RESUMO
Our research focuses on demonstrating the existence of cryptic species named under Biblis aganisa Boisduval. We used COI sequences to delimit Biblis species for Mexico using species delimitation analyses and examined phylogenetic relationships with sequences from Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina, USA, and Guana Island using a Bayesian inference tree. We performed a discriminant analysis with quantitative traits using female and male wing and genitalia, and a tree of maximum parsimony based on 39 qualitative characters of wings, head, and male genitalia. The results were congruent in the three analyses. Three groups were formed based on DNA, ECO 01 + DHJ02, ECO 02 + DHJ01, and ECO 03. The characters that contributed over 50% separation were for wings: wing length, anal margin length, and distance from the band to the outer margin; for male genitalia, angle of the integument, uncus, and the length of the hypandrium, while for females, it was the angle of the anteapophysis and the length of the abdomen. For the analysis of qualitative characters, a tree of maximum parsimony was obtained where 20 characters were informative. We confirmed the existence of three cryptic Biblis species in Mexico, two not yet described, and one corresponding to B. aganisa (ECO 02), which is sympatric in Oaxaca and Sinaloa (ECO 03) and in the Yucatan Peninsula (ECO 01).
Assuntos
Borboletas , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Feminino , Masculino , México , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: The evolution of pathogenic mechanisms is a major challenge, which requires a thorough comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships of pathogens. Peronosporaleans encompasses a heterogeneous group of oomycetes that includes some animal/human pathogens, like Pythium insidiosum. OBJECTIVE: We analysed here the phylogenetic positioning and other evolutionary aspects related to this species and other peronosporaleans, using a multi-locus approach with one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. METHODOLOGY: Phylogenetic patterns of 55 oomycetes were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, and a relaxed molecular clock method was applied to infer the divergence time of some peronosporaleans branches. RESULTS: Pythium insidiosum was monophyletic with a major and polytomous clade of American isolates; however, Pythium spp. was found to be paraphyletic with Phytopythium sp. and Phytophthora spp. In general, peronosporaleans subdivided into four lineages, one of which evidenced a close relationship of P insidiosum, P aphanidermatum and P arrhenomanes. This lineage diverged about 63 million years ago (Mya), whereas P insidiosum diversified at approximately 24 Mya. The divergence of American and Thai isolates seems to have occurred at approximately 17 Mya, with further American diversification at 2.4 Mya. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of P insidiosum regarding other peronosporaleans in a multi-locus perspective, despite previous claims that phylogenomic analyses are needed to accurately infer the patterns and processes related to the evolution of different lineages in this group. Additionally, this is the first time that a molecular clock was applied to study the evolution of P insidiosum.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Oomicetos/classificação , Filogenia , Pythium , Animais , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Genes Mitocondriais , Phytophthora/classificação , Pythium/classificação , Pythium/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic.(AU)
O peixe-borboleta listrado, Chaetodon striatus, possui a maior distribuição geográfica dentre as quatro espécies de peixes-borboleta do gênero Chaetodon presentes no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental, abrangendo 44° de latitude (entre Massachusetts, EUA até o sul do Brasil). A ecologia alimentar desta espécie é bastante conhecida, considerando a ampla distribuição, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a filogeografia e como as barreiras biogeográficas estruturam as populações. Para acessar a conectividade genética entre as populações de diferentes províncias biogeográficas e diferentes condições ambientais, foram coletadas amostras de sete localidades: Porto Rico, no Caribe, e Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Ilha da Trindade, Arraial do Cabo e Florianópolis, no Brasil. Foram sequenciados um gene nuclear (rag 2) e dois genes mitocondriais (região controle e cit B). Para todas as populações, foi identificada uma expansão populacional recente, em torno de 30-120 mil anos atrás. A análise de rede de haplótipos sugere que o Caribe serviu como refúgio antes desta expansão populacional. Os resultados indicam que não há padrão geográfico de diversidade genética. Apesar da existência de barreiras oceanográficas e diferenças na constituição dos recifes (rochosos e coralíneos), não foi encontrada estruturação populacional. Também, não encontramos padrão na direção de migração entre as populações. Os resultados sugerem que C. striatus apresenta plasticidade ecológica, uma vez que não há diferenciação genética entre as populações que habitam ecossistemas tão diferentes ao longo da ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Filogeografia , Filogeografia/métodos , Peixes/genética , Genes MitocondriaisRESUMO
Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic.(AU)
O peixe-borboleta listrado, Chaetodon striatus, possui a maior distribuição geográfica dentre as quatro espécies de peixes-borboleta do gênero Chaetodon presentes no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental, abrangendo 44° de latitude (entre Massachusetts, EUA até o sul do Brasil). A ecologia alimentar desta espécie é bastante conhecida, considerando a ampla distribuição, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a filogeografia e como as barreiras biogeográficas estruturam as populações. Para acessar a conectividade genética entre as populações de diferentes províncias biogeográficas e diferentes condições ambientais, foram coletadas amostras de sete localidades: Porto Rico, no Caribe, e Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Ilha da Trindade, Arraial do Cabo e Florianópolis, no Brasil. Foram sequenciados um gene nuclear (rag 2) e dois genes mitocondriais (região controle e cit B). Para todas as populações, foi identificada uma expansão populacional recente, em torno de 30-120 mil anos atrás. A análise de rede de haplótipos sugere que o Caribe serviu como refúgio antes desta expansão populacional. Os resultados indicam que não há padrão geográfico de diversidade genética. Apesar da existência de barreiras oceanográficas e diferenças na constituição dos recifes (rochosos e coralíneos), não foi encontrada estruturação populacional. Também, não encontramos padrão na direção de migração entre as populações. Os resultados sugerem que C. striatus apresenta plasticidade ecológica, uma vez que não há diferenciação genética entre as populações que habitam ecossistemas tão diferentes ao longo da ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Filogeografia , Filogeografia/métodos , Peixes/genética , Genes MitocondriaisRESUMO
Heliothrips longisensibilis sp. n. is described from the tropical regions of southern China, Yunnan and Hainan, based on morphology and data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. However, specimens that are identical in colour and structure are reported from northern Brazil, and this is presumably the area of origin of this new species. The area of origin within South America of the Greenhouse Thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, is discussed and remains in doubt. An identification key to the four species of Heliothrips is provided.
Assuntos
Tisanópteros , Animais , Brasil , Núcleo Celular , China , MitocôndriasRESUMO
Avian haemosporidian parasites are particularly diverse and widespread. To date, more than 3,000 distinct cytochrome b lineages have been recorded, of which some present extremely wide geographical distributions, even including multiple continents. Whether these isolates represent one or several cryptic species remains unknown. Here we carried out a case study of SISKIN1, a common haemosporidian parasite lineage belonging to the morphologically described species Haemoproteus tartakovskyi. To shed light on its evolutionary origin, we investigated the divergence between SISKIN1 isolates obtained from siskins and redpolls in Europe (Russia and Sweden) and house finches in North America (Mexico). First, we used sequence capture of a small data set (2 Russian isolates and 1 Mexican isolate) to investigate the genetic structure based on the full-length mitochondrial genome and â¼1,000 genes. The mitochondrial genomes of Russian isolates were identical with each other but differed from the Mexican one at 6 positions. The nuclear divergence between Russian and Mexican isolates was on average 2.8%, close to what has been observed between 2 species of malaria parasites that respectively infect humans (Plasmodium falciparum) and gorillas (Plasmodium praefalciparum). Second, we used the expanded data set (15 samples in total) to investigate the genetic structure in 3 genes known to be involved in host invasion. The European isolates were identical across all sequenced genes, whereas the Mexican isolates were highly diverse. The lack of shared alleles between European and Mexican populations suggests that they might have diverged in isolation without gene flow. From the MalAvi database we examined the lineages most similar to the SISKIN1 barcode fragment (part of the cyt b gene) and found that most of them had been recorded in North and South America. This suggests that the lineage SISKIN1 originated in North America and subsequently spread to Europe. Our analyses support that the cyt b gene barcoding region is a useful marker for identification of avian haemosporidian lineages that can classify them into clusters of closely related parasites, but to further investigate species limits and evolutionary history, molecular data from multiple faster-evolving genes are required.