RESUMO

Climate change effects are unbalanced in all regions and cultivars linked to the wine industry. However, the impact of extreme weather events, such as drought and rising global temperatures, highlight the potential vulnerability in plant productivity, phenology, and crop water requirements that affect quality and harvests. Among adaptative measures for grapevine cultivars in existing or new winegrowing areas, the use of tolerant rootstocks to abiotic stress has been regarded as a mid-term strategy to face emerging constrains. The aim of this study was to compare naturalized or autochthonous rootstocks influence over grapevine cultivar performance and to characterize their response to deficit irrigation conditions. Data was collected from Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grafted plants for over 3 growing seasons (2018-2021) from a hyper-arid experimental field in Vicuña, Chile. Morpho-physiological parameters were determined throughout seasons and combinations where significant effects from rootstocks, irrigation treatment, and cultivar were observed over An and gs, thus modifying CO2 assimilation and intrinsic Water Use Efficiency (WUEi). Primary productivity and yield were also modified by rootstock depending upon cultivar hydric behavior. Interestingly, cluster and berry traits were unaffected despite how water productivity and integral water stress were modulated by rootstock. In both cultivars, it was observed that trait responses varied according to the irrigation conditions, rootstocks, and their respective interactions, thus highlighting a relative influence of the rootstocks in the processes of adaptation to the water deficit. Moreover, harvest date and acidity were modified by deficit irrigation treatment, and rootstocks did not modify phenological stages. Adaptation of grapevines to expected lower water availability might be improved by using suitable tolerant rootstocks, and maturity index can be modified through irrigation management.

