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Resumen Austrocylindropuntia pachypus (K.Schum.) Backeb. es un cactus endémico de Perú, cuya distribución conocida estaba restringida a las vertientes occidentales de La Libertad, Áncash y Lima. En base a expediciones botánicas por las estribaciones andinas de Ica, en este trabajo reportamos nuevas localidades con pequeñas poblaciones, lo que amplía en más de 260 km al sur la distribución conocida de A. pachypus. Además, en base a 42 registros georreferenciados, se amplía la información sobre sus localidades, poblaciones, distribución potencial, hábitats, amenazas y estado de conservación. El modelo de distribución potencial mostró altos niveles predictivos o de idoneidad con valores de AUC = 0.96 en base a siete variables climáticas, siendo Bio17, Bio2 y Bio7 las variables con mayor contribución; mostrando a Lambayeque, La Libertad, Áncash, Lima, Ica y Huancavelica los departamentos con mayores valores de idoneidad. Las poblaciones con mayor concentración de individuos, pero que a su vez se encuentran seriamente perturbadas por actividades antropogénicas, son las de los valles del río Chillón (Santa Rosa de Quives, Canta) y Rímac (Santa Eulalia, Huarochirí) en Lima. Asimismo, se estima que cerca del 70% de las poblaciones de A. pachypus se encuentran amenazadas por derechos mineros, extracción de hidrocarburos, sobrepastoreo y expansión urbana o agrícola, incrementando la fragmentación de sus hábitats, por lo que se propone categorizar a este cactus endémico como En Peligro (EN).
Abstract Austrocylindropuntia pachypus (K.Schum.) Backeb. is an endemic cactus of Peru, whose known distribution was restricted to the western slopes of La Libertad, Áncash, and Lima. Based on botanical expeditions along the Andean foothills of Ica, this study reports new localities with small populations, thereby extending the known distribution of A. pachypus by over 260 km to the south. Additionally, based on 42 georeferenced records, information on its localities, populations, potential distribution, habitats, threats, and conservation status is expanded. The potential distribution model exhibited high predictive or suitability levels with AUC values of 0.96 based on seven climatic variables, with Bio17, Bio2, and Bio7 being the most contributory variables; Lambayeque, La Libertad, Áncash, Lima, Ica, and Huancavelica demonstrated the highest suitability values. Populations with the highest concentration of individuals, yet significantly disturbed by anthropogenic activities, are those in the valleys of the Chillón River (Santa Rosa de Quives, Canta) and Rímac River (Santa Eulalia, Huarochirí) in Lima. Furthermore, it is estimated that approximately 70% of A. pachypus populations are threatened by mining rights, hydrocarbon extraction, overgrazing, and urban or agricultural expansion, exacerbating habitat fragmentation. Hence, it is proposed to categorize this endemic cactus as Endangered (EN).
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A specimen of tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (total length: 402 mm, total mass: 1262 g) was caught in the shallow waters of the inner Bristol Channel on September 2, 2019, with this only the second known capture of this species from the British Isles. Given the cosmopolitan distribution of this species, the potential origin of this specimen is uncertain.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Animais , Reino Unido , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrumechinatiantherumsp. nov., E.imazaensesp. nov., E.parvireflexilobumsp. nov., E.rosulatumsp. nov., and E.ochrostachyumsp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E.acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E.brachyblastum, E.forcipatum, E.mavrodactylon, and E.tridens). Epidendrumenantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrumbrachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrumcryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity.
