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RESUMO O envolvimento parental na escola é um construto que engloba diferentes comportamentos e atitudes, de carácter multidimensional, envolvendo todas as práticas parentais desenvolvidas pela família, desde os bons hábitos de estudo e a comunicação com a escola, até iniciativas que visam o sucesso escolar dos filhos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar as perceções, tanto de pais como dos filhos, sobre o envolvimento dos pais no contexto escolar dos filhos e comparar a perceção de pais e filhos sobre esse aspeto. Participaram neste estudo 526 famílias e utilizou-se o Questionário de Envolvimento Parental para recolha de dados. Pais e alunos descreveram um elevado envolvimento parental no contexto escolar. Todavia, verificou-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre as duas perspetivas. Estes resultados possibilitam uma reflexão sobre as tendências, desafios e implicações deste conceito, sendo discutidas as suas implicações para a prática e para a investigação.
RESUMEN El envolvimiento parental en la escuela es un constructo que engloba distintos comportamientos y actitudes, de carácter multidimensional, abarcando todas las prácticas parentales desarrolladas por la familia, desde los buenos hábitos de estudio y la comunicación con la escuela, hasta iniciativas que tengan el objetivo el éxito escolar de los hijos. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar las percepciones, de padres y de los hijos, sobre el envolvimiento de los padres en el contexto escolar de los hijos y comparar la percepción de padres e hijos sobre ese aspecto. Participaron en este estudio 526 familias y se utilizó el Cuestionario de Envolvimiento Parental para la recolecta de datos. Padres y alumnos describieron un elevado envolvimiento parental en el contexto escolar. Sin embargo, se percibió la existencia de diferencias significativas entre las dos perspectivas. Estos resultados posibilitan una reflexión sobre las tendencias, desafíos e implicaciones de este concepto, siendo discutidas sus implicaciones para la práctica y para la investigación.
ABSTRACT Parental involvement at school is a construct that encompasses different behaviours and attitudes. Being multidimensional, it involves all the parental practices developed by the family, from study habits and communication with the school to initiatives aimed at the child's success at school. This study aims to analyse not only parents' perceptions of their own involvement with their children's school, but also their children's perceptions of their involvement with their school. It also explores the comparison between parents' and children's perceptions of perceived parental involvement. A total of 526 families took part in this study and the data was collected using the Parental Involvement Questionnaire. Both parents and children perceived a high level of parental involvement with the school, but there were significant differences between their perceptions. These results make it possible to reflect on the trends, challenges and implications of this concept, presenting the implications for practice and research.
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Resumen El presente estudio busca obtener evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Involucramiento Parental: Actividades de cuidado y socialización en una muestra de padres peruanos de niños y niñas preescolares. Para ello, se realizó una traducción y armonización del lenguaje del instrumento a partir de su versión en inglés al español, para luego aplicar la nueva versión a un grupo de 420 padres y 420 madres de niños y niñas de cinco ciudades. La evidencia de la estructura interna se evaluó a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud para examinar la estructura de los 26 ítems originales. Durante el análisis, se procedió a la eliminación progresiva de los ítems con bajas cargas factoriales hasta encontrar un modelo con adecuados indicadores de ajuste [x 2(531) = 822.82; p < .001; x 2/gl = 1.550; GFI = .90; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; RMSEA = .036, IC 90 % = (.031-.041), p close = 1.000, SRMR = .05]. El resultado fue una escala de 18 ítems distribuidos en las cinco dimensiones originales, cada una con confiabilidad por consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach entre .66 y .78 y coeficientes omega entre .70 y .75. La confiabilidad entre evaluadores estuvo entre .67 y .88. Los alcances y limitaciones del estudio son discutidos teniendo en cuenta la importancia de contar con instrumentos de medición del involucramiento paterno, relativo al materno, que consideren las perspectivas de padres y madres en el contexto peruano.