RESUMO

Different technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted. In this way, viticultural strategies may offer a natural solution to obtain grapes with low sugar content, maximizing their quality by delaying ripening. This mini review surveys the viticultural strategies that can be applied in the establishment of a vineyard - that is, when it comes to planting of a new vineyard - such as vineyard altitude, latitude, orientation, and slope, as well as rootstock, variety, clone, training system, and row orientation and slope, with the aim to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on grape and wine quality and to delay grape maturation. Finally, we propose a ponderation of the strategies discussed to contextualize its importance to face global warming in viticulture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Clonal rootstocks are one alternative used by the walnut industry to control damage caused by Phytophthora species, traditionally using plants grafted on susceptible Juglans regia rootstock. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 are clonal rootstocks with a degree of resistance to Phytophthora species. The resistance to pathogens in these rootstocks depends on the resistance mechanisms activated by the presence of the pathogen and subsequent development of responses in the host. In this work, we analyzed how plants of J. regia, Vlach, VX211, and RX1 responded to inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi or Phytophthora citrophthora isolates obtained from diseased English walnut plants from Chilean orchards. After inoculation, plants of Vlach, VX211, and RX1 showed canopy and root damage indexes that did not differ from noninoculated control plants. In contrast, plants of J. regia, which is susceptible to P. cinnamomi and P. citrophthora, died after inoculation. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora showed greater root weight and volume and greater root growth rates than their respective controls. These results suggest that short-term carbohydrate dynamics may be related to the defense mechanisms of plants; they are immediately activated after inoculation through the production of phenolic compounds, which support the further growth and development of roots in walnut clonal rootstocks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes vegetative and radicular growth and the dynamics of sugars and phenols in response to infection with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora in walnut rootstocks.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Obtaining two or more successive annual vintages from the same vineyard is characteristic of regions with a tropical climate, such as the Submédio of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of grapes in four production cycles (i.e. two calendar years) when considering the interaction between cv. Syrah and two rootstocks. For a broad characterization, two methodologies for the extraction of phenolic compounds were used, as well as different methods of analysis. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that there was an influence of rootstock and harvest season. Grapes from vines grafted onto IAC 313 contained higher concentrations of total condensed tannins (skins) and flavanols than grapes from vines grafted onto 1103P. However, the grape samples from the vines grafted onto 1103P contained higher levels of monomeric anthocyanins than the grape samples from the vines grafted onto IAC 313. The first harvest season was characterized by higher concentrations of most phenolic compounds than the second harvest season. CONCLUSION: In the present study, it was possible to confirm that, in the semiarid region of Brazil, the interaction between the cultivar Syrah and the different rootstocks, as well as the climatic conditions in each harvest season, influenced the composition of the grapes, mainly in relation to phenolic compounds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Water scarcity can elicit drastic changes in plant metabolic and hormonal regulation, which may be of fundamental importance to stress tolerance. The study of plant the metabolic alterations in response to water deficit, especially the effects of the rootstocks level, is important to elucidate the mechanisms associated to drought tolerance. To verify the influence of rootstock and grafting on the tolerance to drought in citrus plants, we analyzed the growth, phytohormone levels and flavonoid profiles in grafted and ungrafted citrus plants subjected to different soil water regimes on plant status (well-watered, moderate drought and severe drought and rehydrated) under field conditions. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. Water deficit reduced the total leaf area per plant in all canopy/rootstock combinations. Self-grafting reduce root volume, area and length when compared to ungrafted plants. Drought-induced increases in salicylic acid and abscisic acid associated with concomitant reductions in indoleacetic acid were observed in most canopy/rootstock combinations. However, plants with 'Sunki Maravilha' rootstocks exhibited the most pronounced changes in hormonal levels upon drought stress. Associated to these hormonal changes, drought also significantly affected flavonoid content and profile in both leaves and roots of the distinct citrus combinations. Glycosylated (GFs) and polimethoxylated flavonoids were predominantly found in leaves, whereas prenylated coumarins were found in the roots. Leaf levels of GFs (vicenin, F11, rutin and rhoifolin) were particularly modulated by drought in plants with 'Rangpur Santa Cruz' lime rootstock, whereas root levels of prenylated coumarins were most regulated by drought in plants with the 'Sunki Maravilha' root system. Taken together, these data indicate that the impacts of water deficit restriction on growth, hormonal balance and flavonoid profiles significantly varies depending on the canopy/rootstock combinations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of an appropriate rootstock depends on the knowledge of its affinity with the cultivar scion as well as its influence on liveliness and productiveness. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vegetative and -productive development, and fruit quality of the cv. Study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, fruit production and quality of cv. 'Maciel' grafted on different peach rootstocks. The cultivars used as rootstocks were seeds from industry, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'a clone of Okinawa', 'Okinawa clone 12', and 'Rubira' 'Nemaguard' and as canopy it was used cv 'Maciel'. It was measured trunk diameter, canopy volume, amount of chlorophyll, pruning intensity, productivity, mass, and color of pulp fruit firmness, TSS, TA and TSS/TA ratio. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight levels for the factor rootstock, each consisting of three replications with five plants per replicate. It was observed in the last assessment in 2008, the difference in diameter of the trunk between the rootstocks, especially 'Industria' (47.2mm) and 'Tsukuba' (46.8mm). In the canopy volume the highlight among the rootstocks occurred with 'Industria' (1,60m³) and 'Nemaguard' (1,63m³). The amount of chlorophyll was similar with 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' and 'Indústria'. Fruit weight was greater with 'Rubira' (143g) and 'Tsukuba' (135g) in 2007 and in 2008 and in 2008 most 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) and 'Nemaguard' (82g). There was variation in productivity in production cycles, the highlight occurred in 2007 with 'Tsukuba 1' (0.32ton ha-1) and in 2008 with 'Industry' (8.6tons ha-1). With the 'Okinawa clone 12' it was observed higher firmness (12.1 and 11.8 pounds in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Highest TSS / ATT stood out with 'Tsukuba 1' (18.3). Based on the differential responses it was concluded that the vegetative growth and fruit quality of cv. 'Maciel' are affected by the rootstocks.

