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Abstract Introduction : The objective was to assess the im munogenicity and effectiveness of vaccines against SARSCoV-2 in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients included in the Argentinean MS registry. Methods : A prospective cohort study between May and December 2021. The primary outcome was im munogenicity and effectiveness of vaccines during a three-month follow-up. Immunogenicity was evalua ted based on detection of total antibodies (Ab) against spike protein and neutralizing Ab in serum 4 weeks after the second vaccine dose. A positive COVID-19 case was defined according to Argentinean Ministry of Health. Results : 94 patients were included, mean age: 41.7 ± 12.1 years. Eighty (85.1%) had relapsing remitting mul tiple sclerosis (RRMS); 30 (31.9%) were under fingolimod treatment. The Sputnik V vaccine was the first dose in 33 (35.1%), and AstraZeneca in 61 (64.9%). In 60 (63.8%), the vaccine elicited a specific humoral response. Immu nological response according to the vaccination schemes showed no qualitative differences (p = 0.45). Stratified analysis according to the MS treatment showed that a significantly smaller number of subjects developed anti bodies against spike antigen among those that were on ocrelizumab compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.001), while a reduced number of patients under ocrelizumab where evaluated (n = 7). This was also observed for neutralizing antibodies in the ocrelizumab group (p < 0.001). During the three-month follow-up, two individuals were diag nosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: We found that MS patients that recei ved Sputnik V or AstraZeneca vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 developed a serological response with no differences between the vaccines used.

Resumen Introducción : El objetivo fue evaluar la inmunogeni cidad y efectividad de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) incluidos en el registro argentino de EM (RelevarEM, NCT 03375177). Métodos : Estudio de cohorte prospectivo entre mayo y diciembre 2021. Se evaluó la inmunogenicidad (detec ción de anticuerpos totales (Ab) contra proteína espiga y anticuerpos neutralizantes en suero) y eficacia (nueva infección por COVID-19) durante seguimiento de tres meses. El momento de detección de anticuerpos fue 4 semanas después de segunda dosis de vacuna. Un caso positivo de COVID-19 se definió de acuerdo con la defi nición del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados : Se incluyeron 94 pacientes, edad media de 41.7 ± 12.1 años. Ochenta (85.1%) tenían EM remiten te-recurrente; 30 (31.9%) en tratamiento con fingolimod. La vacuna Sputnik V fue usada en 33 (35.1%), mientras que AstraZeneca se administró en 61 (64.9%). En 60 pa cientes (63.8 %), la vacuna provocó respuesta humoral específica. La respuesta inmunológica según esquemas de vacunación (Sputnik V, Astra Zeneca o esquemas he terólogos) no mostró diferencias cualitativas (p = 0.45). El análisis estratificado según tratamiento recibido para la EM mostró que número significativamente menor de sujetos desarrolló anticuerpos contra el antígeno espiga en los pacientes que recibieron ocrelizumab (p ≤ 0.001), aunque con un número reducido de pacientes evaluados bajo este tratamiento (n = 7). Esto también se observó para anticuerpos neutralizantes en el grupo bajo ocrelizumab (p < 0.001). Durante el seguimiento de tres meses, dos personas fueron diagnosticadas con COVID-19. Conclusión : Encontramos que los pacientes con EM que recibieron vacunas Sputnik V o AstraZeneca para el SARS-CoV-2 desarrollaron respuesta serológica sin diferencias entre las vacunas utilizadas.

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INTRODUCTION: The objective was to assess the immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccines against SARSCoV-2 in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients included in the Argentinean MS registry. METHODS: A prospective cohort study between May and December 2021. The primary outcome was immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccines during a three-month follow-up. Immunogenicity was evaluated based on detection of total antibodies (Ab) against spike protein and neutralizing Ab in serum 4 weeks after the second vaccine dose. A positive COVID-19 case was defined according to Argentinean Ministry of Health. RESULTS: 94 patients were included, mean age: 41.7 ± 12.1 years. Eighty (85.1%) had relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS); 30 (31.9%) were under fingolimod treatment. The Sputnik V vaccine was the first dose in 33 (35.1%), and AstraZeneca in 61 (64.9%). In 60 (63.8%), the vaccine elicited a specific humoral response. Immunological response according to the vaccination schemes showed no qualitative differences (p = 0.45). Stratified analysis according to the MS treatment showed that a significantly smaller number of subjects developed antibodies against spike antigen among those that were on ocrelizumab compared to other groups (p = 0.001), while a reduced number of patients under ocrelizumab where evaluated (n = 7). This was also observed for neutralizing antibodies in the ocrelizumab group (p < 0.001). During the three-month follow-up, two individuals were diagnosed with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: We found that MS patients that received Sputnik V or AstraZeneca vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 developed a serological response with no differences between the vaccines used.