Abstract The present study seeks to obtain validity and reliability evidence of the Parental Involvement Scale: Care and socialization activities in a sample of Peruvian parents of preschool children. For this purpose, the instrument was translated and linguistically harmonized from its English version into Spanish and then applied to a group of 420 fathers and 420 mothers of children from five cities. Evidence of the internal structure was evaluated through a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, using the maximum likelihood method to examine the structure of the original 26 items. Items with low factor loadings were progressively eliminated until a model with adequate fit indicators was found [x 2 (531) = 822.82; p <0,001; x 2 /gl = 1.550; GFI = .90; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; RMSEA = .036, IC del 90% (.031 - .041), p close = 1.000, SRMR = .05]. The result was a18-items scale distributed in the five original dimensions, each with Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability between .66 and .78 and Omega coefficients between .70 and .75. Inter-rater reliability was between .67 and .88. The scope and limitations of the study are discussed considering the relevance of having instruments to measure paternal involvement relative to maternal involvement, that consider the perspectives of fathers and mothers in the Peruvian context.
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A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender o envolvimento paterno no contexto do divórcio/separação conjugal na perspectiva do pai separado. Realizou-se um Grupo Focal com seis pais (homens) separados e os dados foram analisados através da análise categorial temática, utilizando-se do software Atlas.ti 5.0 para organização dos dados. A perspectiva sistêmica contribuiu com a compreensão do fenômeno como um processo de transformações contínuas e recursivas, contingentes com a história de interações dos participantes. Emergiram da análise dos dados três categorias: Percepções do pai sobre o seu envolvimento com a criança; Características do envolvimento paterno do pai separado e Construção da paternidade no pós-divórcio. Os resultados demonstraram relações de interdependência entre fatores individuais, relacionais e contextuais.
The present research aimed to understand paternal involvement in the context of divorce/separation from the perspective of the separated father. A Focal Group with six separated fathers (men) was carried out and the data were analyzed through the thematic categorical analysis using Atlas.ti 5.0 software for data organization. The systemic perspective contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon as a process of continuous and recursive transformations, contingent on the history of interactions of the participants. Three categories emerged from the data analysis: Perceptions of the father about his involvement with the child; Characteristics of parental involvement of the separated father and Post-Divorce Construction of Paternity. The results showed relationships of interdependence between individual, relational and contextual factors.
La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo compreender la participación paterno en el contexto del divorcio/separación conyugal en la perspectiva del padre separado. Se realizo un Grupo Focal con seis padres (hombres) separados y los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis categorial temático, utilizando el software Atlas.ti 5.0 para la organización de los datos. La perspectiva sistémica contribuyó com la comprensión del fenómeno como um proceso de transformaciones continuas y recursivas, contingentes con la historia de interacciones de los participantes. Se emergieron del análisis de los datos três categorías: Percepciones del padre sobre su implicación com el niño; Características de la participación paterno del padre separado y Construcción de la paternidade en el pos-divorcio. Los resultados demostraron relaciones de interdependencia entre factores individuales, relacionales y contextuales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paternidade , Divórcio , Características da Família , Relações Pai-Filho , Análise de DadosRESUMO
Early adolescence is a developmental stage that comprises some basic interactional processes with parents, which can be described as gaining autonomy while maintaining relatedness. Studying how maternal and paternal involvement influence the life satisfaction of sons and daughters during early adolescence is especially important while seeking to understand the challenges of this developmental stage. In this paper, we investigate the differential effects of maternal and paternal involvement, as assessed by sons and daughters, on their life satisfaction during early adolescence. We use a unique survey conducted in Chile, The National Survey on Student Trajectories and Transitions, focusing on a subsample of 497 early adolescents attending 5th to 8th grade (60% female, M age = 12.42, SD = 1.18). Our findings indicate that both paternal and maternal involvement are positively correlated with the life satisfaction of adolescents. We also find that the gender of adolescents moderates the effect of maternal involvement, so daughters (but not sons) who deemed the involvement of their mothers to be more positive reported greater life satisfaction. More positive paternal involvement correlates with greater life satisfaction for sons and daughters. We discuss some mechanisms that might bring about these differences.
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Resumo. Objetivo. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi compreender como a coparentalidade, o envolvimento parental e as práticas parentais influenciam a dinâmica de famílias binucleares. Método. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PsycINFO, Web of Science e BVSPsi, que resultou em 17 artigos científicos. Os estudos foram analisados criticamente em relação às características metodológicas e aos principais resultados. Resultados. Em linhas gerais, observou-se que a coparentalidade e o envolvimento parental associam-se com diversos fatores de proteção à saúde psicológica dos pais e das crianças após o divórcio, em consonância com dados encontrados com famílias intactas/nucleares. Não foram encontradas pesquisas sobre práticas parentais dentro dos critérios de busca estabelecidos. Discutem-se possíveis vieses e indicações para futuras investigações e intervenções com famílias binucleares.
