RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenic and structural characteristics and the population stability index of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) tillers when the pasture was submitted to two stocking methods during grazing cycles. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with repeated measurements over time (n=6 cycles), two treatments (stocking methods) and three area replicates. In the continuous stocking method, the highest population density of tillers was observed. The highest tiller weight occurred in the rotational stocking method. The morphogenic variables and the other structural variables were not altered by the stocking methods and showed differences during the grazing cycles. The tiller population stability index was similar in the two pasture management strategies, and both can be used for ryegrass management considering this parameter.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e o índice de estabilidade populacional de perfilhos do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) quando a pastagem foi submetida a dois métodos de lotação, durante ciclos de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com medidas repetidas ao longo do tempo (n = 6 ciclos), dois tratamentos (métodos de lotação) e três repetições de área. No método de lotação contínua, foi observada a maior densidade populacional de perfilhos. O maior peso de perfilhos ocorreu no método de lotação rotativa. As variáveis morfogênicas e as demais variáveis estruturais não foram alteradas pelos métodos de lotação e apresentaram diferenças durante os ciclos de pastejo. O índice de estabilidade populacional de perfilhos foi semelhante nas duas estratégias de manejo do pasto e ambas podem ser utilizadas para o manejo do azevém considerando-se esse parâmetro.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We assessed the effects of high-intensity and low-frequency (HILF) vs. low-intensity and high-frequency (LIHF) grazing on herbage production and performance of beef cattle grazing sorghum pastures. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with two treatments and four replicates (paddocks), carried out in 2014/15. The management target of 50 and 30 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, a LIHF grazing management strategy oriented to maximize beef cattle herbage intake per unit time, was compared with a HILF grazing management strategy of 80 and 20 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, aiming to maximize herbage accumulation and harvest efficiency. Sixteen Brangus steers of 15-month-old and 265 ± 21 kg of live weight (LW) were randomly distributed to paddocks (experimental units). The LIHF resulted in shorter rest periods when compared with the HILF. The greater leaf lamina mass in LIHF allowed greater sward light interception at post-grazing, resulting in greater total herbage production than HILF (7581 and 4154 kg DM/ha, respectively). The average daily gain (ADG) of steers was greater for the LIHF than for the HILF treatment (0.950 and 0.702 kg/animal, respectively); however, even with a greater stocking rate in the HILF, there was no difference for LW gain per ha, with an average of 4 kg LW/ha/day. Our findings demonstrated that the LIHF strategy that is based on offering to the animals an optimal sward structure to favor the maximum herbage intake rate fosters greater herbage production, harvesting efficiency, and ADG without compromising LW gain per area of beef steers, despite the lower herbage harvested per stocking cycle.