Introducción: El objetivo fue evaluar la inmunogenicidad y efectividad de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) incluidos en el registro argentino de EM (RelevarEM, NCT03375177). Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo entre mayo y diciembre 2021. Se evaluó la inmunogenicidad (detección de anticuerpos totales (Ab) contra proteína espiga y anticuerpos neutralizantes en suero) y eficacia (nueva infección por COVID-19) durante seguimiento de tres meses. El momento de detección de anticuerpos fue 4 semanas después de segunda dosis de vacuna. Un caso positivo de COVID-19 se definió de acuerdo con la definición del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: Se incluyeron 94 pacientes, edad media de 41.7 ± 12.1 años. Ochenta (85.1%) tenían EM remitente-recurrente; 30 (31.9%) en tratamiento con fingolimod. La vacuna Sputnik V fue usada en 33 (35.1%), mientras que AstraZeneca se administró en 61 (64.9%). En 60 pacientes (63.8 %), la vacuna provocó respuesta humoral específica. La respuesta inmunológica según esquemas de vacunación (Sputnik V, Astra Zeneca o esquemas heterólogos) no mostró diferencias cualitativas (p = 0.45). El análisis estratificado según tratamiento recibido para la EM mostró que número significativamente menor de sujetos desarrolló anticuerpos contra el antígeno espiga en los pacientes que recibieron ocrelizumab (p = 0.001), aunque con un número reducido de pacientes evaluados bajo este tratamiento (n = 7). Esto también se observó para anticuerpos neutralizantes en el grupo bajo ocrelizumab (p < 0.001). Durante el seguimiento de tres meses, dos personas fueron diagnosticadas con COVID-19. Conclusión: Encontramos que los pacientes con EM que recibieron vacunas Sputnik V o AstraZeneca para el SARS-CoV-2 desarrollaron respuesta serológica sin diferencias entre las vacunas utilizadas.

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BACKGROUND: Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is the leading cause of calf morbidity and mortality in beef cattle. Cow's vaccination in last stage of pregnancy is one of the most important measures to mitigate the risk of NCD outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of prepartum single dose vaccination against NCD, especially Bovine Rotavirus type A (BoRVA) and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), in Nelore dams and offspring. A total of 117 pregnant cows (n = 81) and heifers (n = 36) were distributed in two groups, vaccinated (VAC: cows = 40; heifers = 19) and non-vaccinated (NVAC: cows = 41; heifers = 17). Vaccination occurred between 60 to 50 days before the expected calving date with a single dose of a water-in-oil (W/O) vaccine, and NVAC group received a dose of saline solution 0.9%. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and 30 days after to evaluate the antibody (Ab) response. Specific IgG1 Abs against BoRVA and BCoV were measured by using an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Calves' births were monitored, and the transference of passive immunity was evaluated. Diarrhea was monitored in the first 30 days of age, and fecal samples were collected for identification of the etiological agent. RESULTS: Higher titers of IgG1 Ab against BoRVA and BCoV was observed in the VAC group than NVAC group in the cow (P < 0.0001) and total dams categories (P < 0.0001). The titer of specific IgG1 Abs in the calves' serum reflected the dams response, observing higher IgG1 Ab titers for BoRVA (P < 0.0016) and BCoV (P < 0.0095) in the offspring born to VAC cows and higher IgG1 Ab titers for BoRVA(P < 0.0171) and BCoV (P < 0.0200) in the offspring born to VAC total dams. The general incidence of diarrhea observed was 18.6% (11/59) and 29.3% (17/58) in the calves born to the VAC and NVAC group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prepartum vaccination with a single dose of the vaccine tested increased the titers of IgG1 Ab against BCoV and BoRVA, and it could be used as a preventive strategy to decrease the NCD occurrence in Nelore calves.

