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SUMMARY The solubilities of celecoxib (CLX), a COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were determined in water-ethanol and ethanol-ethyl acetate mixtures at several temperatures (288.15-308.15 K). The solubility curves as a function of ethanol ratio were studied at five temperatures, they showed a single maximum located at 50% ethanol-ethyl acetate (δ1 = 22.50 MPa1/2). The measurements of the variation of inherent drug solubility with temperature were used to estimate different thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of solution (ΔH S , ΔS S and ΔG S hm , respectively). The apparent enthalpies of the solution were a nonlinear function of the ethanol ratio in aqueous mixture. Non-linear enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis was observed indicating different dissolution mechanism with the variation in mixtures composition. The solubility enhancement is entropy driven at water-rich region (0-40% v/v ethanol) and enthalpy controlled at ethanol-rich region (40-100% v/v ethanol), likely due to water-structure loss around nonpolar moieties of the drug and for the ethanol-rich mixtures it is the enthalpy, probably due to the drug better solvation.

RESUMEN Se determinó la solubilidad del celecoxib (CLX), un fármaco antiinflamatorio no esteroide selectivo de COX-2, en agua-etanol y etanol-acetato de etilo a varias temperaturas (288,15-308,15 K). Los perfiles de solubilidad obtenidos fueron estudiados en función de la proporción de etanol en las cinco temperaturas de estudio. Los resultados muestran solamente un máximo en el 50% de etanol-acetato de etilo (δ1 = 22,50 MPa1/2). La variación de la solubilidad con la temperatura se utilizó para calcular diferentes parámetros termodinámicos, entalpia, entropía y energía de disolución libre de Gibbs (ΔH3, ΔS S y ΔGS hm, respectivamente). Las entalpias aparentes de disolución fueron no lineales en la mezcla acuosa. Además, se observó un análisis de compensación de entalpía-entropía no lineal, lo que indica un mecanismo de disolución que varía con la composición de cada mezcla. El aumento de la solubilidad es impulsado por la entropía en la región rica en agua (0-40% v/v de etanol) y la entalpía en la región rica en etanol (40-100% v/v de etanol), probablemente debido a la pérdida de la estructura del agua alrededor de los residuos no polares del fármaco y para las mezclas ricas en etanol es la entalpía, probablemente debido a la mejor solvatación del fármaco.

RESUMO

Resumen:Existen diversos documentos y recomendaciones internacionales sobre nombres, conceptos, definiciones y campos de aplicación para diversas magnitudes y unidades utilizadas para monitorear los niveles de radiación ionizante a los que son expuestos los trabajadores durante los procedimientos de Radiodiagnóstico e Intervencionismo. Sin embargo, la legislación nacional, al igual que para la dosimetría de los pacientes, no se encuentra actualizada en este sentido y no contempla en sus documentos un glosario actualizado que permita encontrar en forma rápida y precisa este tipo de información. Por lo anterior, este trabajo de revisión corresponde a un segundo documento guía, complementario a nuestro trabajo publicado en 2015 titulado "Magnitudes y unidades para dosimetría a pacientes en radiodiagnóstico e intervencionismo", que describe de manera didáctica y en un lenguaje sencillo para los profesionales de la salud y áreas afines, las principales magnitudes y unidades que se deben conocer y utilizar en la dosimetría ocupacional de los trabajadores que participan en procedimientos de Radiodiagnóstico e Intervencionismo.

Abstract: There are many documents and international recommendations offer names, concepts, definitions and fields of application for various quantities and units used to monitor the exposure levels of ionising radiation to which workers are exposed during the diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures. However, as in the case of patient dosimetry, national legislation is not up-to-date in this area and nowhere does it establish an up-to-date glossary that would facilitate rapid and precise location of this kind of information. In light of the foregoing, this review paper presents a second guidance document, complementary to our published article in 2015 titled "Quantities and units used in patient dosimetry in radiodiagnostic and intervencional procedures", which describes the principal quantities and units that must be known and used in occupational dosimetry for workers participating in diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures, in a didactical manner and using simple language for professionals in health and similar areas.

