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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory markers. Stillman Salgado rats (eSS) spontaneously develop type 2 DM by middle age showing progressive impairment of glucose tolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. We analyzed the effects of supplementation of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) added, an antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitor, on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in eSS rats to evaluate whether they can delay development and/or prevent progression of DM. METHODS: After weaning, eSS rats received, intraperitoneally, once a month ω-3 (EPA 35% and DHA 40%-6.25 mg/Kg) or ω-6 (90% arachidonic acid- 6. 25 mg/Kg) for twelve months. Two additional groups of rats received 1.9 mg/kg NDGA added to ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. Blood samples were collected at day 40, and at the end of the 6th month and 12th month of age to determine plasma triglycerides (TGs), total plasma fatty acids (FA), A1C hemoglobin (HbA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lipo and hydro peroxides, nitrites and IL-6 (in plasma and liver, kidney, and pancreas) and underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well. Wistar and eSS rats that received saline solution were used as controls. RESULTS: Plasma lipids profile, TG, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels, and glycosylated HbA1C showed significant improvements in ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA treated animals compared to eSS control group. ω-3 and ω-3 + NDGA groups showed an inverse correlation with fasting blood glucose and showed lower plasma levels of GGT, TG, and CRP. eSS rats treated with ω-3 LCPUFAs showed reduced level of inflammatory and oxidative indices in plasma and liver, kidney and pancreas tissues in comparison with eSS control (non-treated) and ω-6 treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: eSS rats are a useful model to study type 2 DM pathophysiology and related inflammatory indices. ω-3 + NDGA supplementation, at the doses tested, ameliorated inflammatory, metabolic and oxidative stress markers studied.

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BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic disruptions such as insulin resistance, obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemias, are known to increase the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Several screening tools for assessing cardiometabolic risk have been developed including the TG/HDLc ratio, which has been, demonstrated to possess a strong association with insulin resistance and coronary disease. Dietary modifications, together with regular moderate exercise have proven to be effective in attenuating cardiometabolic disruptions. However, they often exhibit poor long-term patient compliance. Nutraceutics, including (-)-epicatechin (EPI), have gained increasing interest as coadjuvant effective and safe therapies that are able to attenuate hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. METHODS: The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the in vitro effect of EPI vs. (+)-catechin on fructose induced triglyceride accumulation and mitochondrial function in Hep2 cells in culture, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of EPI treatment in reducing fasting blood triglycerides and improving the TG/HDLc ratio in hypertriglyceridemic patients with a total daily dose of 100mg of EPI. Secondary clinical variables included total cholesterol, LDLc, fructosamine, glucose, insulin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein blood levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Our results provide preliminary evidence as to favorable effects of EPI on glycemia homeostasis, lipid profile and systemic inflammation such bioactive actions are not class-effects (i.e. limited to their antioxidant potential) but instead, may result from the specific activation of associated downstream signaling pathways since catechin has no effects.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento com pesos (TP) sobre a força muscular, composição corporal e triglicérides em homens sedentários. Para tanto, 14 homens saudáveis e sedentários foram separados aleatoriamente, de forma balanceada, em grupo experimental (GE = 29 ± 1 anos; 180,0 ± 3,0cm; 80,5 ± 1,8kg) e grupo controle (GC = 27 ± 1 anos; 170,0 ± 2,0cm; 76,2 ± 0,9kg). O GE foi submetido a um protocolo de TP durante 12 semanas, com frequência de três vezes por semana. O programa de TP foi composto por 10 exercícios executados em duas séries de 10-20 repetições. Medidas de massa corporal, estatura, espessura de dobras cutâneas e triglicérides foram realizadas antes e após o período de intervenção. Adicionalmente, o teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) foi aplicado nos exercícios supino em banco horizontal e mesa extensora, nos período pré, após seis e 12 semanas de acompanhamento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) após as 12 semanas de TP apenas no GE para o somatório das dobras cutâneas, ao passo que a massa corporal e os triglicérides não sofreram alterações nesse período. Com relação aos valores de força muscular, identificou-se aumento significativo (P < 0,05) no GE em ambos os exercícios entre o primeiro e o segundo teste de 1RM e entre o segundo e o terceiro. Conclui-se, portanto, que 12 semanas de TP foram suficientes para aumentar a força muscular e reduzir o somatório de dobras cutâneas sem, contudo, alterar os valores de triglicérides e massa corporal.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on muscle strength, body composition and triglycerides in sedentary men. Fourteen healthy men were randomly divided into experimental (EG = 29 ± 1 yrs; 180.0 ± 3.0 cm; 80.5 ± 1.8 kg) and control (CG = 27 ± 1 yrs; 170.0 ± 2.0 cm; 76.2 ± 0.9 kg) groups. The EG subjects participated in a resistance training protocol during 12 weeks, three times per week. The program of resistance training included 10 exercises performed in two sets of 10-20 repetitions. Body mass, height, skinfold thickness and triglycerides were measured before and after the 12 weeks of intervention. One maximal repetition test (1RM) was done to measure muscle strength. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed on the sum of skinfolds only in EG after the resistance training, while body mass and triglycerides did not change in neither groups. Muscle strength increased (P<0.05) in both exercises performed between the first and the second and between the second and the third 1-RM tests. Therefore, 12 weeks of resistance training were enough to improve muscle strength and sum of skinfolds, but without promoting any changes in triglycerides and body mass.

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A interferência dos triglicerídeos plasmáticos sobre a determinação da hemoglobina foi observada em dosagens acima de 800 mg/dl, provavelmente devido ao aumento da turbidez. Este efeito espúrio leva a falsos resultados no cálculo da HCM e da CHCM. A substituição do plasma lipêmico por soluçäo salina corrige os resultados superestimados da hemoglobina, bem como permite obter resultados mais exatos no cálculo da HCM e da CHCM. (AU)

Plasma triglycerides interference on spectrophotometric hemoglobin determination wasobserved in blood samples with more than 800mg/dl, probably due to the turbidity increase. This spuriouseffect leads to false results in MCM and MCHC determination. Substituting saline solution for thelipaemic plasma corrects the overestimated hemoglobin determination as well as affording more accurateMCH and MCHC values. (AU)

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