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Abstract Introduction: Molecular divergence thresholds have been proposed to distinguish recently separated evolutive units, often displaying more accurate putative species assignments in taxonomic research compared to traditional morphological approaches. This makes DNA barcoding an attractive identification tool for a variety of marine invertebrates, especially for cryptic species complexes. Although GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) are the major sequence repositories worldwide, very few have tested their performance in the identification of echinoderm sequences. Objective: We use COI echinoderm sequences from local samples and the molecular identification platforms from GenBank and BOLD, in order to test their accuracy and reliability in the DNA barcoding identification for Central American shallow water echinoderms, at genus and species level. Methods: We conducted sampling, tissue extraction, COI amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification for 475 specimens. The 348 obtained sequences were individually enquired with BLAST in GenBank as well as using the Identification System (IDS) in BOLD. Query sequences were classified depending on the best match result. McNemar's chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis's and Mann-Whitney's U tests were performed to prove differences between the results from both databases. Additionally, we recorded an updated list of species reported for the shallow waters of the Central American Pacific. Results: We found 324 echinoderm species reported for Central American Pacific shallow waters. Only 118 and 110 were present in GenBank and BOLD databases respectively. We proposed 325 solved morphology-based identities and 21 provisional identifications in 50 putative taxa. GenBank retrieved 348 molecular-based identifications in 58 species, including twelve provisional identifications in tree taxa. BOLD recovered 170 COI identifications in 23 species with one provisional identification. Nevertheless, 178 sequences retrieved unmatched terms (in 34 morphology-based taxa). Only 86 sequences (25 %) were retrieved as correct identifications and 128 (37 %) as identification errors in both platforms. We include 84 sequences for eleven species not represented in GenBank and 65 sequences for ten species in BOLD Echinoderm COI databases. The identification accuracy using BLAST (175 correct and 152 incorrect identifications) was greater than with IDS engine (110 correct and 218 identification errors), therefore GenBank outperforms BOLD (Kruskal-Wallis = 41.625, df = 1, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Additional echinoderm sample references are needed to improve the utility of the evaluated DNA barcoding identification tools. Identification discordances in both databases may obey specific parameters used in each search algorithm engine and the available sequences. We recommend the use of barcoding as a complementary identification source for Central American Pacific shallow water echinoderm species.

Resumen Introducción: Se han propuesto los umbrales de divergencia molecular para distinguir unidades evolutivas recientemente separadas, que a menudo muestran asignaciones de especies putativas más precisas en la investigación taxonómica en comparación con los enfoques morfológicos tradicionales. Esto hace que los Códigos de Barras de ADN sean una herramienta de identificación atractiva para una variedad de invertebrados marinos, especialmente para complejos de especies crípticas. Aunque GenBank y Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) son los principales repositorios de secuencias en todo el mundo, muy pocos han probado su desempeño en la identificación de secuencias de equinodermos. Objetivo: Utilizamos secuencias de equinodermos COI de muestras locales y las plataformas de identificación molecular de GenBank y BOLD, para probar su precisión y confiabilidad en la implementación de códigos de barras de ADN para equinodermos de aguas someras de Centroamérica, a nivel de género y especie. Métodos: Realizamos muestreo, extracción de tejido, amplificación de COI, secuenciación e identificación taxonómica de 475 especímenes. Las 348 secuencias obtenidas fueron consultadas individualmente con BLAST en GenBank así como utilizando el Sistema de Identificación (IDS) en BOLD. Las secuencias consultadas se clasificaron según el mejor resultado de coincidencia. Se realizaron las pruebas chi-cuadrado de McNemar, Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney para comprobar diferencias entre los resultados de ambas bases de datos. Además, registramos una lista actualizada de especies reportadas para las aguas someras del Pacífico Centroamericano. Resultados: Encontramos 324 especies de equinodermos reportadas para aguas someras (< 200 m) del Pacífico centroamericano. Sólo 118 y 110 estaban presentes en las bases de datos GenBank y BOLD respectivamente. Propusimos 325 identidades resueltas basadas en morfología y 21 identificaciones provisionales en 50 taxones putativos. GenBank recuperó 348 identificaciones de base molecular en 58 especies, incluidas doce identificaciones provisionales en tres taxones. BOLD recuperó 170 identificaciones de COI en 23 especies con una identificación provisional. Sin embargo, 178 secuencias recuperaron términos no coincidentes (en 34 taxones basados en morfología). Sólo 86 secuencias (25 %) se recuperaron como identificaciones correctas y 128 (37 %) como errores de identificación en ambas plataformas. Incluimos 84 secuencias para once especies no representadas en GenBank y 65 secuencias para diez especies ausentes en las bases de datos BOLD Echinoderm COI. La precisión de la identificación usando BLAST (175 identificaciones correctas y 152 incorrectas) fue mayor que con el motor IDS (110 correctas y 218 errores de identificación), por lo tanto, GenBank supera a BOLD (Kruskal-Wallis = 41.625, df = 1, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Se necesitan muestras adicionales de equinodermos de referencia para mejorar la utilidad de las herramientas de identificación de códigos de barras de ADN evaluadas. Las discordancias de identificación en ambas bases de datos pueden obedecer a parámetros específicos utilizados en cada algoritmo de búsqueda y a las secuencias disponibles. Recomendamos el uso de códigos de barras como fuente de identificación complementaria para las especies de equinodermos de aguas someras del Pacífico centroamericano.