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BACKGROUND: Holothuriophilus trapeziformis Nauck, 1880 is a holothurian-dweller pinnotherid crab representing one of the two species of the genus distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico and Chile, respectively. While the parasitic ecological interaction with its host is well established, the morphology of the male remains unknown, and DNA information for the species is not available. Furthermore, the only morphological trait separating both species of the genus is subjective and corresponds to the presence or absence of a gap between the fingers of the chelae. Our goal is to complete and clarify the taxonomic status of H. trapeziformis and describe the male morphology with the use of the integrative taxonomy, providing additional characters to differentiate this species. METHODS: We collected new biological material in the Pacific coast of Mexico including the topotypes. We also reviewed material from national collections to integrate morphology (based on a complete and detailed description and illustration of the species using light microscopy), ecological data (based on the identification of the host and the place where it was located within the host), and the mtCOI gene information (commonly known as DNA barcode) to differentiate Holothuriophilus trapeziformis from other related crabs. RESULTS: This species presents marked sexual dimorphism only in the primary sexual characters. For the first time we describe morphological variability of traditionally stable characters. In addition to the gap between the fingers of the chelae, Holothuriophilus trapeziformis differs from H. pacificus (Poeppig, 1836) by their ornamentation, the shape of the male abdomen, and the gonopod. Cytocrome Oxidase 1 gene (COI) distance divergence was >3% between both Holothuriophilus species forming a clear clade. DNA barcoding indicates only one taxon, with a maximum divergence of 2.2%. All the specimens have the same Barcode Index Number (BIN; BOLD: ADE9974). All the hosts for H. trapeziformis were identified as Holothuria (Halodeima) inornata Semper, 1868; the presence of the crab in the host's coelomic cavity was confirmed, and for the first time we found it within the intestine. The geographical distribution is the Pacific coast of Mexico. Based on the data presented here, the taxonomic status of Holothuriophilus trapeziformis is now complete.
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Cipriniformes , Decápodes , Holothuria , Animais , Masculino , México , Chile , Alimentos MarinhosRESUMO
The ecological consequences of biological range extensions reflect the interplay between the functional characteristics of the newly arrived species and their recipient ecosystems. Teasing apart the relative contribution of each component is difficult because most colonization events are studied retrospectively, i.e., after a species became established and its consequences apparent. We conducted a prospective experiment to study the ecosystem consequences of a consumer introduction, using whole-stream metabolism as our integrator of ecosystem activity. In four Trinidadian streams, we extended the range of a native fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), by introducing it over barrier waterfalls that historically excluded it from these upper reaches. To assess the context dependence of these range extensions, we thinned the riparian forest canopy on two of these streams to increase benthic algal biomass and productivity. Guppy's range extension into upper stream reaches significantly impacted stream metabolism but the effects depended upon the specific stream into which they had been introduced. Generally, increases in guppy biomass caused an increase in gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR). The effects guppies had on GPP were similar to those induced by increased light level and were larger in strength than the effects stream stage had on CR. These results, combined with results from prior experiments, contribute to our growing understanding of how consumers impact stream ecosystem function when they expand their range into novel habitats. Further study will reveal whether local adaptation, known to occur rapidly in these guppy populations, modifies the ecological consequences of this species introduction.
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Poecilia , Animais , Ecossistema , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , RiosRESUMO
Knowledge on species taxonomic identity is essential to understand biological and biogeographical processes and for studies on biodiversity. Species the genus Tremoctopus have been confused in the past and are inconsistently identified. To clarify of the taxonomic diagnosis Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje, 1830, an evaluation of morphological and meristic characters, as well as morphometric indices and genetic analyses, was undertaken. The analyzed octopod was an opportunistically collected mature female of 640 mm in total length, with a mantle length of 135 mm and a total weight of 1.02 kg. Evidence of autotomy as a defensive mechanism for protecting the egg mass is presented. The 16S haplotype sequenced from this specimen represents the first one publicly available for this species from the Gulf of Mexico. The genetic divergence between this haplotype and those reported from the Pacific Ocean is representative of interspecific variation in other taxa, which suggests that "T. violaceus" in the Pacific Ocean (KY649286, MN435565, and AJ252767) should be addressed as T. gracilis instead. Genetic evidence to separate T. violaceus and T. gracilis is presented. The studied specimen from the Gulf of Mexico represents the westernmost known occurrence of T. violaceus and the first record from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.
