RESUMO
Elasmobranchs are good indicators of marine pollution as they accumulate pollutants from water and food, and occupy different trophic levels. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorpyrifos were quantified in muscle, liver, gonads, gills, and brain in both sexes and maturity stages of the Southern Eagle Ray, Myliobatis goodei, captured in Argentine coastal waters. Moreover, possible histological alterations in the liver and gonads were analyzed. Pollutant concentrations were pervasive across all tissues, with PCBs > OCPs > chlorpyrifos. Elevated pollutant levels were notably found in the liver and gills. We identified thirty-six PCB congeners in tissues, with low-chlorine congeners prevailing. Among OCPs, ∑DDT and ∑endosulfan were predominant. Females exhibited higher pollutant levels in most tissues compared to males, except in the gonads, and adults generally displayed elevated pollutant levels. Histological analysis revealed the presence of atretic follicles and melanomacrophages (MM). Continuous monitoring of pollutant levels, alongside their effects on physiological and ecological traits, is imperative for effective management and conservation efforts.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gônadas , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Bifenilos Policlorados , Rajidae , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Clorpirifos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Feminino , Masculino , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Fígado , Brânquias , ArgentinaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in marine sediments of a natural marine protected area (NMPA), Veracruz Reef System (VRS), in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). This NMPA represents one of the first coastal sites with port activity in Mexico, which causes a range of human activities that require adequate planning so as not to impact and destroy this marine protected area; In this sense, this work represents the first effort aimed at diagnosing the presence of organochlorine contaminants in reef sediments from the mainland, both from the adjacent port area and from more distant regions with dominant agricultural activities that ultimately affect this NMPA. Content of organic matter (OM), carbonates and grain-size composition were determined to investigate their influence on compounds distribution in the sediment through multivariate analysis. The potential risk represented by organochlorines concentrations was evaluated taking as reference Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). Levels of ∑PCBs, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs and ∑Cyclodienes ranged from 11.59 to 29.79, < 0.01 to 34.11, 22.10 to 102.80, and 17.21-104.45 ng g-1 dry weight (DW), respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that the content of mud and organic matter were the parameters that might influence PCBs distribution in the sediment while OCPs could be influenced by sand and carbonate. The theoretical risk assessment estimated with the results obtained showed that concentrations of lindane, endrin, dieldrin and p,p'-DDT could have an adverse effect on the reef benthic community and continued monitoring is required. The data obtained on the organochlorine contaminants (OCs) considered in this work will contribute to support the strategies proposed by the Mexican federal government entity to continue with the conservation and surveillance of this NMPA and thereby guarantee the least impact derived mainly from port and related agricultural activities.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Praguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Golfo do México , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , DDT/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They were produced in relatively large volumes in the last century and are now subject to long-term monitoring and regulated under the United Nations Stockholm Convention (SC) on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Though restricted, human exposure is still a concern and in some regions of the globe the information on the health risk is limited. Sixty breast milk samples from nursing mothers were collected between 2014 and 2015, residing in Bogota, Cartagena, and Medellin, which are industrialized cities in Colombia. This is the first comprehensive study to determine the concentrations in breast milk of PBDEs (n = 7), PCBs (n = 29), and OCPs (n = 28) in Colombia. The detection frequency of POPs, including BDE-47, CB-138, CB-153, CB-156, and CB-180, as well as several OCPs such as chloroneb, aldrins, HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor, was found to be 100% in all samples tested. The mean concentrations of the analyzed legacy POPs were ∑3DDTs (423 ng/g lw) > chloroneb (50.1 ng/g lw) > ∑2permetrins (17.5 ng/g lw) > ∑2aldrins (16.7 ng/g lw) > 29 PCBs (15.04 ng/g lw) > ∑2chlordanes (CHLs) (11.2 ng/g lw) ≈ ∑3endosulfans (11.1 ng/g lw) > ∑2heptachlors (2.43 ng/g lw) > 7PBDEs (2.1 ng/g lw) > ∑4HCHs (0.58 ng/g lw). The results of this study suggest that the concentrations of DDTs were present in breast milk samples from Colombia at levels comparable to those found in previous studies conducted in other countries such as Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and