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BACKGROUND: A major challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is to better define "protective thresholds" to guide the global response. We aimed to characterize the longitudinal dynamics of the antibody responses in naturally infected individuals in Chile and compared them to humoral responses induced after immunization with CoronaVac-based on an inactivated whole virus -or the BNT162b2- based on mRNA-vaccines. We also contrasted them with the respective effectiveness and efficacy data available for both vaccines. METHODS: We determined and compared the longitudinal neutralizing (nAb) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibody responses of 74 COVID-19 individuals (37 outpatient and 37 hospitalized) during the acute disease and convalescence. We also assessed the antibody boosting of 36 of these individuals who were immunized after convalescence with either the CoronaVac (n = 30) or the BNT162b2 (n = 6) vaccines. Antibody titres were also measured for 50 naïve individuals immunized with two doses of CoronaVac (n = 35) or BNT162b2 (n = 15) vaccines. The neutralizing level after vaccination was compared to those of convalescent individuals and the predicted efficacy was estimated. FINDINGS: SARS-CoV-2 infection induced robust nAb and anti-N antibody responses lasting >9 months, but showing a rapid nAb decay. After convalescence, nAb titres were significantly boosted by vaccination with CoronaVac or BNT162b2. In naïve individuals, the calculated mean titre induced by two doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2 was 0·2 times and 5.2 times, respectively, that of convalescent individuals, which has been proposed as threshold of protection. CoronaVac induced no or only modest anti-N antibody responses. Using two proposed logistic models, the predicted efficacy of BNT162b2 was estimated at 97%, in close agreement with phase 3 efficacy studies, while for CoronaVac it was ∼50% corresponding to the lowest range of clinical trials and below the real-life data from Chile (from February 2 through May 1, 2021 during the predominant circulation of the Gamma variant), where the estimated vaccine effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 was 62·8-64·6%. INTERPRETATION: The decay of nAbs titres in previously infected individuals over time indicates that vaccination is needed to boost humoral memory responses. Immunization of naïve individuals with two doses of CoronaVac induced nAbs titres that were significantly lower to that of convalescent patients, and similar to vaccination with one dose of BTN162b2. The real life effectiveness for CoronaVac in Chile was higher than estimated; indicating that lower titres and additional cellular immune responses induced by CoronaVac might afford protection in a highly immunized population. Nevertheless, the lower nAb titre induced by two doses of CoronaVac as compared to the BTN162b2 vaccine in naïve individuals, highlights the need of booster immunizations over time to maintain protective levels of antibody, particularly with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. FUNDING: FONDECYT 1161971, 1212023, 1181799, FONDECYT Postdoctorado 3190706 and 3190648, ANID Becas/Doctorado Nacional 21212258, PIA ACT 1408, CONICYT REDES180170, Centro Ciencia & Vida, FB210008, Financiamiento Basal para Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos de Excelencia grants from the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) of Chile; NIH-NIAD grants U19AI135972, R01AI132633 and contracts HHSN272201400008C and 75N93019C00051; the JPB Foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project grant 2020-215611 (5384); and by anonymous donors. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease, which represents a significant public health concern in some South American countries, such as Argentina and Chile. Its impact is essentially due to absence of adequate control measures on meat from game animals, as well as the presence of illegal slaughterhouses and the trade of meat products without being tested for this parasite. In Argentina, trichinellosis is an endemic disease. At present, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella patagoniensis, Trichinella pseudospiralis, and Trichinella britovi have been detected in animals from Argentina. Until now, T. patagoniensis had only been found in mountain cougars (Puma concolor) in Argentina but there is limited information available. The present study intends to determine susceptibility, serological response and distribution of muscle larvae in wild boars infected with T. patagoniensis, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis. For each of the Trichinella species five wild boars were inoculated with 20,000 muscle larvae. Except for two specimens which died during the experiment, the animals were euthanized 19 weeks post infection (pi). Blood samples were collected throughout the study in order to determine the antibody kinetics. Also, nine muscle samples from each specimen were taken and analysed for determination of larval distribution. Additionally, four muscle samples were used to obtain muscle juices. Wild boars infected with T. patagoniensis showed little to no larvae in the muscle samples analysed while animals infected with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis had a significantly high larval load in all the samples analysed. Optical density (OD) values remained above the cut-off value throughout the experiment. This is the first study to characterize the biological aspects of T. patagoniensis in wild boars.

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ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the frequency and magnitude of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus (RABV) in dogs with and without historic of vaccination in Santa Maria/RS. Group A included serum samples from 440 dogs with recent historic of vaccination against rabies, obtained during the 2015 rabies vaccination campaign. Group B included 300 serum samples from dogs submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2015, whose historic of rabies vaccination was unknown. Serum samples were submitted to the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) to detect neutralizing antibodies against RABV. In group A, 70.6% (310/440) of the samples had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 international units per milliliter (IU mL-1), considered an indicative of protection against rabies by the World Health Organization. However, approximately 30% of the dogs did not contain antibodies in adequate levels. In group B, 42.3% (127/300) of the samples contained neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5IU mL-1 and 57.7% (173/300) were negative or contained titers below of the value considered immunized. These results demonstrate that an important proportion of vaccinated dogs (~30%) did not develop adequate antibody levels, mainly those receiving a single vaccine dose. Serologic testing of animals with unknown historic of vaccination revealed relatively low vaccine coverage in the general dog population. Thus, reformulation of immunization strategies - especially the recommendation of a boost vaccination 30 days after the primary dose - and extension of vaccination campaigns are necessary to reach adequate levels and coverage of immunity against RABV in the canine population.