RESUMO

We aimed to evaluate the effect of different grazing management strategies on carcass characteristics traits, meat quality and CH4 intensity and yield of lambs grazing Italian ryegrass pastures in Southern Brazil. A grazing trial was performed (2014 and 2015) in a randomized complete block design with two grazing management targets and four replicates. Treatments were traditional rotational stocking (RT), with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively, and 'Rotatinuous' stocking (RN), with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively. Castrated crossbred Texel and Polwarth lambs were used. Results indicated that diet cost per kg of dry matter (p = 0.001) and per hectare (p < 0.001) were lower for RN than for RT treatment. Final live weight (p = 0.022) and hot and cold carcass weight (p = 0.006) were greater for the RN treatment. All commercial cuts were greater for RN than for RT treatment. The RN treatment presented greater (p < 0.001) production of carcass, edible food and crude protein. Feed efficiency and feed cost conversion were better for RN than for RT treatment. CH4 intensity per kg of carcass, edible food and crude protein gain were 2.6, 2.7 and 2.1 times lower (p < 0.001) for RN. Moreover, CH4 yield was lower (p = 0.014) for RN than for RT treatment, with an average of 7.6 and 8.3% of the gross energy intake, respectively. We conclude that the 'Rotatinuous' stocking results in a greater carcass production, carcass quality and lower diet cost, and CH4 intensity and yield of grazing lambs. Adopting this grazing management strategy could enhance both lamb production and mitigation of CH4 intensity and yield in grazing ecosystems, which could be considered a good example of climate-smart livestock production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study evaluated the effect of energy supplementation with ground corn on the performance of crossbred dairy cows in BRS Kurumi elephant grass pastures managed under rotational stocking during the rainy season. Six Holstein × Gyr cows were used, with average milk production, body weight, body condition score, and days in milk of 18.0±2.89 kg day−1, 560±66 kg, 2.50±0.21, and 99±12, respectively. The experimental design used was the complete reversion (switchback), and the evaluations were conducted over three grazing cycles, with adaptation periods of 14 days and six days of sample collection. The concentrate supplement (ground corn) was supplied twice a day, at a rate of 2 kg cow−1 day−1 in the morning and 1 kg cow−1 day−1 in the afternoon (as-fed basis). A reduction of 23.4% was observed in the pasture dry matter (DM) intake (PDMI) in cows that received energy supplementation, which corresponds to 2.96 kg day-1 less of PDMI when compared to the group without supplementation. This corresponds to a substitution rate of 1.1 kg of pasture per kg of concentrate consumed (DM basis), which reduced the intake (kg cow−1 day−1) of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein by 18.9% and 13.9% in the cows that received ground corn. There were increases of 11.8%, 9.0%, and 10.1%, respectively, in the milk yield, the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, and the energy-corrected milk yield of the cows that received ground corn. The response to supplementation in kg of milk per kg of DM of concentrate consumed was 0.57, and the milk contents of fat, protein, and lactose did not differ between treatments. The energy supplementation with 3 kg cow−1 day−1 of ground corn resulted in an increase of 11.8% in the milk yield of Holstein × Gyr dairy cows grazed on BRS Kurumi elephant grass, as well as promoted increases in the daily protein, lactose, and total solids yields. In addition, the provision of 3 kg day−1 of ground corn for lactating cows grazing on BRS Kurumi increased the efficiency in the use of dietary nitrogen.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação energética com milho moído sobre o desempenho de vacas em pastagem de capim-elefante BRS Kurumi manejado sob lotação rotacionada durante o período chuvoso. Foram utilizadas seis vacas Holandês x Gir, com produção média de leite, peso corporal, escore de condição corporal e dias em lactação de 18,0±2,89 kg dia−1, 560±66 kg, 2,50±0,21 e 99±12, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de reversão completa (switchback) e as avaliações foram realizadas durante três ciclos de pastejo, com períodos de adaptação de 14 dias, e seis dias de coletas de amostras. O suplemento concentrado (milho moído) foi fornecido duas vezes ao dia, à razão de 2 kg vaca−1 dia−1 pela manhã e 1 kg vaca−1 dia−1 à tarde (base da matéria natural). Observou-se redução de 23,4% no consumo de matéria seca (MS) de pasto nas vacas que receberam a suplementação energética, o que corresponde a menos 2,96 kg de MS de forragem dia-1, quando comparado ao grupo sem suplementação. Isto corresponde a uma taxa de substituição de 1,1 kg de pasto por kg de concentrado consumido (base da MS), o que reduziu o consumo (kg vaca−1 dia−1) de fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta em 18,9% e 13,9%, respectivamente, nas vacas que receberam milho moído. Foram observados aumentos de 11,8%, 9,0% e 10,1%, respectivamente, na produção de leite (PL), PL corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e PL corrigida para energia das vacas que receberam milho moído. A resposta à suplementação em kg de leite por kg de MS de concentrado consumido foi de 0,57, e os teores de gordura, proteína e lactose não diferiram entre tratamentos. A suplementação energética com 3 kg dia−1 de milho moído promoveu incremento de 11,8% na produção de leite de vacas Holandês x Gir em pastejo de capim-elefante BRS Kurumi, bem como aumento nas produções diárias de proteína, lactose e sólidos totais. Além disso, o fornecimento de 3 kg dia−1 de milho moído para vacas em lactação em pastejo de BRS Kurumi aumentou a eficiência na utilização do nitrogênio da dieta.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grazing methods and intensities on the metabolic profile of lambs grazing ryegrass. This study was performed in Eldorado do Sul (RS). The treatments consisted of two grazing intensities with rotational and continuous stocking methods: moderate and low. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a factorial scheme with four replicates. To evaluate the metabolic and nutritional conditions of the lambs, blood samples were collected to evaluate phosphorus, albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol, urea and total proteins. The highest blood urea value was observed in the month of September in lambs kept in continuous method grazing. There was no statistical difference between the grazing intensities and grazing methods for albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol and total protein levels in profile lambs. The cortisol values suggested that the animals were not subjected to high stress levels. In conclusion, rearing female lambs on ryegrass, irrespective of grazing methods or intensities, allowed the maintenance of body homeostasis and did not cause any metabolic unbalances, nutritional unbalances or stress.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos métodos e das intensidades de pastejo no perfil metabólico de cordeiros. Este estudo foi realizado em Eldorado do Sul (RS). Os tratamentos consistiram em duas intensidades de pastejo (moderada e baixa), com métodos lotação rotativa e lotação contínua. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições. Para avaliar as condições metabólicas e nutricionais dos cordeiros, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliar fósforo, albumina, glicose, magnésio, globulina, cortisol, ureia e proteínas totais. O maior valor de ureia no sangue foi observado no mês de setembro nos cordeiros mantidos em pastejo contínuo. Não houve diferença estatística entre as intensidades de pastejo e os métodos de pastejo para albumina, glicose, magnésio, globulina, cortisol e níveis de proteína total nos cordeiros perfilados. Os valores de cortisol sugeriram que os animais não foram submetidos a altos níveis de estresse. Concluindo, a criação de cordeiros em azevém, independentemente dos métodos ou das intensidades de pastejo, permitiu a manutenção da homeostase corporal e não causou desequilíbrios metabólicos, desequilíbrios nutricionais ou estresse.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although belonging to the same species, different Brachiaria brizantha varieties used for pasture vary significantly in their morphological structure. Therefore, this study starts from the central hypothesis that the defoliation dynamics during the period of occupation by animals in pastures formed by Brachiaria brizantha under rotational stocking varies among cultivars during the year. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three treatments and three repetitions, with the cultivars consisting of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, BRS Paiaguás, and Ecótipo B4. The defoliation patterns during the grazing periods were estimated using the marked tiller technique. Despite alterations in the tiller and forage mass components in the wet and dry seasons, no variations were observed in the tiller defoliation dynamics and the respective structural components. In the wet season, the area grazed only once was greater for BRS Paiaguás compared to the other two cultivars, but the other areas representing the grazing horizons were equally exploited among the grass varieties during the year. Therefore, based on the defoliation dynamics of pastures in Brazil's tropical climate, it is possible to suggest that pastures formed by grasses with different structures and growth habits can be submitted to similar management strategies without impairing the forage canopy exploitation by the animals.