various Asian countries. The concentrations of PBDE and PCB congeners, as well as many pesticides, were found to be significantly correlated with each other. This suggests that these substances may have similar sources of exposure. The strength of the pair correlation among concentrations of POPs was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients, which varied from r = 0.62 for the association between BDE-47 and CB-153, to a high correlation of 0.99 for the correlation between γ-Chlordane and heptachlor. This suggests that these POPs may share similar sources, such as diet. An exposure assessment model obtained by Monte Carlo simulation showed that infants were exposed to low concentrations of POPs with exception of p,p'-DDE and Aldrin, in which 25th, 50th and 95th percentiles were greater than the threshold reference values of non-carcinogenic effects suggested by US-EPA regulations while the 90th percentile of pg TEQ/Kg-bw/day for dl-PCBs was above of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, the health risk of infants exposed to OCPs and dl-PCBs should be exanimated continually through biomonitoring programs in the Colombian population.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Praguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Colômbia , Leite Humano/química , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno , Heptacloro , Medição de Risco , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm2/year, respectively, with 2.8ng/cm2/year for Σ6PCBs), with indications of recent local DDT use in response to public health emergencies. In contrast, sharp increases are observed between 2012 and 2015 for the contaminants of emerging concern (PAEs, OPEs, and aHFRs), and in the case of two PAEs (DEHP and DnBP) the concentrations were above the established environmental effect limits for sediment dwelling organisms. These increasing trends reflect the growing global usage of both alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives. Local drivers for these trends include nearby industrial sources such as a plastic recycling plant, multiple urban waste outfalls, and a cement factory. The limited capacity for solid waste management may also contribute to the high concentrations of emerging contaminants, especially plastic additives. For the most recent year (2015), the accumulation rates for Σ17aHFRs, Σ19PAEs, and Σ17OPEs into sediment at this location were estimated to be 10, 46 000, and 750ng/cm2/year, respectively. This data provides an initial survey of emerging organic contaminants within this understudied region of the world. The increasing temporal trends observed for aHFRs, OPEs, and PAEs highlights the need for further research concerning the rapid influx of these emerging contaminants.
Assuntos
Retardadores de Chama , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Praguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Retardadores de Chama/análise , Cuba , Baías , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Organofosfatos/análise , Plásticos , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Organochloride (OC) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were determined in the muscle tissue of fifty sardine samples (Sardinella brasiliensis) sampled off the south-east Brazilian shelf. The aim herein was to investigate OCs and PCBs composition profile, bioaccumulation potential and human risks. The concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were below the method limit of quantification in most samples (ca. 94%), with few detected, namely δ-HCH, γ-HCH, Endosulfan I and II, Endosulfan Sulphate, DDE, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endrin Aldeide, Endrin Cetone and Metoxyclor. The median concentration for the Σ41 PCBs was 2.32 ng g-1, ranging from values below the limit of quantification (Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados
, Praguicidas
, Bifenilos Policlorados
, Poluentes Químicos da Água
, Animais
, Humanos
, Bifenilos Policlorados/análise
, Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes
, Monitoramento Biológico
, Endrin
, Monitoramento Ambiental
, Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise
, Praguicidas/análise
, Compostos Orgânicos
, Peixes/metabolismo
, Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise
RESUMO
Microplastics (MPs) from the coastal areas of a highly anthropised estuary were sampled to assess their distribution in coastal sediments and their role as potential vectors of pollution. The average MP density was 1693 ± 2315 MPs/kg, which mainly accumulated in the high tide and storm berm areas of the beach. The Microplastic Pollution Index (MPPI), Microplastic Impact Coefficient (CMPI), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis revealed spatial variation in MPs pollution. High-density polyethylene plastic pellets were abundant at two beaches (192 ± 218 MPs/kg sediment). Furthermore, the presence of sorbed chemicals on pellets was assessed through GC-MS, showing 0.95 ± 0.09 ng/g of ∑7OCPs, 4.03 ± 0.89 ng/g of ∑7PCBs, 108.76 ± 12.88 ng/g of ∑16 PAHs and 122.79 ± 11.13 g/g of ∑29 PAHs. The sorption capacity of plastics, combined with their abundance, poses an environmental concern and also highlights their suitability as indicators of chemical exposure.