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The equine transport is compromised by a number of concurrent factors, which explains the high rate of production loss in this stage, diseases attributed to, loss of body weight and death. These losses can be prevented by means of an appropriate ambience management, which reduces stress and improves the well-being of the animal. The aim of this review was to provide practical outcomes about ambience in the transport of horses and the stress influences. The knowledge of ambience and stressors that operate in transportation of horses assist the producer and/or handler on the suitability of correct management and reducing economic losses in the horse breeding sector, ensuring thermal comfort and improved animal welfare.(AU)

O transporte de equinos é comprometido por um conjunto de fatores simultâneos, o que explica a elevada proporção de perdas produtivas nesta etapa, atribuídas a doenças, perda de massa corporal e morte. Estas perdas podem ser prevenidas, por meio de um manejo adequado de ambiência, a qual reduz o estresse e melhora o bem estar do animal. O objetivo desta revisão foi fornecer resultados práticos sobre ambiência no transporte de equinos e as influências no estresse. Os conhecimentos de ambiência e os agentes estressores que atuam no transporte de equinosauxiliarão o produtor e/ou manejador na adequação do manejo correto e na redução de perdas econômicas no setor da equideocultura, garantindo o conforto térmico e melhoria do bem estar animal.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The equine transport is compromised by a number of concurrent factors, which explains the high rate of production loss in this stage, diseases attributed to, loss of body weight and death. These losses can be prevented by means of an appropriate ambience management, which reduces stress and improves the well-being of the animal. The aim of this review was to provide practical outcomes about ambience in the transport of horses and the stress influences. The knowledge of ambience and stressors that operate in transportation of horses assist the producer and/or handler on the suitability of correct management and reducing economic losses in the horse breeding sector, ensuring thermal comfort and improved animal welfare.

O transporte de equinos é comprometido por um conjunto de fatores simultâneos, o que explica a elevada proporção de perdas produtivas nesta etapa, atribuídas a doenças, perda de massa corporal e morte. Estas perdas podem ser prevenidas, por meio de um manejo adequado de ambiência, a qual reduz o estresse e melhora o bem estar do animal. O objetivo desta revisão foi fornecer resultados práticos sobre ambiência no transporte de equinos e as influências no estresse. Os conhecimentos de ambiência e os agentes estressores que atuam no transporte de equinosauxiliarão o produtor e/ou manejador na adequação do manejo correto e na redução de perdas econômicas no setor da equideocultura, garantindo o conforto térmico e melhoria do bem estar animal.

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Because diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures represent one of the main sources of irradiation by ionizing radiation in the population, it has become a priority to become familiar with the quantities and units that account for patient dosimetry. There are countless documents and international recommendations on names, concepts, definitions and areas of application for various quantities and units used in patient dosimetry, in interventional and diagnostic radiology procedures. However, national legislation is not updated in this regard and does not provide, in any of its documents, an updated glossary that enables finding this type of information quickly and precisely. Therefore, this review paper presents in a didactic way and in plain language, the main quantities and units to be used in the dosimetry of patients undergoing diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures.

Debido a que los procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico e intervencionismo representan una de las principales fuentes de irradiación a la población por radiaciones ionizantes, se vuelve prioritario conocer las magnitudes y unidades que dan cuenta de la dosimetría a los pacientes. Existen innumerables documentos y recomendaciones internacionales sobre nombres, conceptos, definiciones y campos de aplicación para diversas magnitudes y unidades utilizadas en la dosimetría de pacientes en procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico e intervencionismo. Sin embargo, la legislación nacional no se encuentra actualizada en este sentido y no contempla en ninguno de sus documentos, un glosario actualizado que permita encontrar en forma rápida y precisa este tipo de información. Por lo anterior, este trabajo de revisión presenta de manera didáctica y en un lenguaje sencillo, las principales magnitudes y unidades que se deben utilizar en la dosimetría de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico e intervencionismo.

Assuntos

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Objetivo: Visando contribuir para o conhecimento das doses em tomografia computadorizada (TC), este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar grandezas dosimétricas associadas a exames do abdome em pacientes pediátricos, comparando-as com os níveis de referência em radiodiagnóstico (NRD). Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi realizado em dois hospitais, em um tomógrafo Toshiba Asteion single-slice e um GE BrightSpeed multi-slice. Medidas foram feitas com uma câmara de ionização tipo lápis e um objeto simulador de tronco de polimetilmetacrilato de 16 cm de diâmetro. Resultados: Os valores do índice ponderado de kerma no ar (CW) não apresentaram diferenças significativas, porém, para as grandezas índice de kerma no ar volumétrico (CVOL), produto kerma-comprimento (PKL,CT) e dose efetiva, as diferenças foram relevantes. Conclusão: Apenas o CW apresentou valores menores que os NRD, sugerindo que a otimização não seria necessária. Porém, os valores de PKL,CT e dose efetiva mostraram que há espaço para reduzir as doses de radiação pediátricas. Este trabalho ressalta a importância de avaliar todas as grandezas dosimétricas associadas aos exames por TC. .

