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Las infecciones perinatales son una causa de morbilidad, tanto fetal como neonatal, y que compromete la salud de la mujer embarazada, por lo que su diagnóstico, tratamiento, e intento de eliminación son una prioridad en América Latina y el Caribe. Este documento representa la segunda entrega realizada por expertos en la región dentro de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE), brindando una mirada actualizada en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas y entrega herramientas para detectar posibles momentos estratégicos de intervención y cambio en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas.

Perinatal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the fetus, neonate, and the health of the pregnant woman. Diagnosis, treatment, and the search for elimination of these diseases are a priority in Latin America and the Caribbean. This document represents the second delivery by a group of experts in the region inside the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE), presenting a up-to-date look into the management of congenital infectious diseases and give a tool to detect possible strategic sceneries and a change in the management of congenital infections in our region.

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Introducción: 1 a 2 de cada 1.000 recién nacidos tienen una pérdida auditiva neurosensorial significativa. De las deficiencias auditivas congénitas, el 50% resultan de infecciones en el embarazo y/o parto; como las provocadas por: Toxoplasmosis, rubéola, citomegalovirus, herpes y sífilis. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática de artículos utilizando bibliotecas virtuales y libros de texto de relevancia dentro de la especialidad. Resultados: La rubéola en mujeres susceptibles puede producir el síndrome de rubéola congénita. La sordera es la manifestación más frecuente de la enfermedad y es la secuela más importante. El 15% de los niños infectados por Citomegalovirus padecen una pérdida auditiva por daño coclear y alteraciones en el sistema nervioso central al nacer. Otro 15% pueden desarrollar luego del nacimiento hipoacusia, retardo mental o dificultades en el desarrollo del lenguaje y del aprendizaje. Aproximadamente el 80% de los recién nacidos infectados por toxoplasmosis son asintomáticos; el resto presentará manifestaciones clínicas de afectación sistémica incluyendo compromiso auditivo como parte del cuadro. La infección por Herpes simple suele ser devastadora en el recién nacido. Se ha descrito hipoacusia en más del 50% de los casos. La sordera se asocia frecuentemente con la sífilis congénita. Junto con la queratitis intersticial y las malformaciones dentarias, forma parte de la tríada de Hutchinson. Conclusiones: La hipoacusia es un problema de gran importancia en la infancia. Las infecciones agrupadas en el término TORCHS causan hipoacusia neurosensorial adquirida en forma prenatal, dando lugar a sorderas presentes al nacer o de desarrollo diferido o progresivo.

Introduction: 1 to 2 of every 1,000 newborns have significant sensorineural hearing loss. From all the congenital hearing empairments, 50% take place during pregnancy and/or childbirth; such as those caused by: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes and syphilis. Methods: A systematic literature research was performed using virtual libraries and relevant specialty textbooks. Results: Rubella in susceptible women may cause congenital rubella syndrome. Deafness is the most common manifestation of the disease and is the most important sequel. 15% of those children infected with Cytomegalovirus children suffer hearing loss from cochlear damage and alterations in the central nervous system at birth. Another 15% can then develop birth hearing loss, mental retardation or difficulties in language development and learning. Approximately 80% of newborns infected with toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic; the rest will present clinical manifestations of systemic disease including hearing impairment as part of the picture. Herpes simplex infection is devastating in the new born. Hearing loss has been described in over 50% of cases. Deafness is often associated with congenital syphilis. Along with interstitial keratitis and dental malformations, it is part of the Hutchinson triad. Conclusions: Hearing loss is a major problem in childhood. Gathered as TORCHS acquired infections cause sensorineural hearing loss prenatally, resulting in hearing loss present at birth or deferred or progressive development.

Introdução: 1 a 2 em cada 1.000 recém-nascidos têm perda auditiva neurossensorial significativo. Das deficiências auditivas congênitas, 50% das infecções resultar em gravidez e / ou parto; tais como aquelas causadas por: toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus, herpes e sífilis. Métodos: Uma busca sistemática da literatura foi realizada utilizando bibliotecas virtuais e livros relevantes no art. Resultados: A rubéola em mulheres suscetíveis pode causar a síndrome da rubéola congênita. A surdez é a manifestação mais comum da doença e é a sequela mais importante. 15% das crianças infectadas com Citomegalovírus sofrer perda de audição de danos e alterações coclear no sistema nervoso central no nascimento. Outros 15% podem desenvolver perda auditiva nascimento, retardo mental ou dificuldades no desenvolvimento da linguagem e aprendizagem. Cerca de 80% dos recém-nascidos infectados com toxoplasmose é assintomática; o resto vai apresentar manifestações clínicas da doença sistêmica, incluindo a deficiência auditiva como parte da imagem. Infecção Herpes simplex geralmente devastadores no recém-nascido. A perda de audição tem sido descrita em mais de 50% dos casos. A surdez é frequentemente associada a sífilis congênita. Junto com ceratite intersticial e malformações dentárias, faz parte da tríade Hutchinson. Conclusões: A perda auditiva é um problema grave na infância. Agrupados nas infecções TORCHS causam perda auditiva neurossensorial pré-natal, resultando em perda auditiva presente no nascimento ou em diferido ou desenvolvimento progressivo.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La vía congénita es una de las principales formas de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas: afecta desde un 0,7 a un 17% de los niños nacidos de madres infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi OBJETIVOS: Calcular la cantidad de infectados por T. cruzi entre niños nacidos de madres diagnosticadas con Chagas durante 2010 y sus hermanos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se definió como caso índice a toda mujer embarazada residente en el departamento chaqueño de San Fernando con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en 2010. Se efectuaron visitas en el domicilio de las mujeres y se extrajeron muestras a sus hijos, que fueron procesadas por la red pública de laboratorios mediante Hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI ) y Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), definiendo las discordancias con Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). RESULTADOS: Se localizó a 71 madres que cumplían la definición de caso. Entre las encuestadas, 65 (92,9%) conocían su diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi; de las cuales 4 (5,8%) realizaban controles cardiológicos anuales. Por cada tres puérperas con Chagas, se diagnosticó un infectado adicional. De 188 muestras de hijos de madres infectadas con el parásito, 23 resultaron positivas: la proporción de transmisión por vía congénita fue del 12,2% (IC 95%: 7,2-17,1). CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de infección congénita encontrada no difiere significativamente de las de la región y América Latina en general.