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Citocromos b/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Haemosporida/classificação , Passeriformes/parasitologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Doenças das Aves/transmissão , Dípteros/parasitologia , Tentilhões/parasitologia , Haemosporida/genética , Haemosporida/isolamento & purificação , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , México , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/transmissão , Federação Russa , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , SuéciaRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), is a significant global public health concern. Echinococcus granulosus s. l. is currently divided into numerous genotypes (G1-G8 and G10) of which G1-G3 are the most frequently implicated genotypes in human infections. Although it has been suggested that G1-G3 could be regarded as a distinct species E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), the evidence to support this is inconclusive. Most importantly, data from nuclear DNA that provide means to investigate the exchange of genetic material between G1-G3 is lacking as none of the published nuclear DNA studies have explicitly included G2 or G3. Moreover, the commonly used relatively short mtDNA sequences, including the complete cox1 gene, have not allowed unequivocal differentiation of genotypes G1-G3. Therefore, significantly longer mtDNA sequences are required to distinguish these genotypes with confidence. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relations and taxonomy of genotypes G1-G3 using sequences of nearly complete mitogenomes (11,443bp) and three nuclear loci (2984bp). A total of 23 G1-G3 samples were analysed, originating from 5 intermediate host species in 10 countries. The mtDNA data demonstrate that genotypes G1 and G3 are distinct mitochondrial genotypes (separated by 37 mutations), whereas G2 is not a separate genotype or even a monophyletic cluster, but belongs to G3. Nuclear data revealed no genetic separation of G1 and G3, suggesting that these genotypes form a single species due to ongoing gene flow. We conclude that: (a) in the taxonomic sense, genotypes G1 and G3 can be treated as a single species E. granulosus s. s.; (b) genotypes G1 and G3 should be regarded as distinct genotypes only in the context of mitochondrial data; (c) we recommend excluding G2 from the genotype list.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/genética , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Echinococcus granulosus/classificação , Mitocôndrias/genética , África do Norte , Animais , Ásia , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Echinococcus granulosus/metabolismo , Europa (Continente) , Genoma Mitocondrial , Genótipo , Humanos , Filogenia , Filogeografia , América do Sul , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
Monitoring of the interspecific hybrid production and trade is essential for the appropriate management of these animals in fish farms. The identification of catfish hybrids by morphological analysis is unreliable, particularly of juveniles and post-F1 individuals. Therefore, in the present study, we used five molecular markers (four nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene) to detect hybrids in the trade of pimelodid juvenile fish from different stocks purchased of five seed producers in Brazil. Samples commercialized as pintado (pure species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans ) from three fish farms were genetically identified as hybrid cachapinta ( P. reticulatum x P. corruscans ). In the stocks purchased as cachandiá (hybrid between P. reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus ) and cachapira (hybrid between P. reticulatum x Phractocephalus hemioliopterus ), we suggested the occurrence of intergenus crosses involving the hybrid cachapinta, which was used instead of the pure species P. reticulatum . The problems involving the hybrid cachapinta production were discussed in the present study, especially because these animals have caused genetic contamination and threatened the genetic integrity of natural and cultivated populations. In order to improve the surveillance of the production and provide criteria for the correct management of catfish hybrids, genetic markers has become an excellent alternative to the morphological identification, including juveniles or post-F1 generations.(AU)