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The bat genus Sturnira is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, from northwestern Mexico to northern Argentina, and four species occur in Brazil: Sturnira lilium, Sturnira giannae, Sturnira magna, and Sturnira tildae. The present study is the first to record Sturnira tildae in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, based on morphological and molecular diagnoses. The specimen was identified based on its cranial and morphometric traits. The diagnostic traits include discreetly bilobed inner upper incisors with a broad base, lower first and second molars with lingual cusps separated by shallow grooves, and forearm longer than 45 mm. The molecular sequences of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the morphological identification and thus the occurrence of Sturnira tildae in the Amazon biome of Maranhão. This record represents an eastward extension of the known distribution of the species in the Amazonia, to Cândido Mendes, Maranhão, within an area dominated by dense rainforest and influenced by tides.(AU)
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Animais , Quirópteros/classificação , Quirópteros/anatomia & histologia , Distribuição Animal , Quirópteros/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
Resumen Reportamos registros documentados de la ampliación del rango de distribución del pecho de luna del Marañón (Melanopareia maranonica) en seis localidades. Estas tienen conectividad hidrológica con la cuenca media del río Marañón, en las provincias de Celendín (Cajamarca) y Luya (Amazonas), Perú. Los registros fueron obtenidos mediante encuentros ocasionales, evaluaciones biológicas y búsqueda intensiva, entre el 2017 y 2020. Los nuevos registros están entre los 1111 y 2074 m, superando en más de 1000 m su rango altitudinal conocido. Se registraron un total de 39 individuos (11 hembras, 12 machos y 16 indeterminados debido a que solo se hizo registro auditivo). Respecto a los registros publicados, el rango conocido se amplía en 121 km en el departamento de Cajamarca y 98.2 km en el departamento de Amazonas. Se protege hábitat apropiado para la especie en 5290.12 ha del ecosistema Bosque Estacionalmente Seco Interandino del Marañón y 7784.67 ha de Matorral Andino, en tres Áreas de Conservación Privada y un Área de Conservación Regional.
Abstract We report documented records of the Marañón crescentchest (Melanopareia maranonica) in six localities. These have hydrological connectivity with the middle basin of the Marañón River, in the provinces of Celendín (Cajamarca) and Luya (Amazonas), Peru. The records were obtained through occasional encounters, biological evaluations and intensive searching, between 2017 and 2020. These new records are between 1111 and 2074 m in elevation, exceeding its known altitudinal range by more than 1000 m. A total of 39 individuals were registered (11 females, 12 males and 16 indeterminate due to the fact that only auditory registration was made). We expanded the known range with respect to the published records by 121 km in the Cajamarca department and 98.2 km in the Amazonas department. Appropriate habitat for this species is protected in 5290.12 ha of the Marañón Seasonally Dry Inter-Andean Forest ecosystem and 7784.67 ha of Andean Scrub, within three Private Conservation Areas and one Regional Conservation Area.
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The Gorgona guitarfish is a poorly documented ray found in the Eastern Pacific. It can be distinguished from its congeners due to its distinctive coloration and rostral cartilages. Here I document an extensive northern range expansion of almost 2000 km based on a juvenile specimen caught off the Baja California Peninsula. This specimen also represents the smallest documented individual of this species, along with the first quantitative morphometric data reported since the 1995 description. Additionally, an updated key to the guitarfishes of the North Eastern Pacific is included.
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Distribuição Animal , Rajidae/classificação , Animais , México , Oceano Pacífico , Rajidae/anatomia & histologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Abstract The bat genus Sturnira is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, from northwestern Mexico to northern Argentina, and four species occur in Brazil: Sturnira lilium, Sturnira giannae, Sturnira magna, and Sturnira tildae. The present study is the first to record Sturnira tildae in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, based on morphological and molecular diagnoses. The specimen was identified based on its cranial and morphometric traits. The diagnostic traits include discreetly bilobed inner upper incisors with a broad base, lower first and second molars with lingual cusps separated by shallow grooves, and forearm longer than 45 mm. The molecular sequences of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the morphological identification and thus the occurrence of Sturnira tildae in the Amazon biome of Maranhão. This record represents an eastward extension of the known distribution of the species in the Amazonia, to Cândido Mendes, Maranhão, within an area dominated by dense rainforest and influenced by tides.