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Objetivo: Presentar dos casos clínicos inusuales de osteomielitis crónica en mandíbula, su resolución quirúrgica y destacar los aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e histológicos más relevantes. Casos clínicos: Se reportaron dos casos clínicos de pacientes con osteomielitis crónica en mandíbula que acudieron al Servicio de Odontología del Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Eva Perón". El primero fue un raro caso de osteomielitis ubicada de forma aislada en el cóndilo mandibular izquierdo. El tratamiento consistió en la resección quirúrgica del cóndilo mandibular afectado, seguido de terapia antibiótica a largo plazo. El segundo caso clínico se trató de un paciente con pericoronaritis asociado a un tercer molar inferior impactado. El tratamiento se basó en el desbridamiento quirúrgico más la colocación de drenaje, seguido de terapia antibiótica. En ambos pacientes el diagnóstico de osteomielitis se confirmó mediante el estudio histológico de las muestras quirúrgicas, y tras seguimiento de 24 y 12 meses para el caso 1 y 2 respectivamente, no se han reportado recurrencias de la patología.(AU)

Aim: To present two unusual cases of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis, its surgical resolution and highlight the most relevant clinical, radiological and histological aspects. Clinical cases: Two clinical cases of patients with chronic mandibular osteomyelitis who attended the Dentistry Service of the "Eva Perón" Interzonal General Acute Hospital were reported. The first was a rare case of osteomyelitis located isolated in the left mandibular condyle. Treatment consisted of surgical resection of the affected mandibular condyle, followed by long-term antibiotic therapy. The second clinical case was a patient with pericoronitis associated with an impacted lower third molar. Treatment was based on surgical debridement and drain placement, followed by antibiotic therapy. In both patients the diagnosis of osteomyelitis was confirmed by histological study of the surgical samples, and after follow-up of 24 and 12 months for cases 1 and 2 respectively, no recurrences of the pathology have been reported.(AU)

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Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order that occurs in immunocompromised individuals or with loss of skin or mucosa barrier integrity. This report presents four cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis attended at a third-level hospital in Cali (Colombia) during a period of three years. All patients had different case histories and times of evolution. All four had a previous or de novo diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with glycated hemoglobin higher than 10% on admission. We ruled out other possible pathologies that could explain their immunocompromised condition. Mucormycosis diagnosis was made with direct visualization of hyaline coenocytic hyphae on biopsies. The basis of treatment was liposomal amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Two patients presented bacterial coinfection. One asked for voluntary discharge without having completed the treatment, and another one died. The remaining two have attended controls and had an adequate evolution.

La mucormicosis es una infección fúngica poco frecuente causada por hongos del orden Mucorales, la cual se presenta en individuos inmunocomprometidos o con pérdida de la integridad de la barrera de piel o mucosas. Se reportan cuatro casos de mucormicosis rinocerebral atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Cali (Colombia) durante un periodo de tres años. Los cuatro pacientes presentaron diferentes cuadros clínicos y tiempos de evolución. Todos tenían diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, de novo o previo, con una hemoglobina glucosilada de ingreso mayor del 10 % y en todos se descartaron otras enfermedades que explicaran su compromiso inmunitario. La mucormicosis se diagnosticó por la visualización directa de hifas hialinas sincitiales (coenocytic) en las biopsias tomadas. El pilar del tratamiento fue la anfotericina B liposómica junto con el desbridamiento quirúrgico. Dos pacientes presentaron coinfección bacteriana. De los cuatro, uno firmó su egreso voluntario sin completar el tratamiento y otro falleció. Los dos pacientes restantes han asistido a los controles y han mostrado una adecuada evolución.

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Introducción. Una de las patologías más frecuentes del pericardio es la pericarditis, que puede presentarse como pericarditis aguda, subaguda o crónica, derrame pericárdico, taponamiento cardíaco o pericarditis constrictiva. Sin embargo, es una condición infrecuente en la población pediátrica. Métodos. Presentamos una serie de casos de pacientes con pericarditis que fueron llevados a pericardiotomía, drenaje pericárdico y pericardiectomía parcial anterior, entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2023. Se recolectaron las variables demográficas y clínicas, se evaluaron los aislamientos microbiológicos y el manejo recibido. Resultados. Un total de 12 pacientes fueron llevados a manejo quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo; de estos, 58 % pertenecían a comunidades indígenas y residían en zonas rurales. La mitad tenían neumonía asociada. En la mayoría de los casos no se obtuvo aislamiento microbiológico. Conclusión. La necesidad de manejo quirúrgico está determinada por la repercusión en las variables hemodinámicas relacionadas con el derrame y el compromiso pericárdico. La pericardiectomía parcial por toracoscopia es una alternativa en estos casos.