Apesar de pertencerem à mesma espécie, existem diversas variedades disponíveis no mercado de pastos de Brachiaria brizantha, os quais variam significativamente na estrutura. Assim, este trabalho partiu da hipótese central que a dinâmica de desfolhação durante o período de ocupação dos animais em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha, sob lotação rotativa, varia entre cultivares ao longo do ano. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três tratamentos e três repetições constituídos pelas Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, BRS Paiaguás e o ecótipo B4. Os padrões de desfolhação, durante o rebaixamento dos pastos, foram estimados utilizando a técnica de perfilhos marcados. Apesar de alterações nos componentes do perfilho e massa de forragem, na época das águas e secas, não foi observado variações na dinâmica de desfolhação de perfilho e seus respectivos componentes estruturais. No período das águas a área pastejada apenas uma vez, foi maior na BRS Paiaguás quando comparado aos demais pastos, porém as demais áreas que equivalem aos horizontes de pastejo foram igualmente exploradas entre as gramíneas durante o ano. Portanto, baseado na dinâmica de desfolhação em pastos de clima tropical, é possível sugerir que pastos formados com gramíneas com diferentes estruturas e hábitos de crescimento podem ser submetidos a semelhantes estratégias de manejo sem prejudicar o processo de exploração do dossel forrageiro pelo animal.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim was to monitor the growth, the dry mass accumulation curve, and the structural photosynthetic components of forage peanut pasture, in different intensities of defoliation in sheep rotational stocking. Experimental area of Arachis pintoi (cv. Amarillo) had 0.29 ha divided equally into 16 paddocks of 180 m2 where they were assigned in a randomized block design with four repetitions; intensities of grazing were very lenient, lenient, moderate, and severe, represented by the residue heights of 11.2, 8.4, 5.9, and 3.2 cm respectively, from 14 cm (pre-grazing height). Weekly evaluations were carried out in the remaining period and in the pre and post-grazing period, with the forage cut to soil level for the determination of the dry mass available, separation of the structural components of pasture, and determination of the area of the leaflets. From this information, the values of leaf area index, leaf to stem ratio, and growth ratios were calculated. With these results, for the growth variables, regression curves were estimated as a function of the rest days offered by each treatment. Despite the lower mass of forage obtained when the leaf area is severely defoliated, the species presents even accumulation of biomass and foliar area. Severe grazing intensity resulted in greater accumulation of leaves, reflected in the leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio. The lenient intensities provide less rest time between grazing, requiring a greater number of paddocks. Under the research conditions, severe defoliation provides less forage to the animals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The canopy structure and morphogenesis of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated after it was over seeded with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and intercropped with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Time intervals between cuts were determined by different thermal sums (125, 250, 375, and 500 degree-days [DD]). Cuts were conducted at a height equivalent to 50% of the average canopy height. Morphogenic and structural data were collected from July to October of 2016 and 2017, from a completely randomized block experimental design. Canopy height, extended tiller height, pseudostem length, and forage mass were fitted to linear equations according to the thermal sums. Interaction of ryegrass with red clover was the highest (12.1%) for longer cut intervals (375 and 500 DD). The leaf appearance rate (0.0080 leaf/DD), phyllochron value (128.8 DD), and senescence rate (0.10 cm/DD) of ryegrass were comparable between the different intervals. The slowest elongation rate (0.06 cm/DD) with the shortest interval duration between cuts (171.6 DD) was observed in the 125 DD interval. According to the findings from this 2-year experiment, the use of a 250 DD cut interval was recommended between grazing events, taking into account the efficiency of forage use, ryegrass leaf, stem ratio, and interactions with red clover in the canopy under rotational stocking.(AU)