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We provide a brief introduction on the importance and use of scientific collections and a general overview of the articles that are part of the special issue of the Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy on Brazilian mammal collections. The 19 articles that comprise this issue refer to collections distributed across eight Brazilian states. Most of the collections hold specimens of living mammals, and two of them are paleontological collections. Two articles address specific orders of mammals, while the rest present data for all the orders. We hope that this issue represents a significant contribution to efforts to preserve Brazilian scientific collections, providing a more comprehensive view of their importance and the current and potential use of the specimens preserved therein.

Apresentamos uma breve introdução sobre a importância e uso de coleções científicas e um panorama geral dos artigos que fazem parte do número especial do Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy sobre coleções brasileiras de mamíferos. Os 19 artigos abrangem coleções distribuídas em oito estados da federação. Em sua maioria tratam de mamíferos viventes, sendo dois referentes a coleções paleontológicas. Dois artigos abordam ordens específicas de mamíferos e os demais apresentam dados para todas as ordens. Esperamos que este número represente uma contribuição significativa aos esforços para preservar as coleções científicas nacionais, fornecendo uma visão mais abrangente acerca das coleções e do uso atual e potencial dos espécimes nelas preservados.

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Resumen Introducción: La Rata de Magdalena, Xenomys nelsoni, es un roedor endémico de México, de distribución restringida a las selvas bajas caducifolias densas, en una pequeña región de la costa del Pacífico mexicano. Es una especie poco conocida, catalogada como "En Peligro" de acuerdo con la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). Este desconocimiento unido a la alta tasa de deforestación de su hábitat hace que su conservación sea prioritaria. Objetivo: Realizar un recuento histórico de los registros depositados en las colecciones científicas, generar mapas de distribución potencial y analizar el estado de conservación de la especie. Método: Los datos de ocurrencia de las especies se obtuvieron de la literatura y bases de datos digitales y se analizaron por décadas. Se utilizaron los programas GARP y MaxEnt para generar los modelos de nicho ecológico. La importancia de las variables en el modelo se estimó mediante un análisis Jackknife. Resultados: A lo largo de 129 años 19 recolectores registraron 69 ejemplares, de los cuales 65 están depositados en siete colecciones internacionales y una nacional. Aunque la especie sólo se ha recolectado en Jalisco y Colima, la distribución potencial de X. nelsoni incluye también el estado de Michoacán. De esta área estimada, sólo el 1.5 % se encuentra dentro de un Área Natural Protegida. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la distribución potencial podrían ser utilizados para verificar la presencia de la especie en lugares donde no ha sido recolectada como el norte de la Reserva de la Biosfera Chamela-Cuixmala y en algunas zonas de la provincia fisiográfica Costas del Sur en el estado de Michoacán. Es necesario incrementar los muestreos en regiones poco estudiadas predichas por el modelo y aumentar el área de protección.

