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Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer la interrelación entre la percepción de los climas empowering y disempowering generados por los entrenadores (nivel equipo) con la satisfacción y frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y estas, a su vez, con las intenciones de continuar y abandonar la práctica deportiva (nivel individual) en jóvenes deportistas. Método: Participaron 251 deportistas mexicanos (M = 13.22, DT = 1.28) pertenecientes a 19 equipos. Se les aplicó una batería de cuestionarios para la recolección de datos y se realizó un análisis multinivel de ecuaciones estructuradas. Resultados: El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales reveló asociaciones positivas entre las percepciones de climas empowering desde una perspectiva grupal sobre la satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de continuar la práctica deportiva desde una perspectiva individual, así como entre las percepciones de un clima disempowering sobre la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de abandono. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren en un nivel aplicado que el clima empowering actúa como catalizador del bienestar psicológico y como protector de la aparición de frustración, mientras que el clima disempowering facilita el desarrollo de respuestas psicológicas desadaptativas en el deporte.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this work is to know the interrelation between the perception of empowering and disempowering climates generated by coaches (team level) with basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, and these in turn, with the intentions to continue and abandon sports practice (individual level) in young athletes. Method: 251 Mexican athletes participated (M = 13. 22, SD = 1.28) belonging to 19 teams. A battery of questionnaires was applied for data collection and a multilevel structured equation analysis was performed. Results: The structural equation model revealed positive associations between perceptions of empowering climates from a group perspective on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to continue practicing sports from an individual perspective; as well as between perceptions of a disempowering climate on the frustration of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to drop out. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest at an applied level that the empowering climate acts as a catalyst of psychological well-being and as a protector against the occurrence of frustration, while the disempowering climate facilitates the development of maladaptive psychological responses in sport.

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In sports context, the motivational climate has been widely studied since 2000, when the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sports Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) was published. Evaluating athletes' perceptions of the motivational climate created by the coach, this questionnaire has been validated and adapted for different countries, including Brazil. However, important psychometric properties of the Brazilian version present problems, such as poor fit indices and the almost exclusively male samples, make it unfeasible for use in future research. Thus, this study aimed to achieve a new process of cross-cultural adaptation, and search for validity evidence of the PMCSQ-2 for the Brazilian sports context to correct distortions, expand the sources of evidence of validity and ecological validity, and make it suitable for application in future research. The sample consisted of 501 athletes (349 males, 152 females) from different sports. The findings of the current study support the multidimensional hierarchical characteristic of the instrument, its factorial structure, and internal consistency. We concluded that the 33-item PMCSQ-2BR, distributed in two high-order scales (ego-involving and task-involving) with three subscales each, can be used to assess athletes' perceived motivational climate in the Brazilian sports context.

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Based on the conceptual model of multidimensional and hierarchical motivational climate the objective of this study was to test two models. One model (M1) of total mediation, testing the mediating mechanisms that explain why the motivational climate affects intention of continuity or dropout. Specifically, we test the mediating role of satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation, in the relationship between the players' perception of the empowering and disempowering climate created by the coach, and the intention of young soccer players to continue/dropout the sport practice. The second model (M2) of partial mediation, contributes to knowing the mechanisms that link the antecedent variables included in the model (perceived empowering and disempowering motivational climate) and the outcomes (intention of continuity or dropout in sport). A total of 381 young male soccer players between 12 and 14 years of age (M = 12.41, SD = 0.89), completed a questionnaire package tapping into the variables of interest: players' perception of the motivational climate created by the coach (empowering and disempowering), satisfaction/thwarting of basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and the intention to continue/dropout sports participation. The hypothesized model was tested using a structural equation model technique with latent variables. The results of the partial mediation model were satisfactory (χ2= 120.92; df = 68; RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.968; TLI = 0.957) and showed that need satisfaction and self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationship between the perception of the empowering climate and the intention to continue. Moreover, need satisfaction showed a positive and significant relationship with the intention to continue sports participation. Additionally, need thwarting and self-determined motivation totally mediated the relationship between the perception of the disempowering climate and the intention to dropout. Furthermore, needs thwarting was positively and significantly related to the intention to dropout of sports participation. Findings point to the importance of fostering empowering climates and preventing the creation of disempowering climates in the grassroots football.