RESUMO: O presente estudo investigou a frequência e a magnitude dos anticorpos neutralizantes do vírus da raiva (RABV) em cães com e sem histórico de vacinação em Santa Maria/RS. O Grupo A incluiu amostras de soro de 440 cães com histórico recente de vacinação contra a raiva, obtidos durante a campanha de vacinação contra a raiva de 2015. O Grupo B incluiu 300 amostras de cães submetidos ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria em 2015, cujo histórico de vacinação antirrábica era desconhecido. As amostras de soro foram submetidas ao teste rápido de inibição de focos fluorescentes para detecção de anticorpos neutralizantes do RABV. No grupo A, 70,6% (310/440) das amostras possuíam títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes ≥0,5 unidades internacionais por mililitro (UI mL-1), considerado um indicador de proteção contra a raiva pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. No entanto, aproximadamente 30% dos animais não continham anticorpos em níveis adequados. No grupo B, 42,3% (127/300) das amostras continham títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes ≥0,5UI mL-1 e 57,7% (173/300) eram negativas ou continham títulos abaixo do valor considerado imunizado. Estes resultados demonstram que uma proporção importante de cães vacinados (~30%) não desenvolveu níveis adequados de anticorpos, principalmente aqueles que receberam uma única dose de vacina. O teste sorológico de animais com histórico de vacinação desconhecido revelou uma cobertura vacinal relativamente baixa na população geral de cães. Assim, a reformulação das estratégias de imunização - especialmente a recomendação de uma vacinação de reforço 30 dias após a primeira dose - e a extensão das campanhas de vacinação são necessárias para atingir níveis e cobertura adequados de imunidade contra o RABV na população canina.

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The present study investigated the frequency and magnitude of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus (RABV) in dogs with and without historic of vaccination in Santa Maria/RS. Group A included serum samples from 440 dogs with recent historic of vaccination against rabies, obtained during the 2015 rabies vaccination campaign. Group B included 300 serum samples from dogs submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2015, whose historic of rabies vaccination was unknown. Serum samples were submitted to the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) to detect neutralizing antibodies against RABV. In group A, 70.6% (310/440) of the samples had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 international units per milliliter (IU mL-1), considered an indicative of protection against rabies by the World Health Organization. However, approximately 30% of the dogs did not contain antibodies in adequate levels. In group B, 42.3% (127/300) of the samples contained neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5IU mL-1 and 57.7% (173/300) were negative or contained titers below of the value considered immunized. These results demonstrate that an important proportion of vaccinated dogs (~30%) did not develop adequate antibody levels, mainly those receiving a single vaccine dose. Serologic testing of animals with unknown historic of vaccination revealed relatively low vaccine coverage in the general dog population. Thus, reformulation of immunization strategies especially the recommendation of a boost vaccination 30 days after the primary dose and extension of vaccination campaigns are necessary to reach adequate levels and coverage of immunity against RABV in the canine population.(AU)

O presente estudo investigou a frequência e a magnitude dos anticorpos neutralizantes do vírus da raiva (RABV) em cães com e sem histórico de vacinação em Santa Maria/RS. O Grupo A incluiu amostras de soro de 440 cães com histórico recente de vacinação contra a raiva, obtidos durante a campanha de vacinação contra a raiva de 2015. O Grupo B incluiu 300 amostras de cães submetidos ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria em 2015, cujo histórico de vacinação antirrábica era desconhecido. As amostras de soro foram submetidas ao teste rápido de inibição de focos fluorescentes para detecção de anticorpos neutralizantes do RABV. No grupo A, 70,6% (310/440) das amostras possuíam títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes ≥0,5 unidades internacionais por mililitro (UI mL-1), considerado um indicador de proteção contra a raiva pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. No entanto, aproximadamente 30% dos animais não continham anticorpos em níveis adequados. No grupo B, 42,3% (127/300) das amostras continham títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes ≥0,5UI mL-1e 57,7% (173/300) eram negativas ou continham títulos abaixo do valor considerado imunizado. Estes resultados demonstram que uma proporção importante de cães vacinados (~30%) não desenvolveu níveis adequados de anticorpos, principalmente aqueles que receberam uma única dose de vacina. O teste sorológico de animais com histórico de vacinação desconhecido revelou uma cobertura vacinal relativamente baixa na população geral de cães. Assim, a reformulação das estratégias de imunização especialmente a recomendação de uma vacinação de reforço 30 dias após a primeira dose e a extensão das campanhas de vacinação são necessárias para atingir níveis e cobertura adequados de imunidade contra o RABV na população canina.(AU)

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