Abstract Introduction: The Magdalena Rat, Xenomys nelsoni, is a rodent endemic to Mexico, whose distribution is restricted to dense tropical dry forests in a small region on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It is a poorly known species categorized as "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This lack of knowledge and the high rates of deforestation of its habitat makes its conservation a priority. Objective: To summarize the historical records deposited in scientific collections, to create potential distribution maps, and to analyze the conservation status of the species. Methods: We obtained species occurrence data from literature and digital databases, analyzing them by the decade. We used GARP and MaxEnt software to generate the ecological niche models. The importance of the variables in the model was estimated using the Jackknife technique. Results: Over 129 years, 19 collectors registered 69 specimens, of which 65 are deposited in one national and seven international collections. Although the species has only been collected in Jalisco and Colima, the potential distribution for X. nelsoni also includes the state of Michoacán. Of this estimated area, only 1.5 % is in a Protected Natural Area. Conclusions: The results of the potential distribution could be used to verify the presence of the species in places where it has not been collected, such as the northern part of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and in some areas of the physiographic province Costas del Sur in the state of Michoacán. It is needed to increase samplings in the least studied regions predicted by the model and expand the area of protection.

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Natural history collections (NHCs) contain valuable information that can be used in different fields of knowledge, and aid in the development of society, science, and technology. The role of curators and taxonomists in maintaining and improving biological collections is essential, as these are fundamental for the understanding of biodiversity. However, the role of taxonomists and the importance of NHCs to society have been undervalued in recent years. We, while attending a graduate program on collections at PUCRS, noted a gap in knowledge about scientific collections. Was this gap, which continued from our undergraduate to graduate years, a mere coincidence or widespread in biological science programs in Brazil? We queried 126 Brazilian institutions of higher education to assess the presence of courses related to natural-history collections and taxonomy. A total of 25 private and 37 public universities from 126 institutions searched, have a program of study in biological sciences in the curriculum on their websites. About 16% offer some course related to NHCs or taxonomy, and all of them are public institutions. Despite the budget cutting made by the Brazilian government that make it even more difficult to recognize NHCs and related areas, we believe that there should be more links among researchers from different areas and especially between the levels of basic and higher education, so that students are exposed to this subject early in their education. We, as Brazilian students, believe that more information on NHC-related issues and taxonomic subjects is urgently needed in biological science programs.(AU)

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The types of nominal species of Echinodermata in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo are catalogued: Holothuroidea (19 species ­ 16 holotypes, 1 paratype and 2 neotypes) and Ophiuroidea (4 species ­ 1 neotype and 3 paratypes). Photographs of all the type specimens are given. A brief account of the history of the MZUSP's echinoderm collections is presented.(AU)

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Abstract This article compiles information on FAPESP's support for improving environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity), expansion (acquisition of conventional and compacted cabinets) and conservation of botanical collections deposited in São Paulo's herbaria. Aspects related to the qualification of these collections and repatriation of data on Flora Paulista are also highlighted.

Resumo Neste trabalho são compiladas informações sobre o apoio da FAPESP à melhoria das condições ambientais (temperatura e umidade relativa), ampliação (aquisição de armários convencionais e compactados) e conservação das coleções botânicas depositadas nos herbários paulistas. Também são destacados, aspectos relacionados à qualificação dessas coleções e repatriação de dados sobre a Flora Paulista.

