RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study explores the impacts of attacks perpetrated in the context of armed conflict, to female health workers in three Colombian territories. METHODS: We conducted a document review of the reports and databases of the Colombian Truth Commission, 17 in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts on the national and regional armed conflict and the medical mission, and 26 female health workers who were victims of attacks. RESULTS: Experts and female health workers reported attacks to health activities, facilities, equipment, and personnel, including attacks to traditional doctors belonging to indigenous communities. The most frequent attacks were threats and retention of health personnel; theft of supplies and medicines; damage and use of infrastructure and means of transport for purposes other than health care; and hinderance of health service provision. The attacks occurred in a framework of structural violence that intersects with poverty, racism, and gender bias. The impacts of these attacks include gender-based violence, significant disruption of the lives of health workers, and physical, emotional, psychological, social, and economic effects on the victims and their families. The government response to protect victims and populations has been absent or insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Attacks to health care were reported in all the studied territories obstructing adequate health care. Impacts of these attacks affect negatively the professional and personal life of the workers and are aggravated by structural violence and absent or little institutional response.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Colombia has experienced decades of conflict between the government and non-state actors. Attacks on healthcare have been a grave but regular facet of that violence. In response, the Misión Médica (MM) program was developed to support, protect, and defend healthcare. Sporadic violence continues, with many recent attacks perpetrated not by armed actors but by residents. Given the history of conflict and ongoing violence, we sought to capture the perspectives of both healthcare workers (HCWs) and community members (CMs) regarding the characteristics and impacts of attacks on health in Colombia to gain insight into how to better prevent violence and mitigate its impacts. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2021 in seven departments in Colombia in regions that witnessed attacks on healthcare. Questionnaires were administered to HCWs and CMs via purposive sampling, probing their experiences with attacks on health with both closed and open-ended questions. The categorical responses were stratified by health worker vs. non-health worker and descriptively analyzed. Narrative responses were analyzed via a hybrid deductive/inductive thematic approach. RESULTS: Seventy-three individuals participated in the study (36 HCWs and 37 cm). Approximately 77% of HCWs believed that attacks on healthcare impacted health outcomes while 68% of CMs did not see a direct connection between violence against healthcare and poor health outcomes. Awareness of the MM program was significantly different between HCWs (83.3%) and CMs (37.8%). The survey responses explored the characteristics of attacks on health, compounded impacts of violence on the health system, personal impacts, and perspectives on mitigation efforts. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that: (1) attacks on healthcare are context-dependent and require a local lens for mitigation and management; (2) both HCWs and CMs have critical perspectives that must be considered, (3) the impacts of violence against healthcare are complex and compounded and (4) that awareness of the legal protections of the Geneva Conventions must be combined with education on the health impacts for robust protection strategies. Critically, Both CMs and HCWs experience fear and psychosocial ramifications of these attacks, suggesting the need for stronger protections and resources to support the health workforce and the local community.

RESUMO

Resumen El trabajo contiene el resultado de la aplicación de un objeto de aprendizaje, conformado por una unidad didáctica sobre los fundamentos y normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario, en estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de licenciatura, en Cultura Física, de la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Se propuso en la investigación como objetivo: elaborar un objeto de aprendizaje que contribuyera a mejorar el conocimiento sobre los fundamentos y normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario de los estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de Cultura Física de la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". En su elaboración, se emplearon métodos teóricos como histórico-lógico, análisis y síntesis, inductivo-deductivo; además, métodos empíricos como la observación, entrevista grupal, análisis documental, encuesta a los estudiantes y técnicas estadísticas como el análisis porcentual. Entre los principales hallazgos, la bibliografía impresa sobre el tema, para realizar las consultas necesarias y el trabajo independiente o de autopreparación por los estudiantes, era insuficiente. El libro de texto está carente de imágenes que refuercen los conocimientos. Se pudo concluir que el objeto de aprendizaje constituyó una herramienta didáctica que permitió a los estudiantes de la Facultad de Cultura Física de Pinar del Río y otras instituciones tener acceso, de manera digital, a la temática de los fundamentos y normas del Derecho Internacional Humanitario; se fortalecieron los valores en los estudiantes, en especial el humanismo; se contribuyó al aprendizaje, utilización de las técnicas informática y telecomunicaciones por los estudiantes de la Facultad de Cultura Física de Pinar del Río y otras instituciones.

