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OBJECTIVE: To compare the oncological results and the functional outcomes of patients undergoing Total Laryngectomy (TL) with the non-surgical treatment (organ preservation protocol) in the treatment of advanced laryngeal carcinomas through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A literature survey strategy was employed in order to perform a systematic review of the available evidence. Success rate and functional outomes after oncological treatment of patients with advanced laryngeal carcinomas was evaluated through systematic review and metanalysis, comparing TL and organ preservation protocol. RESULTS: The surgical treatment was associated with better survival outcomes. When stratifying by T stage, while patients with T4 staging have less risk of mortality with TL, there is no difference between the different treatments for patients with T3 tumors. Surgery is related to a lower chance of recurrence, late dysphagia and feeding tube dependence. CONCLUSION: Patients with T4 tumors should undergo TL as their treatment of choice. For patients with T3 tumors, there is no differences on the risk of mortality according to the therapeutic option, however, there is a greater chance of recurrence and dysphagia when surgery is not performed.

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Watch-and-wait has emerged as a new strategy for the management of rectal cancer when a complete clinical response is achieved after neoadjuvant therapy. In an attempt to standardize this new clinical approach, initiated by the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors (TTD), and with the participation of the Spanish Association of Coloproctology (AECP), the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP), the Spanish Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (SEED), the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR), and the Spanish Society of Medical Radiology (SERAM), we present herein a consensus on a watch-and-wait approach for the management of rectal cancer. We have focused on patient selection, the treatment schemes evaluated, the optimal timing for evaluating the clinical complete response, the oncologic outcomes after the implementation of this strategy, and a protocol for surveillance of these patients.

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Abstract Objective To compare the oncological results and the functional outcomes of patients undergoing Total Laryngectomy (TL) with the non-surgical treatment (organ preservation protocol) in the treatment of advanced laryngeal carcinomas through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods A literature survey strategy was employed in order to perform a systematic review of the available evidence. Success rate and functional outomes after oncological treatment of patients with advanced laryngeal carcinomas was evaluated through systematic review and metanalysis, comparing TL and organ preservation protocol. Results The surgical treatment was associated with better survival outcomes. When stratifying by T stage, while patients with T4 staging have less risk of mortality with TL, there is no difference between the different treatments for patients with T3 tumors. Surgery is related to a lower chance of recurrence, late dysphagia and feeding tube dependence. Conclusion Patients with T4 tumors should undergo TL as their treatment of choice. For patients with T3 tumors, there is no differences on the risk of mortality according to the therapeutic option, however, there is a greater chance of recurrence and dysphagia when surgery is not performed.

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BACKGROUND: Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) constitutes a tool with great research potential due to its advantages over in vivo and in vitro models. Despite its important contribution to lung reconditioning, this technique has the disadvantage of incurring high costs and can induce pulmonary endothelial injury through perfusion and ventilation. The pulmonary endothelium is made up of endothelial glycocalyx (EG), a coating of proteoglycans (PG) on the luminal surface. PGs are glycoproteins linked to terminal sialic acids (Sia) that can affect homeostasis with responses leading to edema formation. This study evaluated the effect of two ex vivo perfusion solutions on lung function and endothelial injury. METHODS: We divided ten landrace swine into two groups and subjected them to EVLP for 120 min: Group I (n = 5) was perfused with Steen® solution, and Group II (n = 5) was perfused with low-potassium dextran-albumin solution. Ventilatory mechanics, histology, gravimetry, and sialic acid concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS: Both groups showed changes in pulmonary vascular resistance and ventilatory mechanics (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). In addition, the lung injury severity score was better in Group I than in Group II (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U); and both groups exhibited a significant increase in Sia concentrations in the perfusate (p < 0.05 t-Student) and Sia immunohistochemical expression. CONCLUSIONS: Sia, as a product of EG disruption during EVLP, was found in all samples obtained in the system; however, the changes in its concentration showed no apparent correlation with lung function.

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Primary penile lymphomas are extremely rare. They are aggressive neoplasms that can present as double-or triple-hit lymphomas, and because the associate with a high risk of central nervous system dissemination, treatment consists of high-dose chemotherapy regimens plus intrathecal prophylaxis. Pathology can be confused with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, leading to inappropriate treatments and unnecessary amputations. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with clinical Stage IV penile non-Hodgkin lymphoma that was treated with a complete and durable response. In addition, we review the available literature on penile lymphoma.

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The American Transplant Congress 2022, which took place between June 4th and June 8th of 2022, was a hybrid meeting with in-person attendance in Boston-MA and a real-time virtual experience via an online platform. First, we identified abstracts discussing machine perfusion preservation for all organs, a hot topic and approach that may develop into the new gold standard of organ preservation in the near future. A total of 39 abstracts on organ machine preservation were presented at the meeting. Next, we selected abstracts which focus on advances including new approaches to organ preservation, promising biomarkers, ex-situ treatment including cellular therapies, and novel research areas. Here, we summarized the latest developments on machine perfusion preservation in both experimental and clinical studies.

