test (P<0.05). Results: The filling material volume and the dentin wall surface covered by it, was similar in both root canal obturation techniques. There was no significant difference between both groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although voids were observed in both groups (when the injected thermo plasticized gutta-percha system was used the voids were at the external surface and when BioRoot RCS + gutta-percha cone was used the voids were into the filling material), the obturation of simulated root canal resorption cavities was similar with both obturation techniques (AU)

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Se realizó una investigación analítica realizada in vitro en el laboratorio general del Hospital "Carlos Andrade Marín". La población estuvo compuesta por 20 barras de gutapercha marca Meta®Biomed (Korea), distribuidas en cuatro grupos compuestos por 5 barras atendiendo a características preestablecidas en cuanto a realización de termoplastificación y manipulación. Solo el 15% de las muestras se registró indicios de crecimiento bacteriano, de las que el 66,67% pertenecieron al grupo de barras sólidas de gutapercha que fueron manipuladas, estableciéndose diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los grupos (p≤0.01), según la prueba de T-stu-dents. La mayoría de las muestras no mostró indicios de crecimiento bacteriano. Sin embargo, dos de las tres muestras que manifestaron esa actividad microbiológica pertenecieron al grupo de las barras sólidas de gutapercha que fueron manipuladas.

An in vitro analytical research was carried out in the general laboratory of the "Carlos Andrade Marín" Hospital. The population consisted of 20 bars of Meta®Biomed brand gutta-percha (Korea) distributed in four groups made up of 5 bars according to the pre-established characteristics in terms of thermoplasticization and handling. Only 15% of the selected samples showed signs of bacterial growth, of which 66.67% belonged to the group of solid gutta-percha bars that were manipulated, establishing specific differences with respect to the rest of the groups (p≤0.01), according to the T-students test. Most of the samples have no evidence of bacterial growth. However, two of the three samples that showed this microbiological activity belonged to the group of solid gutta-percha bars that were manipulated

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ABSTRACT The guttapercha cones used in endodontic treatment are produced in aseptic conditions and their composition includes zinc oxide, which is responsible for antibacterial activity. However, there is the possibility of microbial contamination by manipulation, aerosol or during storage. Although several chemical agents have been tested for their decontamination, there is no consensus on the best disinfection protocol to be used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the decontamination of guttapercha cones contaminated with the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, by using chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at different concentrations for short exposure times. For this purpose, guttapercha cones (size 40) were selected at random from a sealed box and immersed for 1 min in a microbial suspension. Then they were immersed in specific Petri dishes for different groups containing: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% or NaClO 2.5% for 30 s or 1 min, and subsequently placed in tubes containing BHI broth. After incubating the tubes for 48 h, it was observed that 1% and 2.5% NaClO and 2% CHX were effective for decontaminating the cones at those exposure time intervals. Microbial growth was detected in one of the replicates of the group with CHX applied for 30 s. To prevent the possibility of failures at this stage, the exposure time of guttapercha cones to the decontaminating agent should not be reduced.

RESUMO Os cones de gutapercha utilizados no tratamento endodôntico são produzidos em condições assépticas e possuem óxido de zinco em sua composição, responsável pela atividade antibac te riana. No entanto, existe a possibilidade de contaminação microbiana por manipulação, aerossol ou seu armazenamento. Embora vários agentes químicos já tenham sido testados para sua descontaminação, não há consenso sobre o melhor proto colo de desinfecção a ser usado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a descontaminação de cones de gutapercha contaminados com a bactéria Enterococcus faecalis, utilizando digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) e hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição curtos. Para esse fim, 40 cones de gutapercha foram selecionados aleatoriamente, de uma caixa selada e imersos por 1 min em uma suspensão microbiana. Em seguida, foram imersos em placas de Petri específicas para diferentes grupos contendo: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% ou 2,5%, nos tempos de exposição de 30s e 1min e subseqüentemente imersos em tubos contendo caldo BHI. Após incubação dos tubos por 48 h, observouse que NaClO 1% e 2,5% e CHX 2% foram eficazes para a descontaminação dos cones nesses intervalos de tempo de exposição. Em uma das réplicas do grupo com CHX aplicado por 30s foi detectado crescimento microbiano. O tempo de exposição dos cones de gutapercha ao agente de desconta minação não deve ser reduzido para evitar a possibilidade de falhas nesse estágio.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de remoção do material obturador de canais radiculares simulados retos através da radiografia digital, comparando a técnica manual com o uso de solvente, técnica manual com o uso da broca largo e o sistema ProTaper. Para este estudo foram utilizados 15 canais radiculares retos simulados já obturados e divididos em três grupos que foram analisados através do sensor programa VistaScan Mini Easy (Durr, Biertigheim- Bissingen, Germany). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 95%. O terço apical mostrou melhores resultados com o sistema ProTaper (G3), o terço médio teve melhores resultados com o (G2) e (G3) sistema manual com uso de solvente e uso de broca largo e o sistema ProTaper. O terço cervical não mostrou diferença estatística entre os três grupos testados. Conclui-se que os desobturadores de modo geral não apresentaram grandes variações, sendo que após as análises nenhum dos três grupos de estudo foram capazes de remover completamente o material obturador presente no conduto radicular(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal capability of the obturator material from straight simulated root canals by comparing the manual technique associated with solvent, the manual technique with the usage of wide drill No. 2 associated with solvent and, the ProTaper retreatment system. For this study we used 15 already filled simulated straight root canals and divided them into three groups that were analyzed by digital radiography. Data were submitted to Pearson's Chi-square test with 95% of significance level. After the analysis, the results showed that the apical third presented better results of unblocking with the ProTaper (G3) system, the middle third showed better results between the G2 and G3 manual system with the usage of solvent, wide drill and the ProTaper system. The cervical third didn't show any significant statistically difference among the three tested groups. The conclusion was that the unblockers in general did not present great variations. And in this study none of the three groups were able to completely remove the obturator material present in the root canal(AU)

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