Objective: Aiming at contributing to the knowledge on doses in computed tomography (CT), this study has the objective of determining dosimetric quantities associated with pediatric abdominal CT scans, comparing the data with diagnostic reference levels (DRL). Materials and methods: The study was developed with a Toshiba Asteion single-slice CT scanner and a GE BrightSpeed multi-slice CT unit in two hospitals. Measurements were performed with a pencil-type ionization chamber and a 16 cm-diameter polymethylmethacrylate trunk phantom. Results: No significant difference was observed in the values for weighted air kerma index (CW), but the differences were relevant in values for volumetric air kerma index (CVOL), air kerma-length product (PKL,CT) and effective dose. Conclusion: Only the CW values were lower than the DRL, suggesting that dose optimization might not be necessary. However, PKL,CT and effective dose values stressed that there still is room for reducing pediatric radiation doses. The present study emphasizes the importance of determining all dosimetric quantities associated with CT scans. .

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Aiming at contributing to the knowledge on doses in computed tomography (CT), this study has the objective of determining dosimetric quantities associated with pediatric abdominal CT scans, comparing the data with diagnostic reference levels (DRL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was developed with a Toshiba Asteion single-slice CT scanner and a GE BrightSpeed multi-slice CT unit in two hospitals. Measurements were performed with a pencil-type ionization chamber and a 16 cm-diameter polymethylmethacrylate trunk phantom. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the values for weighted air kerma index (CW), but the differences were relevant in values for volumetric air kerma index (CVOL), air kerma-length product (PKL,CT) and effective dose. CONCLUSION: Only the CW values were lower than the DRL, suggesting that dose optimization might not be necessary. However, PKL,CT and effective dose values stressed that there still is room for reducing pediatric radiation doses. The present study emphasizes the importance of determining all dosimetric quantities associated with CT scans.

OBJETIVO: Visando contribuir para o conhecimento das doses em tomografia computadorizada (TC), este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar grandezas dosimétricas associadas a exames do abdome em pacientes pediátricos, comparando-as com os níveis de referência em radiodiagnóstico (NRD). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em dois hospitais, em um tomógrafo Toshiba Asteion single-slice e um GE BrightSpeed multi-slice. Medidas foram feitas com uma câmara de ionização tipo lápis e um objeto simulador de tronco de polimetilmetacrilato de 16 cm de diâmetro. RESULTADOS: Os valores do índice ponderado de kerma no ar (CW) não apresentaram diferenças significativas, porém, para as grandezas índice de kerma no ar volumétrico (CVOL), produto kerma-comprimento (PKL,CT) e dose efetiva, as diferenças foram relevantes. CONCLUSÃO: Apenas o CW apresentou valores menores que os NRD, sugerindo que a otimização não seria necessária. Porém, os valores de PKL,CT e dose efetiva mostraram que há espaço para reduzir as doses de radiação pediátricas. Este trabalho ressalta a importância de avaliar todas as grandezas dosimétricas associadas aos exames por TC.