O monitoramento da produção e comércio de híbridos interespecíficos é essencial para o manejo adequado desses animais em pisciculturas. A identificação de híbridos de bagres por análise morfológica não é confiável, especialmente de juvenis e indivíduos pós-F1. Portanto, no presente estudo, cinco marcadores moleculares (quatro genes nucleares e um gene mitocondrial) foram utilizados para detectar híbridos no comércio de juvenis pimelodídeos de diferentes estoques, comprados de cinco produtores de alevinos no Brasil. As amostras comercializadas como pintado (espécie pura Pseudoplatystoma corruscans ) foram geneticamente identificadas como híbrido cachapinta ( P. reticulatum x P. corruscans ). Nos estoques comprados como cachandiá (híbrido entre P. reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus ) e cachapira (híbrido entre P. reticulatum x Phractocephalus hemioliopterus ), sugere-se a ocorrência de cruzamentos intergêneros envolvendo o híbrido cachapinta, que foi usado ao invés da espécie pura P. reticulatum . Os problemas envolvendo a produção de cachapinta foram discutidos no presente estudo, especialmente porque estes animais têm causado contaminação genética e ameaçado a integridade genética das populações naturais e cultivadas. Com o intuito de melhorar a fiscalização da produção e fornecer critérios para o manejo correto dos híbridos de bagre, marcadores genéticos têm se tornado uma excelente alternativa para a identificação morfológica, incluindo juvenis ou gerações pós-F1.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes-Gato/genética , Pesqueiros/análise , Marcadores Genéticos/genéticaRESUMO
Monitoring of the interspecific hybrid production and trade is essential for the appropriate management of these animals in fish farms. The identification of catfish hybrids by morphological analysis is unreliable, particularly of juveniles and post-F1 individuals. Therefore, in the present study, we used five molecular markers (four nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene) to detect hybrids in the trade of pimelodid juvenile fish from different stocks purchased of five seed producers in Brazil. Samples commercialized as pintado (pure species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans ) from three fish farms were genetically identified as hybrid cachapinta ( P. reticulatum x P. corruscans ). In the stocks purchased as cachandiá (hybrid between P. reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus ) and cachapira (hybrid between P. reticulatum x Phractocephalus hemioliopterus ), we suggested the occurrence of intergenus crosses involving the hybrid cachapinta, which was used instead of the pure species P. reticulatum . The problems involving the hybrid cachapinta production were discussed in the present study, especially because these animals have caused genetic contamination and threatened the genetic integrity of natural and cultivated populations. In order to improve the surveillance of the production and provide criteria for the correct management of catfish hybrids, genetic markers has become an excellent alternative to the morphological identification, including juveniles or post-F1 generations.
O monitoramento da produção e comércio de híbridos interespecíficos é essencial para o manejo adequado desses animais em pisciculturas. A identificação de híbridos de bagres por análise morfológica não é confiável, especialmente de juvenis e indivíduos pós-F1. Portanto, no presente estudo, cinco marcadores moleculares (quatro genes nucleares e um gene mitocondrial) foram utilizados para detectar híbridos no comércio de juvenis pimelodídeos de diferentes estoques, comprados de cinco produtores de alevinos no Brasil. As amostras comercializadas como pintado (espécie pura Pseudoplatystoma corruscans ) foram geneticamente identificadas como híbrido cachapinta ( P. reticulatum x P. corruscans ). Nos estoques comprados como cachandiá (híbrido entre P. reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus ) e cachapira (híbrido entre P. reticulatum x Phractocephalus hemioliopterus ), sugere-se a ocorrência de cruzamentos intergêneros envolvendo o híbrido cachapinta, que foi usado ao invés da espécie pura P. reticulatum . Os problemas envolvendo a produção de cachapinta foram discutidos no presente estudo, especialmente porque estes animais têm causado contaminação genética e ameaçado a integridade genética das populações naturais e cultivadas. Com o intuito de melhorar a fiscalização da produção e fornecer critérios para o manejo correto dos híbridos de bagre, marcadores genéticos têm se tornado uma excelente alternativa para a identificação morfológica, incluindo juvenis ou gerações pós-F1.