A utilização do porta-enxerto adequado depende do conhecimento de sua afinidade com a cultivar (cv.) copa bem como da sua influência sobre o vigor e produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, produtivo e qualidade de frutos da cv. 'Maciel' enxertada sob diferentes porta-enxertos de pessegueiro. As cultivares utilizadas como porta-enxerto foram: sementes provenientes da indústria, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Okinawa clone 12', 'Nemaguard' e 'Rubira' e como copa utilizou-se a cv. 'Maciel'. Avaliou-se o diâmetro do tronco, volume da copa, quantidade de clorofila, intensidade de poda, produtividade, massa e coloração dos frutos, firmeza de polpa, SST, AT, pH do suco e relação SST/AT. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com oito níveis para o fator porta-enxerto, cada qual constituído de 3 repetições, com cinco planta por repetição. Observou-se, na última avaliação em 2008, diferença de diâmetro de tronco entre os porta-enxertos, destacando-se 'Industria' (47,2mm) e 'Tsukuba' (46,8mm). No volume de copa, o destaque entre os porta-enxertos ocorreu com 'Industria' (1,60m³) e 'Nemaguard'(1,63m³). A quantidade de clorofila foi similar com 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' e 'Indústria'. A massa dos frutos foi maior com 'Rubira' (143g) e 'Tsukuba' (135g) no ano de 2007 e em 2008 maior 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) e 'Nemaguard' (82g). Na produtividade, houve variação nos ciclos produtivos. Em 2007, o destaque ocorreu com 'Tsukuba 1' (0,32ton. ha-1) e, em 2008, com 'Industria' (8,6ton. ha-1). Com 'Okinawa clone 12' observou-se maior firmeza de polpa (12,1 e 11,8 libras em 2007 e 2008, respectivamente). Maior relação SST/AT destacou-se com 'Tsukuba 1' (18,3). Com base nas respostas diferenciais, conclui-se que o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a qualidade dos frutos da cv. 'Maciel' são afetados pelos porta-enxertos.

RESUMO

The use of an appropriate rootstock depends on the knowledge of its affinity with the cultivar scion as well as its influence on liveliness and productiveness. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vegetative and -productive development, and fruit quality of the cv. Study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, fruit production and quality of cv. 'Maciel' grafted on different peach rootstocks. The cultivars used as rootstocks were seeds from industry, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'a clone of Okinawa', 'Okinawa clone 12', and 'Rubira' 'Nemaguard' and as canopy it was used cv 'Maciel'. It was measured trunk diameter, canopy volume, amount of chlorophyll, pruning intensity, productivity, mass, and color of pulp fruit firmness, TSS, TA and TSS/TA ratio. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight levels for the factor rootstock, each consisting of three replications with five plants per replicate. It was observed in the last assessment in 2008, the difference in diameter of the trunk between the rootstocks, especially 'Industria' (47.2mm) and 'Tsukuba' (46.8mm). In the canopy volume the highlight among the rootstocks occurred with 'Industria' (1,60m³) and 'Nemaguard' (1,63m³). The amount of chlorophyll was similar with 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' and 'Indústria'. Fruit weight was greater with 'Rubira' (143g) and 'Tsukuba' (135g) in 2007 and in 2008 and in 2008 most 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) and 'Nemaguard' (82g). There was variation in productivity in production cycles, the highlight occurred in 2007 with 'Tsukuba 1' (0.32ton ha-1) and in 2008 with 'Industry' (8.6tons ha-1). With the 'Okinawa clone 12' it was observed higher firmness (12.1 and 11.8 pounds in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Highest TSS / ATT stood out with 'Tsukuba 1' (18.3). Based on the differential responses it was concluded that the vegetative growth and fruit quality of cv. 'Maciel' are affected by the rootstocks.

