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Reports addressing the effects of oily fish intake on bone health are inconsistent. This study shows that consumption of ≥ 5.2 oily fish servings/week (728 g) is associated with lower prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in elderly women of Amerindian ancestry. Results suggest a beneficial effect of oily fish intake in this population. OBJECTIVES: Oily fish is a major dietary source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients that may have a positive effect on bone health. However, this association is inconsistent and seems to be more evident in certain ethnic groups. We aimed to assess the association between oily fish intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in rural Ecuador. METHODS: This study included 399 individuals aged ≥ 60 years living in three neighboring rural villages of coastal Ecuador. Dietary oily fish intake was quantified systematically using validated surveys and BMD was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Ordinal logistic regression models, adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, were fitted to assess the independent association between oily fish intake and bone health. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 68.8 ± 6.8 years, and 58% were women. The mean intake of oily fish was 8.5 ± 4.7 servings/week, with 308 (77%) reporting high fish intake (≥ 5.2 servings/week [728 g]). Ninety-four (24%) participants had normal BMD T-scores, 149 (37%) had osteopenia, and 156 (39%) had osteoporosis. Ordinal logistic regression models showed no association between high fish intake and bone health in the total population. When men and women were analyzed separately, the association became significant for women only in both unadjusted (OR: 2.52; 95% C.I.: 1.22 - 5.23) and fully-adjusted models (OR: 2.23; 95% C.I.: 1.03 - 4.81). CONCLUSION: Consumption of ≥ 5.2 oily fish servings/week is associated with lower prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in elderly women of Amerindian ancestry.

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ABSTRACTObjetives: Omega-3 (n3) fatty acids have been studied as an option to alleviate the harmful effects of obesity. However, its role in obesity-related behavioral changes is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of n3 on behavior and neuroinflammation in obese animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control diet (CT), CT+n3, cafeteria diet (CAF), and CAF+n3. Diet was administered for 13 weeks, and n3 was supplemented during the last 5 weeks. Metabolic and biochemical parameters were evaluated, as well as anxiety-like behaviors. Immunoblots were conducted in the animals' cerebral cortex and hippocampus to assess changes in neuroinflammatory markers.Results: CAF-fed animals showed higher weight gain, visceral adiposity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels, and n3 improved the lipid profile and restored insulin sensitivity. CAF-fed rats showed anxiety-like behaviors in the open field and light-dark box tasks but not in the contextual aversive conditioning. Omega-3 did not exert any effect on these behaviors. Regarding neuroinflammation, diet and supplementation acted in a region-specific manner. In the hippocampus, CAF reduced claudin-5 expression with no effect of n3, indicating a brain-blood barrier disruption following CAF. Furthermore, in the hippocampus, the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) were reduced in treated obese animals. However, n3 could not reverse the TLR-4 expression increase in the cerebral cortex.Discussion: Although n3 may protect against some neuroinflammatory manifestations in the hippocampus, it does not seem sufficient to reverse the increase in anxiolytic manifestations caused by CAF.

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Introduction: Proteolytic processing of amyloid protein precursor by ß-site secretase enzyme (BACE1) is dependent on the cellular lipid composition and is affected by endomembrane trafficking in dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid monounsaturation (MUFAs), whose accumulation is strongly associated with cognitive dysfunction. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the relationship between BACE1 and SCD1 in vivo and in vitro neurodegenerative models and their association in familial AD (FAD), sporadic AD (SAD), and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) using microscopy, biochemical, and mass SPECT approach. Results: Our findings showed that BACE1 and SCD1 immunoreactivities were increased and colocalized in astrocytes of the hippocampus in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia (2-VO). A synergistic effect of double BACE1/SCD1 silencing on the recovery of motor and cognitive functions was obtained. This neuroprotective regulation involved the segregation of phospholipids (PLs) associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hippocampus, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum. The double silencing in the sham and ischemic groups was stronger in the serum, inducing an inverse ratio between total phosphatydilcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), represented mainly by the reduction of PC 38:4 and PC 36:4 and an increase in LPC 16:0 and LPC 18:0. Furthermore, PC 38:4 and PC:36:4 levels augmented in pathological conditions in in vitro AD models. BACE1 and SCD1 increases were confirmed in the hippocampus of FAD, SAD, and CADASIL. Conclusion: Therefore, the findings suggest a novel convergence of BACE-1 and SCD1 in neurodegeneration, related to pro-inflammatory phospholipids.