A estrutura do dossel e a morfogênese do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) foram investigadas após a sobressemeadura em Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e consorciado com trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.). Os intervalos de tempo entre os cortes foram determinados por diferentes somas térmicas (125, 250, 375 e 500 graus-dia [GD]). Os cortes foram realizados a uma altura equivalente a 50% da altura média do dossel. Os dados morfogênicos e estruturais foram coletados no período de julho a outubro de 2016 e 2017, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. A altura do dossel, a altura estendida do perfilho, o comprimento do pseudocolmo e a massa de forragem se ajustaram a equações lineares de acordo com a soma térmica. A consorciação de azevém e trevo vermelho foi maior (12,1%) para intervalos de corte mais longos (375 e 500 GD). A taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,0080 folha/GD), filocrono (128,8 GD) e a taxa de senescência (0,10 cm /GD) do azevém não foram diferentes entre os intervalos de corte. A menor taxa de elongação (0,06 cm/GD) e duração de elongação (171,6 GD) foi observada no menor intervalo entre cortes, 125 GD. De acordo com os achados deste experimento de dois anos, recomenda-se o uso de um intervalo de corte de 250 GD entre os eventos de pastejo, levando em consideração a eficiência do uso de forragem, proporção de folhas e colmo de azevém e trevo vermelho no dossel, sob lotação rotativa.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The canopy structure and morphogenesis of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated after it was over seeded with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and intercropped with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Time intervals between cuts were determined by different thermal sums (125, 250, 375, and 500 degree-days [DD]). Cuts were conducted at a height equivalent to 50% of the average canopy height. Morphogenic and structural data were collected from July to October of 2016 and 2017, from a completely randomized block experimental design. Canopy height, extended tiller height, pseudostem length, and forage mass were fitted to linear equations according to the thermal sums. Interaction of ryegrass with red clover was the highest (12.1%) for longer cut intervals (375 and 500 DD). The leaf appearance rate (0.0080 leaf/DD), phyllochron value (128.8 DD), and senescence rate (0.10 cm/DD) of ryegrass were comparable between the different intervals. The slowest elongation rate (0.06 cm/DD) with the shortest interval duration between cuts (171.6 DD) was observed in the 125 DD interval. According to the findings from this 2-year experiment, the use of a 250 DD cut interval was recommended between grazing events, taking into account the efficiency of forage use, ryegrass leaf, stem ratio, and interactions with red clover in the canopy under rotational stocking.