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Resumen Presentamos una lista actualizada de las especies de aves del departamento de Loreto. La lista está basada en la revisión de ejemplares de colecciones científicas, registros históricos, publicaciones y observaciones de campo. Reportamos 1040 especies de aves para Loreto, 72 de ellas en alguna categoría de amenaza, 72 migratorias y 13 endémicas de Perú. Percnostola arenarum, Pithys castaneus y Polioptila clementsi son endémicas de Loreto. Las familias con mayor número de especies son Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae y Thraupidae. La lista presentada tiene alta confiabilidad debido al respaldo de cerca del 81% de las especies en especímenes de colecciones científicas y apenas el 1.5% solo por reportes de avistamientos realizados por ornitólogos. Las especies de aves de Loreto representan alrededor del 55% del total reportado para el Perú y en Passeriformes el 52% de los estimado para la Amazonia. La distribución de los registros muestra que es necesario explorar áreas cercanas a las fronteras con Colombia y Brasil, así como las cordilleras que comparten con Amazonas y San Martín. En base a la distribución de la avifauna amenazada y endémica se propone priorizar el estudio y protección de áreas montanas y de bosques de arena blanca en particular.

Abstract We present an updated list of bird species from Department of Loreto. The list is based on the review of specimens from scientific collections, historical records, publications, and field observations. We report 1040 species of birds in Loreto, 72 in some threat category, 72 migratory and 13 endemics to Peru. Percnostola arenarum, Pithys castaneus and Polioptila clementsi are endemics to Loreto. The families with the highest numbers of species are Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae and Thraupidae. The list presented is highly reliable due to the support of about 81% of the species on specimens from scientific collections and only 1.5% from sighting reports by ornithologists. Bird species from Loreto represent about 55% of the total reported for Peru and in Passeriformes 52% of those estimated for the Amazonia. The distribution of reports shows that it is necessary to explore areas close to the region's borders with Colombia and Brazil, as well as the mountain ranges shared with Amazonas and San Martin. Based on the distribution of threatened and endemic avifauna, we propose to prioritize the study and protection of montane areas and white-sand forests.

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Resumen En 1542 Orellana llega al Amazonas e inicia una historia de exploración continua de Loreto. Sin embargo, los estudios de las aves de este departamento recién empiezan en el siglo XIX con las exploraciones de Johann Baptist von Spix, Johann Jakob Von Tschudi, Francis-Louis de Castelnau, Emile Deville, Edward Bartlett, John Hauxwell y Henry Walter Bates quienes colectan para museos europeos y estadounidenses. En 1850 llega Antonio Raimondi al Perú incorporándose a la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos e iniciando los estudios nacionales de aves loretanas en 1859 y 1869. Raimondi colaboró activamente con Władysław Taczanowski, asistidos por Konstanty Jelski y Jan Stolzmann, cuyas colectas en Loreto fueran usadas en Ornithologie du Pérou, primer tratado de la avifauna peruana, conservándose algunos especímenes en el Museo de Historia Natural de la UNMSM (MHN). A inicios del siglo XX, Malcolm Anderson y Wilfred Osgood y posteriormente los hermanos Olalla colectaron para museos estadounidenses, marcando el inicio del predominio norteamericano en la ornitología en Perú. El investigador peruano Javier Ortiz de la Puente, primer jefe de la Sección Aves del MHN, realizó colectas en Loreto en 1948 y 1952, antes de su prematura muerte. María Koepcke, siguiente responsable de la Sección Aves del MHN, colecta en Pacaya-Samiria en 1967. John Patton O'Neill visita Loreto en 1963, iniciándose un interés que lo llevaría a impulsar la ornitología en Perú por varias décadas. La investigación continua de la avifauna loretana convirtió a esta región en un punto clave para entender los patrones de diversificación de las aves amazónicas.