Introduction. One of the most common pathologies of the pericardium is pericarditis, which can present as acute, subacute or chronic pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. However, it is a rare condition in the pediatric population. Methods. A series of cases of patients with pericarditis who were taken to pericardiotomy, pericardial drainage and anterior partial pericardiectomy, between July 2014 and June 2023 is presented. Demographic and clinical variables were collected, microbiological isolates and the management received were evaluated. Results. A total of 12 patients underwent minimally invasive surgical management; of these, 58% belonged to indigenous communities and lived in rural areas. Half had associated pneumonia. In most cases, no microbiological isolation was obtained. Conclusion. The need for surgical management is determined by the impact on the hemodynamic variables related to the effusion and pericardial compromise. Partial pericardiectomy by thoracoscopy is an alternative in these cases.

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Despite a growing interest in the gut microbiome of non-industrialized countries, data linking deeply sequenced microbiomes from such settings to diverse host phenotypes and situational factors remain uncommon. Using metagenomic data from a community-based cohort of 1,871 people from 19 isolated villages in the Mesoamerican highlands of western Honduras, we report associations between bacterial species and human phenotypes and factors. Among them, socioeconomic factors account for 51.44% of the total associations. Meta-analysis of species-level profiles across several datasets identified several species associated with body mass index, consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, the inclusion of strain-phylogenetic information modifies the overall relationship between the gut microbiome and the phenotypes, especially for some factors like household wealth (e.g., wealthier individuals harbor different strains of Eubacterium rectale). Our analysis suggests a role that gut microbiome surveillance can play in understanding broad features of individual and public health.

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OBJECTIVES: Identifying key barriers to accessing quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials among forcibly displaced persons in Uganda, Yemen and Colombia and investigating their (1) utilisation patterns of antibiotics, (2) knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and (3) perception of the quality of antimicrobials received. DESIGN: Pilot cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Data were collected from five health facilities in the Kiryandongo refugee settlement (Bweyale, Uganda), three camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Dar Sad district (Aden, Yemen) and a district with a high population of Venezuelan migrants (Kennedy district, Bogotá, Colombia). Data collection took place between February and May 2021. The three countries were selected due to their high number of displaced people in their respective continents. PARTICIPANTS: South Sudanese refugees in Uganda, IDPs in Yemen and Venezuelan migrants in Colombia. OUTCOME MEASURE: The most common barriers to access to quality-assured and affordable antimicrobials. RESULTS: A total of 136 participants were enrolled in this study. Obtaining antimicrobials through informal pathways, either without a doctor's prescription or through family and friends, was common in Yemen (27/50, 54.0%) and Colombia (34/50, 68.0%). In Yemen and Uganda, respondents used antibiotics to treat (58/86, 67.4%) and prevent (39/86, 45.3%) a cold. Knowledge of AMR was generally low (24/136, 17.6%). Barriers to access included financial constraints in Colombia and Uganda, prescription requirements in Yemen and Colombia, and non-availability of drugs in Uganda and Yemen. CONCLUSION: Our multicentred research identified common barriers to accessing quality antimicrobials among refugees/IDPs/migrants and common use of informal pathways. The results suggest that knowledge gaps about AMR may lead to potential misuse of antimicrobials. Due to the study's small sample size and use of non-probability sampling, the results should be interpreted with caution, and larger-scale assessments on this topic are needed. Future interventions designed for similar humanitarian settings should consider the interlinked barriers identified.