Abstract. Objective. The objective of this systematic review was to understand how coparenting, parental involvement, and parenting practices influence the dynamics of binuclear families. Method. A search was carried out in the PsycINFO, Web of Science, and BVSPsi databases, which resulted in 17 scientific articles. The studies were analyzed critically concerning the methodological characteristics and the main results. Results. In general, it was observed that coparenting and parental involvement are associated with several factors that protect the psychological health of parents and children after divorce, in line with data found with intact/nuclear families. No research was found on parenting practices within the established search criteria. Possible biases and indications for future investigations and interventions with binuclear families are discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Relações Pais-Filho , Divórcio , Conflito FamiliarRESUMO
Este estudo investigou a relação entre coparentalidade, envolvimento parental e práticas parentais no contexto de pais e mães de famílias binucleares com crianças de três a seis anos. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados quantitativo e transversal com 45 participantes (24 mães e 21 pais). Foram constatados baixos escores na coparentalidade de pais e mães, principalmente nas dimensões acordo coparental, suporte e divisão do trabalho. Tanto pais quanto mães apresentaram bons níveis de envolvimento parental. Além disso, nem os baixos escores da coparentalidade e nem a alta sabotagem referida pelos pais influenciou o envolvimento paterno global. Baixos escores na divisão do trabalho da coparentalidade associaram-se ao maior envolvimento materno e ao exercício de práticas parentais negativas, tanto por parte de mães quanto de pais. Tais achados reforçam a necessidade de práticas de intervenção voltadas às famílias binucleares brasileiras, a fim de ajudá-las a promover relações saudáveis para a criança e para a família como um todo. (AU)
This study investigated the relationship between coparenting, parental involvement and parenting practices in the context of parents of binuclear families with children aged from 3 to 6 years. A quantitative and cross-sectional data survey was carried out, with 45 participants (24 mothers and 21 fathers). Low scores on father's and mother's coparenting were found, especially in the coparent's agreement, support and division of labor dimensions. Both parents showed good levels of parental involvement. Moreover, neither the low coparenting scores nor the high sabotage reported by parents influenced overall paternal involvement. Low scores on the coparenting division of labor were associated with increased maternal involvement and negative parenting practices by both mothers and fathers. These findings reinforce the need for intervention practices aimed at Brazilian binuclear families, in order to help them promote healthy relationships for the child and the family as a whole. (AU)
Este estudio investigó la relación entre coparentalidad, envolvimiento parentaly prácticas parentales en el contexto de padres y madres de familias binucleares con niños de 3 a 6 años. Se realizó una encuesta cuantitativa y transversal de datos, con 45 participantes brasileños (24 madres y 21 padres). Se encontraron puntajes bajos en la coparentalidad de padres y madres, especialmente en el acuerdo coparental, el apoyo y la división de las dimensiones laborales. Tanto los padres como las madres presentaron buenos niveles de envolvimiento parental. Además, ni los puntajes bajos de coparentalidad ni el alto sabotaje reportados por los padres influyeron en la participación paterna global. Los puntajes bajos en la división del trabajo de coparentalidad se asociaron con una mayor participación materna y prácticas negativas de crianza por parte de madres y padres. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de prácticas de intervención dirigidas a familias binucleares brasileñas, para ayudarlas a promover relaciones saludables para el niño y la familia en general. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Poder Familiar , Mães , Pais , Educação Infantil , PaiRESUMO
The objective of this study was to test a measurement and invariance model for a scale of beliefs about parent participation in school education for children residing in both rural and urban areas. The questionnaire was answered by 2,576 parents, 52% from urban areas and 48% from rural; also an exploratory confirmatory multigroup analysis was performed to identify invariance. The final version of the instrument consisted of two factors with three items each, showing a goodness of fit, in addition to adequate indices. The invariance analyses indicated that both samples were equivalent in structure and factorial weight. The comparative fit index was greater than 0.95 for each model, and when compared with the restrictive model, the differences were less than 0.01; therefore, the instrument is considered applicable.