INTRODUCTION: The congenital transmission of Chagas disease is one of the most important, affecting between 0.7 to 17% of children born to Trypanosoma cruzi infected mothers. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the number of T. cruzi infected children among those born to mothers diagnosed with the infection in 2010 and their siblings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Anindex case was defined as a pregnant woman living in San Fernando Department (Province of Chaco) diagnosed with Chagas disease in 2010. The samples collected in children during home visits were processed by the network of public laboratories through indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and ELISA, resolving the discordance with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) RESULTS: A total of 71 mothers met the case definition. 65 (92.9%) of the women surveyed knew their diagnosis, of which 4 (5.8%) had annual heart checks done. Among positive cases, 4 (5.8%) received an etiological treatment. There was an additional infection diagnosis for every three cases with Chagas. Out of a total of 188 samples of children from infected mothers. 23 were positive, which means that the rate of congenital transmission was 12.2% (CI 95%: 7.2-17.1). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of congenital transmission does not differ significantly from the ones in the region and Latin America in general.

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INTRODUCCION: La vía congénita es una de las principales formas de transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas: afecta desde un 0,7 a un 17% de los niños nacidos de madres infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi OBJETIVOS: Calcular la cantidad de infectados por T. cruzi entre niños nacidos de madres diagnosticadas con Chagas durante 2010 y sus hermanos. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se definió como caso índice a toda mujer embarazada residente en el departamento chaqueño de San Fernando con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en 2010. Se efectuaron visitas en el domicilio de las mujeres y se extrajeron muestras a sus hijos, que fueron procesadas por la red pública de laboratorios mediante Hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI ) y Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), definiendo las discordancias con Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). RESULTADOS: Se localizó a 71 madres que cumplían la definición de caso. Entre las encuestadas, 65 (92,9%) conocían su diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi; de las cuales 4 (5,8%) realizaban controles cardiológicos anuales. Por cada tres puérperas con Chagas, se diagnosticó un infectado adicional. De 188 muestras de hijos de madres infectadas con el parásito, 23 resultaron positivas: la proporción de transmisión por vía congénita fue del 12,2% (IC 95%: 7,2-17,1). CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de infección congénita encontrada no difiere significativamente de las de la región y América Latina en general.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The congenital transmission of Chagas disease is one of the most important, affecting between 0.7 to 17% of children born to Trypanosoma cruzi infected mothers. OBJECTIVES: To calculate the number of T. cruzi infected children among those born to mothers diagnosed with the infection in 2010 and their siblings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Anindex case was defined as a pregnant woman living in San Fernando Department (Province of Chaco) diagnosed with Chagas disease in 2010. The samples collected in children during home visits were processed by the network of public laboratories through indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and ELISA, resolving the discordance with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) RESULTS: A total of 71 mothers met the case definition. 65 (92.9%) of the women surveyed knew their diagnosis, of which 4 (5.8%) had annual heart checks done. Among positive cases, 4 (5.8%) received an etiological treatment. There was an additional infection diagnosis for every three cases with Chagas. Out of a total of 188 samples of children from infected mothers. 23 were positive, which means that the rate of congenital transmission was 12.2% (CI 95%: 7.2-17.1). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of congenital transmission does not differ significantly from the ones in the region and Latin America in general.(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: To estimate, by neonatal screening, the birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis among live-born infants in Sergipe state, Brazil, and to investigate the clinical features of affected infants. METHODS: Dried blood spot specimens obtained from 15 204 neonates were assayed for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Duplicate retesting was done in infants with positive and borderline results. Confirmatory testing in peripheral blood samples consisted of testing for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM in infants and mothers. Those with possible congenital toxoplasmosis were evaluated and followed up to a median age of 20 months. Congenital infection was confirmed in the presence of persisting anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies beyond 12 months of age. All infants with confirmed infection were treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid for 1 year. RESULTS: Fifty-three infants had detectable IgM in dried blood spot specimens. Confirmatory testing was reactive in 39/50, of which, 38 completed follow-up. Six of 15 204 newborns were diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, resulting in an estimated birth prevalence of four per 10 000 [CI 95% 1.4-8.0]. Four infants (67%) showed signs of congenital toxoplasmosis in their first year of life; three (75%) had retinochoroidal scars, and one had cerebral calcifications. Two infants remained asymptomatic until 20 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: The birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis is high in the Brazilian state of Sergipe, with most of the infants showing ocular lesions. Preventive measures are strongly warranted.

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