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Estuarine and coastal ecosystems are of high economic and ecological importance, owing to their diverse communities and the disproportionate role they play in carbon cycling, particularly in carbon sequestration. Organisms inhabiting these environments must overcome strong natural fluctuations in salinity, nutrients, and turbidity, as well as numerous climate change-induced disturbances such as land loss, sea level rise, and, in some locations, increasingly severe tropical cyclones that threaten to disrupt future ecosystem health. The northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) along the Louisiana coast contains dozens of estuaries, including the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River outflow, which dramatically influence the region due to their vast upstream watershed. Nevertheless, the microbiology of these estuaries and surrounding coastal environments has received little attention. To improve our understanding of microbial ecology in the understudied coastal nGoM, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene amplicon survey at eight sites and multiple time points along the Louisiana coast and one inland swamp spanning freshwater to high brackish salinities, totaling 47 duplicated Sterivex (0.2-2.7 µm) and prefilter (>2.7 µm) samples. We cataloged over 13,000 Amplicon Sequence ariants (ASVs) from common freshwater and marine clades such as SAR11 (Alphaproteobacteria), Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria), and acI and Candidatus Actinomarina (Actinobacteria). We observed correlations with freshwater or marine habitats in many organisms and characterized a group of taxa with specialized distributions across brackish water sites, supporting the hypothesis of an endogenous brackish-water community. Additionally, we observed brackish-water associations for several aquatic clades typically considered marine or freshwater taxa, such as SAR11 subclade II, SAR324, and the acI Actinobacteria. The data presented here expand the geographic coverage of microbial ecology in estuarine communities, help delineate the native and transitory members of these environments, and provide critical aquatic microbiological baseline data for coastal and estuarine sites in the nGoM.IMPORTANCEEstuarine and coastal waters are diverse ecosystems influenced by tidal fluxes, interconnected wetlands, and river outflows, which are of high economic and ecological importance. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in estuaries as "first responders" and ecosystem architects, yet despite their ecological importance, they remain underrepresented in microbial studies compared to open ocean environments. This leads to substantial knowledge gaps that are important for understanding global biogeochemical cycling and making decisions about conservation and management strategies in these environments. Our study makes key contributions to the microbial ecology of estuarine and coastal habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Our microbial community data support the concept of a globally distributed, core brackish microbiome and emphasize previously underrecognized brackish-water taxa. Given the projected worsening of land loss, oil spills, and natural disasters in this region, our results will serve as important baseline data for researchers investigating the microbial communities found across estuaries.

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Objective: To evaluate the correlation between multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings and laboratory test results in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Materials and Methods: A total of 57 patients were evaluated. Patients with suspected PTB were divided into groups according to the final diagnosis (confirmed or excluded), and the groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic variables, clinical symptoms, tomography findings, and laboratory test results. Results: Among the patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PTB, small pulmonary nodules with a peribronchovascular distribution were significantly more common in the patients with a positive sputum smear microscopy result (47.4% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.046), as were a miliary pattern (36.8% vs. 0.0%; p = 0.026), septal thickening (84.2% vs. 41.7%; p = 0.021), and lymph node enlargement (52.6% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.020). Small pulmonary nodules with a centrilobular distribution were significantly more common among the culture-positive patients (75.0% vs. 35.7%; p = 0.045), as was a tree-in-bud pattern (91.7% vs. 42.9%; p = 0.014). A tree-in-bud pattern, one of the main tomography findings characteristic of PTB, had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 71.0%, 73.1%, 75.9%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion: MDCT presented reliable predictive values for the main tomography findings in the diagnosis of PTB, being a safe tool for the diagnosis of PTB in patients with clinical suspicion of the disease. It also appears to be a suitable tool for the selection of patients who are candidates for more complex, invasive examinations from among those with high clinical suspicion of PTB and a negative sputum smear microscopy result.

Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre os achados na tomografia computadorizada multidetectores (TCMD) comparativamente aos resultados laboratoriais em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar (TBP). Materiais e Métodos: Amostra de 57 pacientes foi avaliada. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de TBP foram divididos de acordo com a positividade do diagnóstico, e as variáveis sociodemográficas, sintomas clínicos e achados tomográficos e laboratoriais foram comparados. Resultados: Nos pacientes com TBP e baciloscopia positiva, foram verificadas frequências significativas para pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição peribroncovascular (47,4% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,046) e miliar (36,8% vs. 0,0%; p = 0,026), espessamento septal (84,2% vs. 41,7%; p = 0,021) e linfonodomegalias (52,6% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,020). Em relação à cultura, os pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição centrolobular (75,0% vs. 35,7%; p = 0,045) e opacidades em árvore em brotamento (91,7% vs. 42,9%; p = 0,014) apresentaram frequências significativamente superiores. Medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo para árvore em brotamento, um dos principais achados tomográficos característicos da TBP, foram, respectivamente, 71.0%, 73,1%, 75,9% e 67,9%. Conclusão: A TCMD apresentou medidas preditivas confiáveis para os principais achados tomográficos no diagnóstico de TBP, sendo uma ferramenta segura para o diagnóstico da doença em pacientes com suspeita clínica. Também se mostrou adequada para selecionar os pacientes para exames mais complexos e invasivos entre os com alta suspeita clínica de TBP e baciloscopia negativa.

