RESUMO
RESUMEN Chile presenta una alta producción y consumo de huevos, siendo considerado el quinto consumidor de huevos en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos acerca de las pérdidas de huevos en la cadena productiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información acerca de las pérdidas de huevos a nivel nacional, mediante la consulta a productores y comercializadores de huevos, y revisar información acerca de alternativas de uso de los huevos de desecho con mayor enfoque en la cáscara. Se estimó que a nivel de granja las pérdidas fluctúan entre un 0,5 a 5% y durante la comercialización entre un 0,5% a 16,6%. El 80% de los productores consultados desechaban las cáscaras de huevo, y un 63% del total de productores no tenían conocimiento de productos basados en huevos de desecho. El principal uso de los huevos de desecho en Chile es para alimentación animal, también se produce huevo líquido pasteurizado o huevo en polvo. A nivel internacional se hacen esfuerzos por desarrollar nuevas opciones para dar un uso a los huevos de desecho, y es necesario contar con más estudios acerca del tema, enfocados en cuantificar las pérdidas económicas en los planteles, junto con promover la reutilización de los huevos de desecho para otorgarles un valor agregado y así reducir su desperdicio.
ABSTRACT Chile is a high producer and consumer of eggs, being considered the fifth consumer of eggs in Latin America. However, there are no data on production chain egg losses. The objective of this study was to survey information about egg losses at the national level, by consulting egg producers and traders and to review information about alternative uses of waste eggs with a focus on eggshells. It was estimated that at the farm level, losses range from 0.5 to 5% and during commercialization from 0.5% to 16.6%. Eighty percent of the producers consulted discarded eggshells, and 63% of total producers were not aware of products based on waste eggs. The main use of waste eggs in Chile is for animal feed; pasteurized liquid or powdered eggs. At the international level, efforts are being made to develop new options for alternative uses of waste eggs, and more studies are needed to quantify economic losses at the farm level and to promote the reuse of waste eggs, adding value to them and reducing waste.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted using 288 32-week-old Hisex White laying hens for a period of 10 weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) for each source. A 2 x 5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of 8 birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with AM at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. The amounts of DHA in the egg yolk in birds fed OP diets were significantly increased from 22.64 mg/egg yolk (CON) to 187.91 mg/ egg yolk (OP360). The egg-yolk n-3 PUFAs of the control group (62.16 mg) increased significantly as compared to the OP360 group (218.62 mg/yolk). For the AM source the DHA means were also linear (Y = 0.23X + 1.27, R2 = 0.86), ranging from 22.64 mg/yolk (CON) to 149.75 mg/yolk (AM420), while the n-3 PUFAs ranged from 104.18 mg/yolk (AM120) to 175.32 mg/yolk (AM420). The percentage of DHA incorporation into the egg yolk decreased linearly as the DHA levels increased in the diet. Thus, for the OP and AM sources, mean values of 85.11% (OP120) and 65.28% (AM120) decreased to 49.45% (OP360) and 34.06% (AM420). Significant improvement (P 0.05) was found in the ratio n-6/n-3, ranging from17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP320) and 6.36 (AM420).
RESUMO A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos, a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado o modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro contendo 420 mg de DHA/ 100 g dieta (AM420) acrescido de AM, foram também utilizados. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P 0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, que variou de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 nos tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted using 288 Hisex White laying hens, 32 weeks old, for a period of 10 weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty-acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet for each source. A 2x5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of eight birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with marine algae at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. The arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic (AL) and n-6 PUFAs showed significant decreases (P 0.05) with the increase of fish oil in the diet, ranging, respectively, from 98.71 mg, 987.70 mg and 1108.92 mg/yolk in the CON diet to 38.87 mg, 734.22 and 802.79 mg/yolk, for the group OP360. For the fish-oil source, the average amount of arachidonic acid also showed linearity (X + Y = 0.16 89.40, R2 = 0.86), decreasing from 98.71 mg/yolk (CON) to 38.87 mg/yolk (OP360) and 77.79 mg/yolk (AM420), while the total of n-6 PUFAs ranged from 1108.92 mg/yolk (CON) to 802.79 mg/yolk (OP360) and 1178.19 mg/yolk (AM120). The percentage of incorporation of arachidonic acid in the yolk of eggs decreased linearly with increasing levels of DHA in feed supplemented with fish oil and marine algae, from 4.81% (CON) to 2.57% (OP360) and 3.51% (AM420). The averages of 1572.11 mg/yolk (fish oil) and 2118.16 mg/yolk (marine algae) of the total consumption of n-6 PUFAs, and 3.12% (fish oil) and 4.30% (marine algae) of the incorporation of AA into yolk differed (P 0.05) between sources. A significant decrease (P 0.05) was noted in the n-6/n-3 ratio, varying from 17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP360) and 6.36 (AM420).
RESUMO A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) de 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta. Foi aplicado o modelo fatorial 2 x 5, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro, acrescido de AM, contendo 420 mg de DHA/ 100 g dieta (AM420) foram também utilizados. Os ácidos araquidônico (AA), linoléico e PUFAs n-6 mostraram decréscimos significativos (P 0,05) com o aumento de OP na dieta, variando, respectivamente, de 98,71 mg, 987,70 mg e 1.108,92 mg/gema na dieta CON a 38,87 mg, 734,22 mg e 802,79 mg/gema, para o grupo OP360. Para a fonte OP, as médias de AA também mostraram linearidade (Y = -0,16X + 89,40, R2 = 0,86), decrescendo de 98,71 mg/gema (CON) para 38,87 mg/ gema (OP360) e 77,79 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-6 oscilou de 1.108,92 mg/gema (CON) a 802,79 mg/gema (OP360) e 1.178,19 mg/gema (AM120). O percentual de incorporação de AA na gema dos ovos decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 4,81% (CON) para 2,57% (OP360) e 3,51% (AM420). As médias de 1.572,11 mg/gema (OP) e 2.118,16 mg/gema (AM) de consumo do total de PUFAs n6 e de 3,12% (OP) e 4,30% (AM) de incorporação de AA na gema diferiram (P 0,05) entre fontes. Um decréscimo significativo (P 0,05) foi consignado na relação n-6/n-3, variando de 17,50 (CON) para 3,72 (OP360) e 6,36 (AM420).