RESUMO: A estrutura do dossel e a morfogênese do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) foram investigadas após a sobressemeadura em Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e consorciado com trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.). Os intervalos de tempo entre os cortes foram determinados por diferentes somas térmicas (125, 250, 375 e 500 graus-dia [GD]). Os cortes foram realizados a uma altura equivalente a 50% da altura média do dossel. Os dados morfogênicos e estruturais foram coletados no período de julho a outubro de 2016 e 2017, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. A altura do dossel, a altura estendida do perfilho, o comprimento do pseudocolmo e a massa de forragem se ajustaram a equações lineares de acordo com a soma térmica. A consorciação de azevém e trevo vermelho foi maior (12,1%) para intervalos de corte mais longos (375 e 500 GD). A taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,0080 folha/GD), filocrono (128,8 GD) e a taxa de senescência (0,10 cm /GD) do azevém não foram diferentes entre os intervalos de corte. A menor taxa de elongação (0,06 cm/GD) e duração de elongação (171,6 GD) foi observada no menor intervalo entre cortes, 125 GD. De acordo com os achados deste experimento de dois anos, recomenda-se o uso de um intervalo de corte de 250 GD entre os eventos de pastejo, levando em consideração a eficiência do uso de forragem, proporção de folhas e colmo de azevém e trevo vermelho no dossel, sob lotação rotativa.

RESUMO

he study was carried out to evaluate the forage intake and performance of beef heifers from 15 to 18 months of age, grazing on Alexandergrass (Urochloaplantaginea (Link) Hitch) fed rice bran (RB; 0, 0.5 and 1.0% body weight (BW)). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with repeated measurement arrangement. Rice bran increased the total dry matter (DM) intake, total crude protein intake and total digestible nutrients intake. Heifers that received 1.0% BW of RB reduced forage DM intake, increasing by 18% stocking rate (SR) and by 27% BW gain per area in comparison with the system exclusively on pasture. In the system in which the heifers were fed 0.5% BW of RB, SR and gain per area were similar to other systems. In this feeding system, we observed average daily gain 18% higher than when heifers were exclusively on pasture and gain similar to that observed when using 1.0% BW of RB. In Alexandergrass pasture it is recommended to supply 0.5% BW of RB for beef heifers from 15 to 18 months of age, to promote better productive responses compared to heifers exclusively on pasture and similar to those observed when supplying 1.0% BW of RB.(AU)

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de forragem e o desempenho de novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, em pastejo em papuã (Urochloaplantaginea(Link) Hitch), recebendo farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento (0, 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC)). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O uso de FAI aumentou o consumo total de matéria seca (MS), o consumo total de proteína bruta e de nutrientes digestíveis totais em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo. As novilhas que receberam 1,0% do PC de FAI reduziram o consumo de MS da forragem, aumentando em 18% a taxa de lotação (TxLot) e em 27% o ganho de PC por hectare (GPA) em comparação com o sistema exclusivamente a pasto. No sistema em que as novilhas receberam 0,5% do PC de FAI, a TxLot e o GPA foram similares aos demais sistemas. Nesse sistema alimentar, foi observado GDM 18% superior em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e ganho similar ao uso de 1,0% do PC de FAI. Em pastagem de papuã, é recomendado o uso de 0,5% do PC de FAI para novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, por promover respostas produtivas superiores em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e semelhantes às observadas quando fornecido 1,0% do PC de FAI.(AU)

Assuntos