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AIM: To compare the subgingival microbiota of patients receiving supportive periodontal care (SPC) with and without subgingival instrumentation, over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a randomized clinical trial that included 62 participants (50.97 ± 9.26 years old; 40 females) who completed non-surgical periodontal therapy. Participants were randomly assigned to receive oral prophylaxis with oral hygiene instructions alone (test) or in combination with subgingival instrumentation (control) during SPC. Pooled subgingival biofilm samples were obtained from four sites per patient at SPC baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for absolute quantification of Eubacteria and the target bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Data were analysed using generalized estimating equations, taking into consideration the clustering of observations within individuals. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the experimental groups regarding the mean counts of Eubacteria and target bacteria, as well as the periodontal parameters at the sampled sites. Although significant variability in bacterial counts was present during SPC, all counts after 2 years were not statistically different from those at baseline. Bacterial counts were associated with the presence of plaque, bleeding on probing, mean probing depth ≥3 mm, and follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: SPC with or without subgingival instrumentation can result in comparable subgingival microbiological outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01598155 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01598155?intr=supragingival%20control&rank=4#study-record-dates).

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As falhas na higienização em um estabelecimento de alimentos podem refletir em problemas causando a contaminação ou deterioração do produto produzido. Esta pesquisa foi motivada por reclamações de consumidores informando que os queijos apresentaram fungos, mesmo estando dentro do prazo de validade e por solicitação do Serviço de Inspeção Municipal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a contaminação ambiental em uma agroindústria da agricultura familiar produtora de queijo colonial no Sudoeste Paranaense. Foram realizadas a contagem para aeróbios mesófilos em equipamentos e superfícies que entram em contato com o alimento e análise microbiológica ambiental de bolores e leveduras na sala de secagem dos queijos. A coleta foi realizada com método de esfregaço de suabe estéril para aeróbios mesófilos e semeadas em placas de Petri com Ágar Padrão de Contagem. Para a coleta ambiental foram expostas placas de Petri com ágar Saboraund durante 15 minutos. Os resultados demonstraram ausência de contaminação nas superfícies, mas foram encontrados bolores e leveduras de forma acentuada na sala de secagem dos queijos, o que pode contribuir para a deterioração do produto, diminuindo sua validade. Para minimizar as perdas por contaminação é necessário que o processo de higienização dos ambientes seja realizado de forma eficiente.

Failures in hygiene in a food establishment can result in problems causing contamination or deterioration of the product produced. This research was motivated by complaints from consumers reporting that the cheeses had mold, even though they were within their expiration date and at the request of the Municipal Inspection Service. This research was to evaluate environmental contamination in an agroindustry in the family farm producing colonial cheese in Southwest Paraná. For the microbiological assessment of environmental contamination, counting for mesophilic aerobes was carried out on equipment and surfaces that come into contact with food and, environmental microbiological analysis of molds and yeast in the cheese drying room. The collection was carried out using the sterile swab smear for mesophilic aerobes and seeded in Petri dishes with Counting Standard Agar. For environmental collection, sheets of Petri with Saboraund agar for 15 minutes. The results demonstrated absence of contamination on surfaces. But the presence of molds and yeasts in the drying room cheeses, which can contribute to the deterioration of the product and thus reduce the validity. To minimize losses due to contamination, it is It is necessary that the process of cleaning and disinfecting environments is carried out efficiently.

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The past decade has seen growing awareness of the challenges faced by LGBTQIA+ scientists, including discrimination in the workplace and the lack of representation. Initiatives such as 500 Queer Scientists, Pride in STEM and the Microbiology Society's LGBTQIA+ events have been instrumental in promoting inclusivity in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM). The Microbiology Society and its members have played a pivotal role in these efforts and summarized here are their initiatives towards safer and more inclusive scientific and research environments. Starting with a series of interviews and blog posts about the experiences of LGBTQIA+ microbiologists in research, the Society has promoted the organization of networking and social events and developed guidelines for creating more inclusive scientific conferences. These initiatives have not only improved the representation and visibility of LGBTQIA+ individuals in microbiology, but have also served as a blueprint for similar efforts in other scientific areas. Nevertheless, despite improvements in some areas, full inclusion of LGBTQIA+ scientists is still hindered by societal and institutional policies around the world. Here, we propose novel measures to support and empower LGBTQIA+ microbiological communities within learned societies.

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