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Introduction: The role played by minimum quantities, generating large scale effects, and even of catastrophic consequence, is very commonly observed in many areas of science. In Physics, for example, the doping of impurities in materials like silicon (as low as one atom per billion) results in spectacular semiconductor properties. In Biology, the effects of pheromones produced by insects and other animals are so dramatic that females of the emperor moth can attract mating males from kilometers away. And, concerning human health, severe body reactions may occur following the ingestion of very diminutive quantity of some allergic food. In this paper, the question of how Nature provides mechanisms for developing such dramatic and many times unexpected results, from very faint stimulus, will be proposed and discussed. In particular, a model for the controversial issue of how homeopathic remedies can influence and impose organic responses will also be addressed. This model particularly rely on the here named infotrans mechanism, which is based on a type of resonant property that may induce living organisms to promptly over-react after a pseudo environmental aggression. Finally, arguments will be provided to demonstrate that water, mainly due to its very high dielectric constant, can be considered a very good mediator for the infotrans. The Role of Water in Important Biological Mechanisms: Assuming that water molecules can indeed rearrange themselves to form larger clusters, it is reasonable to accept that different external excitations might induce these structures to assemble in distinctive ways. As matter of fact, experimental evidences already exist in literature showing that ultra-high dilutions of different substances, when compared to pure water, do exhibit relevant physico-chemical differences. More recently, investigations have shown that water plays a crucial role in biological systems such as the protein folding process or the twisting of DNA helixes. Thus, it is reasonable to accept that water, having the possibly of structuring itself in an almost endless variety of ways, it will impact in a unique and own peculiar way the individual cells and even entire organs. That is, the codified information related to the specific architecture of the water cluster, in result to previous stimulus (infotrans), will be passed on to the living organism through the nervous system and induce, in consequence, a prompt reaction. The specific type of response commanded by the mind, after detecting a particular infotrans, will depend on the array of experiences the living being had previously undergone. In some circumstances, however, the mind may mistake the information received from the nervous system, treating a harmless organic process as a dangerous attack. In this situation the overall body reaction can be very dramatic, as the reported cases of children that had to be hospitalized in serious health conditions (even with some fatal occurrences) after the ingestion of only residual amounts of allergic foods like peanut, wheat and milk.The Transfer of Information (InfoTrans) and the Placebo Effect: Interestingly, the mechanism of infotrans is much more extensive and does not restrict itself to transference of information by material means. All our five senses are channels that bring information to the mind and which might cause global bodyInt J High Dilution Res 2011; 10(36):97-100Proceedings of the XXV GIRI Symposium and VIII CBFH; 2011 Sep 04-07; Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil)98reactions. The picture of a grotesque insect, for example, may induce a sensitive (entomophobic) person to sweat, feel dizzy and, sometimes, even trigger severe emotional reactions like panic and terror. Moreover, different persons that listen to a playing music are observed to react in different ways. Of course, it is not the music being played that causes, by itself, these reactions. What happens is that each individual?s mind will process the same stimulus (the music) differently, based on the various situations experienced throughout the person?s existences, and which had been stored in his sub-conscience. To finalize, it is not difficult to conclude, from the discussion above, that the ?placebo effect? can be easily understood in terms of the here proposed infotrans mechanism. By accepting the suggestion from any health personnel, and/or truly believing that a prescribed healing procedure will be effective, the mind eventually triggers many sorts of organic reactions that turn out to be efficient enough to resolve a person?s medical problem. Conclusions: In this work the mechanism of infotrans (transferred information) is proposed as an explanation of how homeopathic remedies are very successful in restoring people?s health. It is based on the innumerous experiences a person has undergone throughout his lives and which have been imprinted in his sub-conscience. After receiving the information from an homeopathic preparation (codified by the way the water clusters structured themselves), if the corresponding infotrans does resonate with some archetypal experience the patient has stored in his sub-conscience (related to an ancient case in which he had suffered a type of illness which has caused the same kind of symptoms he is now experiencing), his defensive immune system will automatically receive from the mind a command to counterattack the (hypothetical) aggression by strongly intensifying the defensive measurements already on course and/or initiating new ones.(AU)

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RESUMO

This work was carried out to study the germination of Panicum maximum Jacq. seeds, Colonião, Tobiatã, Centenário, Centauro and Tanzânia varieties, on substrata moistened with three different volumes of 0.2% potassium nitrate solution: 12, 16 and 20ml. After sowing, the gerbox covers were tied with tape and no water was added. Germination counts were done each 7 days. The germination test results pointed out that there were differences among them, depending on the amount of solution applied. The germination percentage with 12 ml of solution applied to the substrata was greater than for the others.

Realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de estudar a germinação de sementes de cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. (Colonião, Tobiatã, Centenário, Centauro e Tanzânia), em testes sobre substratos umedecidos com três quantidades de solução de nitrato de potássio a 0,2%, quais sejam: 12, 16 e 20 ml. Depois de semeados, os gerboxes foram fechados com fita crepe e levados para germinador. As contagens de germinação foram realizadas de 7 em 7 dias, sem se acrescentar água, e os gerboxes mantidos vedados. Os resultados permitiram concluir que houve diferença entre os testes, dependendo da quantidade de solução utilizada, tendo a germinação com 12ml superado a das demais.

RESUMO

This work was carried out to study the germination of Panicum maximum Jacq. seeds, Colonião, Tobiatã, Centenário, Centauro and Tanzânia varieties, on substrata moistened with three different volumes of 0.2% potassium nitrate solution: 12, 16 and 20ml. After sowing, the gerbox covers were tied with tape and no water was added. Germination counts were done each 7 days. The germination test results pointed out that there were differences among them, depending on the amount of solution applied. The germination percentage with 12 ml of solution applied to the substrata was greater than for the others.

Realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de estudar a germinação de sementes de cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. (Colonião, Tobiatã, Centenário, Centauro e Tanzânia), em testes sobre substratos umedecidos com três quantidades de solução de nitrato de potássio a 0,2%, quais sejam: 12, 16 e 20 ml. Depois de semeados, os gerboxes foram fechados com fita crepe e levados para germinador. As contagens de germinação foram realizadas de 7 em 7 dias, sem se acrescentar água, e os gerboxes mantidos vedados. Os resultados permitiram concluir que houve diferença entre os testes, dependendo da quantidade de solução utilizada, tendo a germinação com 12ml superado a das demais.