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In sports context, the motivational climate has been widely studied since 2000, when the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sports Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) was published. Evaluating athletes' perceptions of the motivational climate created by the coach, this questionnaire has been validated and adapted for different countries, including Brazil. However, important psychometric properties of the Brazilian version present problems, such as poor fit indices and the almost exclusively male samples, make it unfeasible for use in future research. Thus, this study aimed to achieve a new process of cross-cultural adaptation, and search for validity evidence of the PMCSQ-2 for the Brazilian sports context to correct distortions, expand the sources of evidence of validity and ecological validity, and make it suitable for application in future research. The sample consisted of 501 athletes (349 males, 152 females) from different sports. The findings of the current study support the multidimensional hierarchical characteristic of the instrument, its factorial structure, and internal consistency. We concluded that the 33-item PMCSQ-2BR, distributed in two high-order scales (ego-involving and task-involving) with three subscales each, can be used to assess athletes' perceived motivational climate in the Brazilian sports context. (AU)

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The aim of the present study was to define and contrast a explicative model of the relationship between the variables of quality of life that make up the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 1641 Colombian university students aged between 17 and 18 years (17.69 + 0.490) participated in this research (61.2% males and 38.8% females) analyzing the dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life questionnaire. A model of structural equation was made and adjusted (χ2 = 118.021; DF = 6; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.953; NFI = 0.951; IFI = 0.954; RMSEA = 0.076). RESULTS: The analyzed dimensions of quality of life were related in a positive and direct way, except for the Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) with Social Acceptance (Social A.), which were associated in a negative and indirect manner. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion of this investigation is that all dimensions of quality of life associate in a positive manner with the exception of Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) which associated with Social Acceptance (Social A.). The qualities improve together, highlighting the idea that working on any of the areas that comprise quality of life will cause development of the remaining areas.

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The objective of this work was to analyze a mediation model concerning the perception of an empowering climate generated by a coach and enjoyment through the autonomous motivation of athletes. The sample consisted of 71 elite male volleyball players from six countries. The age range was 14 to 18 years (M = 16.5, SD = 0.96). The relationships between the perception of an empowering climate, autonomous motivation, and enjoyment were positive and significant. The mediation model showed that autonomous motivation acts as a mediator in the relationship between the perception of an empowering climate generated by the coach and the enjoyment reported by the athletes.

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A motivação tem sido tema central de investigação na Psicologia do Esporte porque se entende que esse fenômeno psicológico pode maximizar o desempenho de diferentes níveis de atletas. O presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: i) proceder à tradução e adaptação transcultural (equivalência semântica/conceitual e validade de conteúdo) do Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2); e, ii) verificar as suas propriedades psicométricas (consistência interna, validade fatorial,confiabilidade composta e variância extraída média) A amostra do presente estudo foi composta por 255 atletas (231 do sexo masculino e 24 do sexo feminino) de diferentes modalidades esportivas, com idades compreendidas entre 18 e 52 anos (M = 25,61 e DP = 4,98). O instrumento foi aplicado nos locais de treino dos atletas. A versão brasileira do PMCSQ-2 alcançou bons índices de validade de conteúdo, assim como, de confiabilidade e índices marginais de variância extraída média. Foi suportada a evidência de validade de constructo através dos índices de ajustamentos revelados pela Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). Conclui-se que esse instrumento pode ser utilizado em futuros estudos, para o entendimento do clima motivacional em equipes esportivas com objetivo de melhorar o desempenho de atleta de competição....(AU)

Motivation has been a central theme of research in Sport Psychology because it has been seen as a psychological phenomenon that maximizes the performance of different levels of athletes. The present study had the following objectives: i) transcultural translation and adaptation (semantic/conceptual equivalence and content validity) of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2); and (ii) to verify their psychometric properties (internal consistency, factorial validity, composite reliability and mean extracted variance). The sample consisted of 255 athletes (231 males and 24 females) of different sports ages ranging from 18 to 52 years (M = 25.61 and SD = 4.98). The instrument was applied at athletes' training locations. The Brazilian version of PMCSQ-2 achieved good fit indexes, as well as reliability and marginal indexes of mean extracted variance. Evidence of construct validity was supported through the fit indexes by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC). We conclude that this instrument can be used in future studies to understand the motivational climate in sports teams with the objective of improving the performance of athletes in competition...(AU)

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Resumen Esta investigación aborda dos objetivos: a) examinar la validez de constructo del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional 3x2 en Educación Física, y b) estudiar las relaciones entre las seis estructuras de clima motivacional y variables consecuentes. En el estudio 1 participaron 192 estudiantes de secundaria (M = 15.57 años). El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio apoyó el modelo hipotético que, comparado con 10 modelos alternativos, produjo el mejor ajuste a los datos. En el estudio 2 se reexaminó el modelo con estudiantes más jóvenes (N = 299; M = 13.14 años), y se realizaron análisis de regresión para explorar los tipos de clima motivacional como predictores de variables dependientes. Se produjeron evidencias de patrones predictivos diferenciales entre las estructuras de clima basadas en la tarea y el yo.