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BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation has been demonstrated to be the best treatment for several liver diseases, while grafts are limited. This has caused an increase in waiting lists, making it necessary to find ways to expand the number of organs available for transplantation. Normothermic perfusion (NMP) of liver grafts has been established as an alternative to static cold storage (SCS), but only a small number of perfusion machines are commercially available. METHODS: Using a customized ex situ machine perfusion, we compared the results between ex situ NMP and SCS preservation in a porcine liver transplant model. RESULTS: During NMP, lactate concentrations were 80% lower after the 3-h perfusion period, compared with SCS. Bile production had a 2.5-fold increase during the NMP period. After transplantation, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were 35% less in the NMP group, compared to the SCS group. In pathologic analyses of grafts after transplant, tissue oxidation did not change between groups, but the ischemia-reperfusion injury score was lower in the NMP group. CONCLUSION: NMP reduced hepatocellular damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury when compared to SCS using a customized perfusion machine. This could be an alternative for low-income countries to include machine perfusion in their therapeutic options.

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Tecnologia: máquina de perfusão hipotérmica. Indicação: Transplante renal de doador falecido. Pergunta: Qual a efetividade da máquina de perfusão hipotérmica (HMP) para a preservação do rim de doador falecido, quando comparada ao armazenamento estático a frio (SCS)? Objetivo. Avaliar a efetividade da máquina de perfusão hipotérmica na preservação do rim de doador falecido, em comparação com o armazenamento estático a frio. Métodos: Revisão de revisões sistemáticas (overview) do tipo revisão rápida. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados: PubMed, Embase, BVS, Epistemonikos, Cochrane Library e em bases de registro de protocolos de revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos, utilizando descritores e estratégias de busca predefinidas. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi feita através da ferramenta AMSTAR-2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2). Resultados: Duas revisões sistemáticas atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídas na análise. Uma delas apresentou alto nível de qualidade metodológica. Conclusão: O uso da HMP para a preservação de rins de doadores falecidos foi associado a melhores desfechos clínicos relacionados à função retardada e à sobrevida do enxerto e foi considerado custo-efetivo, quando comparado ao SCS. Faz-se necessária a geração de evidências mais robustas acerca dos custos e benefícios do uso desta tecnologia no âmbito do SUS

Technology: hypothermic machine perfusion. Indication: Deceased donor kidney transplantation. Question: How effective is hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) for preserving deceased donor kidneys compared to static cold storage (SCS)? Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hypothermic machine perfusion in preserving the deceased donor kidney, compared to static cold storage. Methods: Rapid review of systematic reviews (overview). A bibliographic survey was carried out in the databases: PubMed, Embase, VHL, Epistemonikos, Cochrane Library and in databases of systematic review protocols and clinical trials, using predefined descriptors and search strategies. The assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies was performed using the AMSTAR-2 tool (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews Version 2). Results: Two systematic reviews met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. One of them performed a high level of methodological quality. Conclusion: The use of HMP for the preservation of deceased donor kidneys was associated with better clinical outcomes related to delayed graft function and graft survival and was considered cost-effective. It is necessary to generate more evidence about the costs and benefits of using this technology within the Brazilian Unified System of Healthcare (SUS)

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Abstract Introduction: Lysyl oxidase-like 4 is an amine oxidase from the lysyl oxidase family that was previously shown to be overexpressed in head and neck cancer and upregulated in response to hypoxia. The possible role of lysyl oxidase-like 4 as a tumor marker in advanced stage larynx cancer was investigated. Objective: To investigate the expression of lysyl Oxidase-Like 4 protein in advanced stage laryngeal cancer and elucidate its possible role as a tumor marker, predictor of treatment response and prognosticator. Methods: Diagnostic specimens of 72 patients treated for stage III-IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated for lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was correlated with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.041) and better differentiation (p = 0.025) but was independent of tumor diameter (p = 0.456). Response to induction chemotherapy or the need for salvage laryngectomy were not affected by lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression (p = 0.999, p = 0.070 respectively). Increased lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was associated with better 2 year overall survival in both univariate (p = 0.036) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression emerges with advancing stages, is lost with worsening differentiation, and may have tumor suppressive properties in larynx cancer.

Resumo Introdução: A proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 é uma amina oxidase da família lisil oxidase cuja superexpressão em câncer de cabeça e pescoço e up-regulação em resposta à hipóxia foram previamente demonstradas. O possível papel da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 como um marcador tumoral no câncer de laringe em estágio avançado foi investigado. Objetivos: Investigar a expressão da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 no câncer de laringe em estágio avançado e elucidar seu possível papel como marcador tumoral, preditor da resposta ao tratamento e do prognóstico. Método: Amostras diagnósticas de 72 pacientes tratados para carcinoma espinocelular da laringe em estágio III-IV foram avaliadas quanto à expressão da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 por imuno-histoquímica. Resultados: A expressão de proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 foi correlacionada com o estágio avançado do tumor (p = 0,041) e melhor diferenciação (p = 0,025), mas foi independente do diâmetro do tumor (p = 0,456). A resposta à quimioterapia de indução ou a necessidade de laringectomia de resgate não foram afetadas pela expressão da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 (p = 0,999, p = 0,070 respectivamente). O aumento da expressão da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 foi associado a melhor sobrevida global de 2 anos nas análises univariada (p = 0,036) e multivariada (p = 0,014). Conclusão: A expressão da proteína tipo-lisil oxidase-4 surge com o avanço dos estágios e desaparece com pioria da diferenciação e pode ter propriedades supressoras de tumor no câncer de laringe.