Resumo O trabalho contém o resultado da aplicação de um objeto de aprendizagem constituído por uma unidade didática sobre os fundamentos e normas do Direito Internacional Humanitário, em alunos do quarto ano do curso de licenciatura em Cultura Física da Universidade de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver um objeto de aprendizagem que contribuísse para melhorar o conhecimento dos fundamentos e normas do Direito Internacional Humanitário dos estudantes do quarto ano da carreira de Cultura Física da Universidade de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Na sua elaboração, foram utilizados métodos teóricos como histórico-lógico, análise e síntese, indutivo-dedutivo; também métodos empíricos como observação, entrevista em grupo, análise documental, levantamento estudantil e técnicas estatísticas como a análise percentual. Entre as achados principais estava que a bibliografia impressa sobre o assunto para fazer as consultas necessárias e o trabalho independente ou auto preparado dos alunos era insuficiente. Faltam ao livro didático imagens que reforcem o conhecimento. Pode-se concluir que o objeto de aprendizagem foi uma ferramenta didática que permitiu aos alunos da Faculdade de Cultura Física de Pinar del Río e outras instituições ter acesso digital ao tema dos fundamentos e normas do Direito Internacional Humanitário; que fortaleceu os valores dos alunos, especialmente o humanismo, contribuiu para a aprendizagem, uso de técnicas de informática e telecomunicação pelos alunos da Faculdade de Cultura Física de Pinar del Río e outras instituições.

Abstract The work contains the result of the application of a learning object composed by a didactic unit on the foundations and norms of International Humanitarian Law, in fourth year students of the degree course in Physical Culture of Pinar del Río University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". The objective of the research was to develop a learning object that would contribute to improve the knowledge of the foundations and norms of International Humanitarian Law of the fourth year students of the degree course in Physical Culture of Pinar del Río University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". In its elaboration, theoretical methods were used such as historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive; also empirical methods such as observation, group interview, documentary analysis, student survey and statistical techniques such as percentage analysis. Among the main findings were that the printed bibliography on the subject to carry out the necessary consultations and the independent or self-prepared work by the students was insufficient. The textbook lacks images to reinforce knowledge It could be concluded that the learning object was a didactic tool that allowed the students of the Faculty of Physical Culture of Pinar del Río and other institutions to have digital access to the subject of the foundations and norms of International Humanitarian Law; that it strengthened the values in the students, especially humanism, contributed to the learning, use of computer and telecommunication techniques by the students of the Faculty of Physical Culture of Pinar del Río and other institutions.

RESUMO

El presente texto presenta un estudio sobre la conocida Toma del palacio de Justicia de Colombia por parte de la insurgencia del M-19 y la posterior retoma del Ejercito Nacional; allíse configuró una masacre que es necesario no solo recordar sino analizar luego de 30 años de haber ocurrido el hecho (6 y 7 de noviembre de 1985), que marcó la historia de Colombia.Este sangriento episodio, se constituyen en un laboratorio para entender los mecanismos que caracterizan el terrorismo de Estado a la colombiana ¿qué ocurrió realmente?

This paper presents a study on the known Storming of the Palace of Justice of Colombia by the insurgency of the M-19 and the subsequent retake of the National Army. There a massacre was set up, which is necessary to not only remember, but to analyze the fact,after 30 years of its occurrence (November 6th and 7th, 1985), which marked the history of Colombia. This bloody episode becomes a laboratory for understanding the mechanismsthat characterize the Colombian state terrorism. What was it that really happened?

Assuntos

RESUMO

Reflete sobre as contribuições dos últimos 14 anos de Didier Fassin em sua análise de questões apontadas pelo fenômeno migratório, sobretudo na França, no contexto contemporâneo. Sob sua perspectiva, torna-se fundamental compreender os usos políticos por trás do advento da 'razão humanitária' e do 'império do trauma', operadores fundamentais na sociedade atual para entender os sofrimentos causados por grandes e pequenas crises e o modo de ação das forças sociais a elas relacionadas. Retomando os conceitos foucaultianos de 'biopolítica' e 'biopoder', Fassin problematiza, criticamente, ações de ajuda e assistência aos 'indesejados' e seus modos de vida, marcados pela inscrição e desinscrição social por meio do corpo e do trauma.

This is a reflection on the contributions made over the last 14 years by Didier Fassin, in his analysis of issues raised by the phenomenon of migration in contemporary times, especially in France. He regards it as fundamental to comprehend the political uses behind the advent of 'humanitarian reason' and the 'empire of trauma', which underpin society today, in order to understand the suffering caused by large and small crises and the way social forces related to them act. Drawing on Foucault's concepts of biopolitics and biopower, Fassin makes a critical appraisal of the aid and assistance provided for society's 'unwanted' and their lifestyles, marked by social inclusion and exclusion via the body and trauma.

Assuntos