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O presente estudo envolveu a participação de 313 professores de oito municípios da região do Alentejo e procurou analisar: I) tipos de práticas de envolvimento parental mais recorrentes nas escolas; II) atividades promovidas para o envolvimento dos encarregados de educação (EE); III) barreiras ao envolvimento dos EE; IV) aspectos que podem melhorar esse envolvimento. As práticas recorrentes para envolver os EE são as do Tipo 2, 4, 5 e 6.; é identificada como atividade comum para o envolvimento dos EE, a realização de festas e como barreiras, a indisponibilidade do EE para acompanhar o educando ou para se comunicar com a escola. Para a melhoria do envolvimento parental, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de projetos e atividades que propiciem a comunicação escola/família.
The present study involved the participation of 313 teachers from eight municipalities in the Alentejo region and examined: I) The most common types of parental involvement in schools; II) Activities aiming to involve parents; III) Barriers to parents involvement; IV) Aspects to improve this involvement. The most common practices to involve parents are those of Type 2, 4, 5 and 6; parties are identified as common activities for the involvement of parents; as barriers, their unavailability to accompany the learner or to communicate with the school; in order to improve parental involvement, projects and activities have been developed to enhance school/family communication.
En el presente estudio participaron 313 profesores de ocho concejo de la región de Alentejo (Portugal) y tuvo como objetivo analizar: I) Tipos de prácticas participativas más recurrentes de los padres en las escuelas; II) Actividades para promover la participación de los tutores (EE); III) Barreras para la participación de los EE; IV) Aspectos que pueden mejorar dicha participación. Las prácticas recurrentes para involucrar a los EE son las del Tipo 2, 4, 5 y 6; se identifican como actividades comunes para la participación de los EE la celebración de fiestas; como barreras se presentan la no disponibilidad de los EE para acompañar al educando o para establecer comunicación con la escuela. Para mejorar la participación de los padres se desarrollan proyectos y actividades de modo de optimizar la comunicación entre la escuela y la familia.
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Parental involvement in school has been demonstrated to be a key factor for children's academic outcomes. However, there is a lack of research in Chile, as well as in Latin American countries in general, leaving a gap in the literature about the generalization of findings outside developed and industrialized countries, where most of the research has been done. The present study aims to analyse the associations between parental involvement in school and children's academic achievement. Cluster analysis results from a sample of 498 parents or guardians whose children attended second and third grades in 16 public elementary schools in Chile suggested the existence of three different profiles of parental involvement (high, medium, and low) considering different forms of parental involvement (at home, at school and through the invitations made by the children, the teachers, and the school). Results show that there are differences in children's academic achievement between the parental involvement profiles, indicating children whose parents have a low involvement have lower academic achievement. Findings are in line with international research evidence, suggesting the need to focus on this variable too in Latin American contexts.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in attitudes of neonatologists regarding the care of extremely preterm infants and parental involvement over the last 20 years. STUDY DESIGN: Internet-based survey (2016) involving 170 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Austria, Switzerland, and Germany using the European Project on Parents' Information and Ethical Decision Making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units questionnaire (German edition) with minor modifications to the original survey from 1996 to 1997. RESULTS: The 2016 survey included 104 respondents (52.5% response rate). In 2016, significantly more neonatologists reported having ever withheld intensive care treatment (99% vs 69%) and withdrawn mechanical ventilation (96% vs 61%) or life-saving drugs (99% vs 79%), compared with neonatologists surveyed in 1996-1997. Fewer considered limiting intensive care as a slippery slope possibly leading to abuse (18% vs 48%). In the situation of a deteriorating clinical condition despite all treatment, significantly more neonatologists would ask parental opinion about continuation of intensive care (49% vs 18%). In 2016, 21% of German neonatologists would resuscitate a hypothetical infant at the limits of viability, even against parental wishes. CONCLUSIONS: Withholding or withdrawing intensive care for extremely preterm infants at the limits of viability with parental involvement has become more acceptable than it was 20 years ago. However, resuscitating extremely preterm infants against parental wishes remains an option for up to one-fifth of the responding neonatologists in this survey.