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Los trastornos autoinmunes representan una familia de al menos 80 condiciones diferentes que surgen de una respuesta aberrante del sistema inmunológico resultando finalmente en la destrucción de tejidos y órganos específicos del cuerpo. Es importante destacar que durante las últimas tres décadas los estudios epidemiológicos han proporcionado evidencia de un aumento constante en la incidencia y prevalencia de trastornos autoinmunes. En los últimos años, varios estudios han demostrado que la vitamina D y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPs) omega-3 ejercen propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antiinflamatorias sinérgicas que pueden aprovecharse positivamente para la prevención y el tratamiento de trastornos autoinmunes. En este sentido, el reciente ensayo clínico denominado VITAL (ensayo de vitamina D y omega 3); un estudio a gran escala, aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo encontró que la suplementación conjunta de vitamina D y AGPs omega-3 (VIDOM) puede reducir la incidencia de enfermedades autoinmunes. En esta revisión de la literatura, resumimos los mecanismos moleculares detrás de las propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antiinflamatorias de la vitamina D y los AGPs omega-3, así como la posible interacción bidireccional entre el metabolismo de la vitamina D y el metabolismo de los AGPs omega-3 que justifica la co- suplementación VIDOM en trastornos autoinmunes(AU)

Autoimmune disorders represent a family of at least 80 different conditions that arise from an aberrant immune system response, which ultimately results in the destruction of specific body tissues and organs. It is important to highlight that during the last three decades epidemiological studies have provided evidence of a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disorders. In recent years, several studies have shown that vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert synergistic immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that can be positively harnessed for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disorders. In this sense, the recent clinical trial called VITAL (Vitamin D and Omega 3 trial) - a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study - found that co-supplementation of vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs (VIDOM) can reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases. In this literature review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms behind the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs, as well as the possible bidirectional interaction between vitamin D metabolism and omega-3 PUFA metabolism that justifies VIDOM co- supplementation in autoimmune disorders(AU)

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Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by various hallmarks, including dysregulation in apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that efficiently eliminates damaged cells. Several studies have indicated the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in apoptosis, including omega-3 PUFAs such as alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the role of omega-6 PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, in apoptosis is controversial, with some studies supporting their activation of apoptosis and others suggesting inhibition. These PUFAs are essential fatty acids, and Western populations today have a high consumption rate of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs. This review focuses on presenting the diverse molecular mechanisms evidence in both in vitro and in vivo models, to help clarify the controversial involvement of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in apoptosis mechanisms in cancer.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: Are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways and moieties involved in histotrophic nutrition altered in the decidua of diabetic rats? Can diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) administered early after implantation prevent these alterations? Can these dietary treatments improve morphological parameters in the fetus, decidua and placenta after placentation? DESIGN: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino Wistar rats were fed a standard diet or diets enriched in n3- or n6-PUFAs early after implantation. Decidual samples were collected on day 9 of pregnancy. Fetal, decidual and placental morphological parameters were evaluated on day 14 of pregnancy. RESULTS: On gestational day 9, PPARδ levels showed no changes in the diabetic rat decidua compared with controls. In diabetic rat decidua, PPARα levels and the expression of its target genes Aco and Cpt1 had reduced. These alterations were prevented by the n6-PUFA-enriched diet. Levels of PPARγ, the expression of its target gene Fas, lipid droplet number and perilipin 2 and fatty acid binding protein 4 levels increased in the diabetic rat decidua compared with controls. Diets enriched with PUFA prevented PPARγ increase, but not the increased lipid-related PPARγ targets. On gestational day 14, fetal growth, decidual and placental weight reduced in the diabetic group, and alterations prevented by the maternal diets were enriched in PUFAs. CONCLUSION: When diabetic rats are fed diets enriched in n3- and n6-PUFAs early after implantation, PPAR pathways, lipid-related genes and proteins, lipid droplets and glycogen content in the decidua are modulated. This influences decidual histotrophic function and later feto-placental development.