A utilização do porta-enxerto adequado depende do conhecimento de sua afinidade com a cultivar (cv.) copa bem como da sua influência sobre o vigor e produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, produtivo e qualidade de frutos da cv. 'Maciel' enxertada sob diferentes porta-enxertos de pessegueiro. As cultivares utilizadas como porta-enxerto foram: sementes provenientes da indústria, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Okinawa clone 12', 'Nemaguard' e 'Rubira' e como copa utilizou-se a cv. 'Maciel'. Avaliou-se o diâmetro do tronco, volume da copa, quantidade de clorofila, intensidade de poda, produtividade, massa e coloração dos frutos, firmeza de polpa, SST, AT, pH do suco e relação SST/AT. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com oito níveis para o fator porta-enxerto, cada qual constituído de 3 repetições, com cinco planta por repetição. Observou-se, na última avaliação em 2008, diferença de diâmetro de tronco entre os porta-enxertos, destacando-se 'Industria' (47,2mm) e 'Tsukuba' (46,8mm). No volume de copa, o destaque entre os porta-enxertos ocorreu com 'Industria' (1,60m³) e 'Nemaguard'(1,63m³). A quantidade de clorofila foi similar com 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' e 'Indústria'. A massa dos frutos foi maior com 'Rubira' (143g) e 'Tsukuba' (135g) no ano de 2007 e em 2008 maior 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) e 'Nemaguard' (82g). Na produtividade, houve variação nos ciclos produtivos. Em 2007, o destaque ocorreu com 'Tsukuba 1' (0,32ton. ha-1) e, em 2008, com 'Industria' (8,6ton. ha-1). Com 'Okinawa clone 12' observou-se maior firmeza de polpa (12,1 e 11,8 libras em 2007 e 2008, respectivamente). Maior relação SST/AT destacou-se com 'Tsukuba 1' (18,3). Com base nas respostas diferenciais, conclui-se que o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a qualidade dos frutos da cv. 'Maciel' são afetados pelos porta-enxertos.

RESUMO

The use of an appropriate rootstock depends on the knowledge of its affinity with the cultivar scion as well as its influence on liveliness and productiveness. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vegetative and -productive development, and fruit quality of the cv. Study was to evaluate the vegetative growth, fruit production and quality of cv. 'Maciel' grafted on different peach rootstocks. The cultivars used as rootstocks were seeds from industry, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'a clone of Okinawa', 'Okinawa clone 12', and 'Rubira' 'Nemaguard' and as canopy it was used cv 'Maciel'. It was measured trunk diameter, canopy volume, amount of chlorophyll, pruning intensity, productivity, mass, and color of pulp fruit firmness, TSS, TA and TSS/TA ratio. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight levels for the factor rootstock, each consisting of three replications with five plants per replicate. It was observed in the last assessment in 2008, the difference in diameter of the trunk between the rootstocks, especially 'Industria' (47.2mm) and 'Tsukuba' (46.8mm). In the canopy volume the highlight among the rootstocks occurred with 'Industria' (1,60m³) and 'Nemaguard' (1,63m³). The amount of chlorophyll was similar with 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' and 'Indústria'. Fruit weight was greater with 'Rubira' (143g) and 'Tsukuba' (135g) in 2007 and in 2008 and in 2008 most 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) and 'Nemaguard' (82g). There was variation in productivity in production cycles, the highlight occurred in 2007 with 'Tsukuba 1' (0.32ton ha-1) and in 2008 with 'Industry' (8.6tons ha-1). With the 'Okinawa clone 12' it was observed higher firmness (12.1 and 11.8 pounds in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Highest TSS / ATT stood out with 'Tsukuba 1' (18.3). Based on the differential responses it was concluded that the vegetative growth and fruit quality of cv. 'Maciel' are affected by the rootstocks.