Abstract In 1542 Orellana arrived in the Amazon and began a history of continuous exploration of Loreto. However, the birds' study of Loreto began in the 19th century with the explorations of Johann Baptist von Spix, Johann Jakob von Tschudi, Francis-Louis de Castelnau, Emile Deville, Edward Bartlett, John Hauxwell and Henry Walter Bates, who collected for European and American museums. In 1850 Antonio Raimondi arrived in Peru, joining the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, and starting national studies of birds of Loreto in 1859 and 1869. Raimondi actively collaborated with Władysław Taczanowski, assisted by Konstanty Jelski and Jan Stolzmann, whose collections in Loreto were used in Ornithologie du Pérou, the first treatise on Peruvian avifauna. Some of these specimens are preserved in the Museo de Historia Natural of the UNMSM (MHN). At the beginning of the 20th century, Malcolm Anderson and Wilfred Osgood and later the Olalla brothers collected for American museums, marking the beginning of American predominance in ornithology in Peru. The Peruvian researcher Javier Ortiz de la Puente, the first head of the Bird Section of the MHN, collected in Loreto in 1948 and 1952, before his unfortunate death. María Koepcke, next head of the MHN Bird Section, collected in Pacaya-Samiria in 1967. John Patton O'Neill visited Loreto in 1963, initiating an interest that would lead him to promote ornithology in Peru for several decades. The continuous research of Loreto's avifauna turned this region into a key point to understand the diversification patterns of Amazonian birds.

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Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) Müller 1879 contains 106 species, 41 of which occur in Brazil, mainly in the Atlantic Forest biome. Despite its diversity, it is estimated that many undescribed species are believed to be housed in scientific collections, waiting to be described. Smicridea specimens housed in two Brazilian insect collections (Coleção Entomológica Professor José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Rio de Janeiro and Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo) were examined and two new species of S. (Rhyacophylax) were detected. The objective of this study is to describe and illustrate these species. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) boraceia sp. nov. and Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) dumasi sp. nov. inhabit the Atlantic forest biome and can be recognized mainly by the morphology of tergum X and the phallic apparatus. Six species groups are recognized in S. (Rhyacophylax); however, the two new species described here cannot be placed in any of these groups.

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Introduction: The study of the marine diversity of the North Pacific of Costa Rica began with isolated foreign expeditions in the 1930s and was systematically developed in the mid-1990s by the Center for Research in Marine Sciences and Limnology, Universidad de Costa Rica, as consequence there are now a total of 1 479 reported species in this region. Objective: Present an update to the echinoderm richness of the Guanacaste Conservation Area. Methods: We sampled 25 localities exhaustively and estimated similarity between sites based on the family richness and environmental heterogeneity. Results: We found 61 taxa, which represent 26 % of the echinoderm reported species for the country's Pacific coast. Of these, 43 species are new records for the Guanacaste Conservation Area, and seven for Costa Rica and Central American Pacific coasts. We found three morpho-species that do not match to available descriptions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific echinoderm species. We also found the holothuroid Epitomapta tabogae, and the ophiuroid Ophioplocus hancocki, previously thought endemic to Panama and the Galapagos Islands, respectively. The proximity of the sampled sites and the redundancy of certain families may explain why we did not find important differences among localities. Conclusions: The echinoderm richness of this conservation area is at least 20 % higher than previously reported, reaching similar levels to those in other high diversity sites of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Introducción: El estudio de la diversidad marina del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica inició con expediciones extranjeras aisladas en la década de 1930, y fue desarrollado sistemáticamente a mediados de la década de 1990 por el Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, como consecuencia ahora se reporta un total de 1 479 especies en esta región. Objetivo: Presentar una actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos del Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Métodos: Realizamos muestreos exhaustivos en 25 localidades y estimamos la similitud entre sitios con base en la riqueaza de familias y la heterogeneidad ambiental. Resultados: Encontramos 61 taxa, que representan el 26% de las especies reportadas para la costa pacífica del país. De estas, 43 especies son nuevos registros para el Área de Conservación Guanacaste y siete para las costas de Costa Rica y el Pacífico centroamericano. Tres morfoespecies no coinciden con las descripciones disponibles para las especies del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Por último, hallamos un ejemplar del holoturoideo Epitomapta tabogae y otro del ofiuroideo Ophioplocus hancocki, considerados endémicos para Panamá y las Islas Galápagos respectivamente. La proximidad entre los sitios muestreados y la redundancia de ciertas familias pueden explicar por qué no se encontraron diferencias entre las localidades. Conclusiones: La riqueza de equinodermos de esta área de conservación es al menos 20% mayor que la reportada anteriormente, alcanzando niveles similares a los de otros sitios de alta diversidad del Pacífico Tropical Oriental.

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