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The aim of this work was to supplement a diet with chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) based on the requirements of finishing lambs for meat, and to analyze biometric parameters and fatty acid profiles in meat. Eighteen male Rambouillet lambs with a bodyweight of 25 kg were used. Animals were kept in individual pens with water and feed provided ad libitum. Three finishing diets were designed with the inclusion of 0, 50 and 100 g dry matter chia seeds and divided among the animals (n = 6). The experimental period lasted 60 days. The weights of the individual lambs were recorded every 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered and the weights of the hot carcasses and non-meat components were registered. In addition, an analysis of the fatty acid composition was carried out in the muscles (Longissimus thoracis). The total weight gain and average daily gain displayed significant differences (p < 0.05). Initial and final bodyweights, such as the dry matter intake, did not display differences. The fatty acid profile of the meat tended to decrease the SFA (stearic acid) and increase MUFA (oleic acid) (p < 0.0001) when chia seeds were added to the lamb diets. In conclusion, chia seed supplementation did not increase meat production or other biometric parameters; however, it modified the fatty acid profile in L. thoracis.

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PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and all-cause mortality in a population of frequent fish consumers of Amerindian ancestry living in rural Ecuador. METHODS: Individuals aged ≥ 40 years enrolled in the prospective population-based Atahualpa Project cohort received annual questionnaires to estimate their dietary oily fish intake. Only fish served broiled or cooked in the soup were included for analysis. Poisson regression and Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, education level and cardiovascular risk factors were obtained to estimate mortality risk according to the amount of oily fish intake stratified in tertiles. RESULTS: Analysis included 909 individuals (mean age: 55.1 ± 12.8 years) followed by a median of 7.5 ± 3 years. Mean oily fish intake was 9.4 ± 5.7 servings per week. A total of 142 (16%) individuals died during the follow-up. The mortality rate for individuals in the first tertile de oily fish intake (0.0-6.29 servings) was 2.87 per 100 person-years, which decreased to 1.78 for those in the third tertile (10.59-35.0 servings). An adjusted Cox-proportional hazards model showed that individuals allocated to the second (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41-0.92) and third (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.91) tertiles of dietary oily fish intake had significantly lower mortality risk than those in the first tertile. CONCLUSION: Sustained oily fish intake of more than six servings per week reduces mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults of Amerindian ancestry.

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The objective of this work was to carry out a preliminary study of the fractionation by supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) extraction of two varieties of Peruvian beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), white (WB) and red (RB), to obtain two novel products: an oil rich in essential fatty acids and tocopherols and a defatted flour with high nutritional value and amino acids. The extraction temperature and pressure were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the extraction kinetics were optimized using the Spline equation. The results revealed that the best extraction conditions for WB and RB were 396.36 Bar, 40.46 °C, with an efficiency of 1.65%; and 391.995 Bar, 44.00 °C, with an efficiency of 1.12%, respectively. The WB and RB oils presented a high degree of polyunsaturation (63.2 and 52.8%, respectively), with oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids prevailing. Gamma-tocopherol was the predominant antioxidant in both oils. The residual flours (WB and RB) obtained after extraction with sc-CO2 had a high average content of proteins (23%), carbohydrates (61%), and minerals (3%). The limiting amino acids of WB were: Fen + Tyr, Leu, Lys, and in RB, only Leu was limiting. The viscosity of the solutions (20%) of the WB and RB flours mainly adjusted to the Waele's Ostwald model (r = 0.988). It is concluded that both products (oil and bean flour) obtained in an optimized manner using an eco-friendly technology with sc-CO2 have high nutrient and bioactive component content and can be used in the development of new ingredients and healthy foods of plant origin.

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Chaya and amaranth are Mexican traditional foods with a high nutritional value. Many studies have demonstrated the individual beneficial effect of each. However, there is no evidence of the use of these foods on the formulation of functional foods. This study evaluated the effect of replacing 5-20% of wheat flour with chaya and amaranth flours to generate four different formulations of cookies. Proximal analysis, total polyphenols and oxalate content, antioxidant activity, fatty acid profile, and sensory analysis were performed on the cookies. The results of the chemical composition showed that all cookies have a high protein content (9.21-10.10%), an adequate amount of fiber (5.34-6.63%), and a balanced ratio of unsaturated-saturated fatty acids (70:20), and they contain PUFAs (50.4-53.2 g/100 g of fatty acids), especially α-linolenic and oleic acids. All formulations presented antioxidant activity (2540 ± 65.9 to 4867 ± 61.7 Trolox equivalents (µmoles/100 g)) and polyphenols (328-790 mg/100 g); in particular, quercetin was identified in their composition. Results of the sensory analysis indicated that incorporation of chaya and amaranth flour in cookies does not affect the acceptability of the products. The inclusion of traditional foods, such as chaya and amaranth, in cookies enhances their nutritional value and increases the content of bioactive compounds associated with health effects.

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