A utilização do porta-enxerto adequado depende do conhecimento de sua afinidade com a cultivar (cv.) copa bem como da sua influência sobre o vigor e produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, produtivo e qualidade de frutos da cv. 'Maciel' enxertada sob diferentes porta-enxertos de pessegueiro. As cultivares utilizadas como porta-enxerto foram: sementes provenientes da indústria, 'Capdeboscq', 'Aldrighi', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Okinawa clone 12', 'Nemaguard' e 'Rubira' e como copa utilizou-se a cv. 'Maciel'. Avaliou-se o diâmetro do tronco, volume da copa, quantidade de clorofila, intensidade de poda, produtividade, massa e coloração dos frutos, firmeza de polpa, SST, AT, pH do suco e relação SST/AT. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com oito níveis para o fator porta-enxerto, cada qual constituído de 3 repetições, com cinco planta por repetição. Observou-se, na última avaliação em 2008, diferença de diâmetro de tronco entre os porta-enxertos, destacando-se 'Industria' (47,2mm) e 'Tsukuba' (46,8mm). No volume de copa, o destaque entre os porta-enxertos ocorreu com 'Industria' (1,60m³) e 'Nemaguard'(1,63m³). A quantidade de clorofila foi similar com 'Nemaguard', 'Tsukuba 1', 'Okinawa clone 1', 'Rubira' e 'Indústria'. A massa dos frutos foi maior com 'Rubira' (143g) e 'Tsukuba' (135g) no ano de 2007 e em 2008 maior 'Okinawa clone 12' (73g), 'Capdeboscq' (83g), 'Aldrighi' (81g) e 'Nemaguard' (82g). Na produtividade, houve variação nos ciclos produtivos. Em 2007, o destaque ocorreu com 'Tsukuba 1' (0,32ton. ha-1) e, em 2008, com 'Industria' (8,6ton. ha-1). Com 'Okinawa clone 12' observou-se maior firmeza de polpa (12,1 e 11,8 libras em 2007 e 2008, respectivamente). Maior relação SST/AT destacou-se com 'Tsukuba 1' (18,3). Com base nas respostas diferenciais, conclui-se que o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a qualidade dos frutos da cv. 'Maciel' são afetados pelos porta-enxertos.

RESUMO

In rootstock propagation, several methods can be used; however few practices are adopted due to the lack of information about the behavior of stionic combinations at field. The work aimed to compare the propagation method by air layering with the traditional propagation system by seeds using the scion peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivar Granada. The following variables were measured: yield, fruit weight and size, skin color, flesh firmness, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titatrable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, total phenols, trunk diameter and pruning mass. Yield, total phenols and titatrable acidity were higher when using the air layering propagation. There was no difference between propagation methods regarding color and diameter of fruit, flesh firmness and total soluble solid and TSS/TA ratio. Depending on propagation method, the fruit weight did not differ, nevertheless using the seed propagated Capdeboscq rootstock fruit weight was heavier. Plant behavior in each propagation method depended on the rootstock used. Scion cultivar (cv.) Granada on air layering rootstock-derived keeps similar or superior yield and same attributes of fruit quality, better than using rootstocks derived from seeds.

Na propagação de porta-enxertos vários métodos podem ser usados, no entanto alguns são pouco utilizados devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento das plantas a campo. Avaliou-se o método de propagação de porta-enxertos por alporquia comparado ao sistema tradicional de propagação por meio de sementes no pêssego [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cv. copa Granada. Avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: produtividade, peso de fruto, coloração da epiderme, firmeza de polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez titulável (AT), relação SST/AT, tamanho de fruto, fenóis totais, diâmetro de tronco, e peso de poda. A produtividade, fenóis totais e acidez titulável foram maiores quando utilizado o método de propagação por alporquia. Não houve diferenças entre os métodos de propagação para coloração e diâmetro de fruto, firmeza de polpa e sólidos solúveis totais e relação sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável. Dependendo do médoto de propagação, o peso do fruto não se diferencia entre os porta-enxertos. Para o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq os frutos maiores foram obtidos com a propagação com sementes. O comportamento dentro de cada método de propagação está relacionado com o tipo de porta-enxerto utilizado. A cultivar (cv.) copa Granada, sobre porta-enxerto obtido por alporquia aérea, mantém a produtividade igual ou superior e com os mesmos atributos de qualidade de fruto do que quando utilizado o método de propagação de porta-enxertos por semente.