Abstract This research had two goals: a) examine the construct validity of the 3x2 Motivational Climate Questionnaire for Physical Education, and b) assess the relations among the six structures of motivational climate and relevant consequences. In study 1, 192 secondary students participated (M = 15.57 years). Confirmatory factorial analysis strongly supported the theoretical model. Internal consistency and validity were also satisfactory. The hypothesized model was compared with other 10 alternative models, but the first one showed the best fit to the data. In study 2, the model was re-examined with younger secondary educations students (N = 299; 145 men and 154 women; M = 13.14 years). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the different types of motivational climates as predictors of several variables.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue hallar un modelo de predicción de la satisfacción y diversión hacia la Educación Física partiendo del clima de aprendizaje y teniendo en cuenta el apoyo a la autonomía del profesorado y la propia percepción de autonomía del alumnado. Se utilizó una muestra de 758 alumnos de secundaria con edades entre 13 y 18 años. Se aplicó a los participantes de la investigación, la versión española adaptada a la educación física, de los siguientes instrumentos: Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire, Learning Climate Questionnaire, Sport Satisfaction Instrument y el factor autonomía del Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. Los resultados señalaron que el clima motivacional implicado en el aprendizaje predecía positivamente el apoyo a la autonomía por parte del profesor y esta predecía la propia percepción de autonomía del alumno. Asimismo, la percepción de autonomía predijo positivamente la satisfacción/diversión y negativamente el aburrimiento en las clases. Como conclusión, los docentes deben favorecer un clima de aprendizaje que apoye la autonomía y favorezca la percepción de esta en el alumno para conseguir que se diviertan en las clases de Educación Física.

The aim of this work was to find a model to predict satisfaction and fun to the physical education based on learning climate and considering supporting to the autonomy of teachers and the perception of autonomy of students. A sample of 758 secondary school students aged between 13 and 18 was used. The following instruments were used: the Spanish version adapted to Physical Education of Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire, Learning Climate Questionnaire, Sport Satisfaction Instrument and autonomy factor in Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. The results showed that learning motivational climate positively predicted perceived autonomy support on the teacher part and this predicted the self perception of autonomy on the part of students. In the same way, the perceived autonomy positively predicted satisfaction/fun and negatively boredom in class. In conclusion, teachers should foster a learning climate that supports and promotes the autonomy perceived autonomy in students for them to have fun in physical education classes.

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This study was conducted to analyze the relationships hypothesized by the Achievement Goal Theory in predicting adherence to exercise. The study participants were 405 individuals exercising in fitness centers with a mean age of 35 years (SD = 17) and 183 individuals exercising with personal trainers with a mean age of 43 years (SD = 16), that answered the Portuguese versions of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure and Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. The hypothesized structural equation model showed that the mastery motivational climate had a positive impact on task orientation goals, which in turn had a positive impact on exercise adherence. However, performance motivational climate had a positive impact on ego orientation goals, which in turn had a negative impact on exercise adherence...

"Clima motivacional, orientação para a meta e exercício adesão em academias de ginástica e contextos de formação pessoal." Este estudo analisou as relações hipotetizadas pela Teoria dos Objetivos de Realização na predição da adesão ao exercício. Participaram neste estudo 405 praticantes de academia (240 femininos, 165 masculinos), com uma média de idades de 35 anos (DP = 17) e 183 de personal training (142 femininos, 41 masculinos), com uma média de idades de 43 anos (DP = 16), que responderam às versões Portuguesas do Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure e Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. O modelo de equações estruturais demonstra que o clima motivacional para a mestria teve um impacto positivo sobre a orientação dos objetivos para a tarefa, que por sua vez teve um impacto positivo sobre a adesão ao exercício. Por outro lado, o clima motivacional para a performance teve um impacto positivo sobre a orientação dos objetivos para o ego, que por sua vez teve um impacto negativo sobre a adesão ao exercício...

"Clima motivacional, la orientación de meta y la adherencia al ejercicio en gimnasios y contextos de entrenamiento personal." Este estudio analizó las relaciones hipotetizadas por la Teoría de los Objetivos de Realización en la predicción de la adhesión al ejercicio. En este estudio participaron 405 practicantes de academia (240 femeninos, 165 masculinos), con una edad media de 35 años (DP = 17) y 183 de personal training (142 femeninos, 41 masculinos), con una edad media de 43 años (DP = 16), que respondieron a las versiones portuguesas de Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure y Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales demuestra que el clima motivacional para la maestría tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la orientación de los objetivos para la tarea que, a su vez, tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la adhesión al ejercicio. Por otro lado, el clima motivacional para la performance tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la orientación de los objetivos para el ego que, a su vez, tuvo un impacto negativo sobre la adhesión al ejercicio....

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