Assuntos
Plásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Plásticos/análise , Microplásticos/análise , Estuários , Argentina , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Sedimentos Geológicos/análiseRESUMO
Persistent organic pollutants were investigated in the blood of living seabirds (Pterodroma arminjoniana, Onychoprion fuscatus, Sula dactylatra, Anous minutus, Anous stolidus and Sula leucogaster) from two Brazilian Conservation Units - Trindade Island and São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago. ∑PCBs (0.55 to 55.09 ng/g wet weight (ww), ∑DDTs (0.01 to 17.36 ng/g ww) and Mirex (0.01 to 5.53 ng/g ww) were predominant in all samples. Trindade petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana presented higher values than other seabirds, which is potentially related to diet and migratory behavior. Fluctuations in the trophic ecology data, through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, warn of temporal variation in diet and foraging and highlight the importance of using a nondestructive matrix to allow long-term monitoring of POP contamination in seabirds from Brazilian Conservation Units. In addition, the data will fill the gaps in the POP baselines for seabirds from the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Assuntos
Charadriiformes , Bifenilos Policlorados , Animais , Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes , Monitoramento Ambiental , Brasil , Aves , Oceano AtlânticoRESUMO
The more modern electronics are, the smaller and complex printed circuit boards are. Thus, these materials are continually changed (physicochemically), increasing the copper concentrations in smartphones. In this sense, it is challenging to set standardized recycling processes to improve metal recovery. In addition, biohydrometallurgy is a clean and cheap process to obtain critical metals from low-grade sources and waste electronic equipment. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize, physicochemically, 21 PCBs from smartphones manufactured from 2010 to 2015, and then to recover the copper by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (biohydrometallurgy). The PCBs were comminuted and separated into Magnetic (M), Nonmagnetic (NM) and without magnetic separation (MIX) samples. It was identified 217.8; 560.3 and 401.3 mg Cu/g of PCBs for M, NM and MIX samples, respectively. Regarding biohydrometallurgy, the culture media iron-supplemented (NM + Fe and MIX + Fe) increased the copper content by 2.6 and 7.2%, respectively, and the magnetic separation step was insignificant.
Assuntos
Cobre , Resíduo Eletrônico , Cobre/química , Smartphone , Resíduo Eletrônico/análise , Metais/química , ReciclagemRESUMO
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in 136 blubber samples of Franciscana dolphins from Brazil (Pontoporia blainvillei), which is the most threatened dolphin in the Southwestern Atlantic. The dolphins were caught by the fishery fleet and collected from 2000 to 2018 in three regions of São Paulo state: northern São Paulo (SPN), central São Paulo (SPC), and southern São Paulo (SPS). The POPs analyzed in this study were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), Mirex, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations ranged from 36 to 7200 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) and 113-42200 ng g-1 lw for predominant compounds DDTs and PCBs, respectively. Similar profiles of PCB congeners were observed with a predominance of hexachlorinated compounds, representing approximately 50% of the total PCB amount; the highest PCB concentrations were observed from Baixada Santista (SPC) proximate to a highly urbanized and industrial coastal area. Significant differences were observed between the sexes and maturity of dolphins, mainly for PCBs, DDTs, and Mirex. In general, POPs other than HCB in Franciscana dolphins showed downward temporal trends, matching the regulatory periods for restricting and/or banning these compounds. Although POP concentrations are declining, PCB levels remain high in small dolphins, suggesting adverse health effects on Franciscanas. As organic contaminants are one of the numerous threats Franciscanas have been vulnerable to along the Brazilian coast, we recommend monitoring POPs levels every five years to check for declining (or stabilizing) trends.
Assuntos
Golfinhos , Poluentes Ambientais , Bifenilos Policlorados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Hexaclorobenzeno , Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes , Mirex , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Brasil , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , DDTRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic and persistent compounds, with chronic toxicity that cause negative effects on the environment and organisms. The chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and represent the main insecticide currently used in many countries. The concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and chlorpyrifos were evaluated in liver, muscle, and gonad of females and males of Tadarida brasiliensis in an agricultural production area in Argentina. Pollutants were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The general total concentration pattern among tissues was gonad > muscle > liver, with a higher ratio of pesticides (OCPs + chlorpyrifos) over PCBs in muscle and liver, while gonads showed higher concentrations of PCBs. The predominance of DDTs and endosulfans evidences the bioavailability of these compounds despite their use has ceased. Chlorpyrifos was the main pesticide detected in almost all samples of both sexes, probably due to its current intensive use. More researches about ecology and activity patterns is paramount in order to understand more accurately the accumulation and possible negative effects of these pollutants.