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Resumo O estudo investiga a associação entre o contexto escolar e a ocorrência de múltiplos parceiros entre adolescentes, considerando as variáveis individuais. Estudo transversal com análise multinível, realizado no período de fevereiro a junho de 2018 com estudantes de 14 a 19 anos. A variável desfecho (múltiplos parceiros sexuais) foi coletada com base no questionário Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). As variáveis do contexto escolar foram tempo na escola (escola regular vs escola integral/semi-integral) e índice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS) do bairro onde a escola está localizada. De 2.500 participantes, 1.044 foram analisados por serem sexualmente ativos. A maioria dos adolescentes (63,89%) teve dois ou mais parceiros. Estudantes de escola regular (mínimo de 4h diárias) tiveram mais chances (OR 1.47, IC 1.10-1.97) de terem múltiplos parceiros sexuais quando comparados àqueles de escola integral/semi-integral (mínimo de 7h diárias). Porém, não houve associação em relação ao IVS dos bairros das escolas (OR 1.18, IC 0.82-1.70). Maior tempo na escola esteve associado a menor chance de múltiplos parceiros sexuais, enquanto estudar em escolas localizadas em bairro de alta vulnerabilidade não esteve associado à ocorrência de múltiplos parceiros sexuais entre adolescentes.

Abstract The objective was to investigate the association between the school context and the occurrence of multiple partners among adolescents, considering individual variables (age, gender, Bolsa Família, LGB, early sexual initiation and use of alcohol or drugs in the last sex). Cross-sectional study with multilevel analysis carried out in 2018 with adolescent students from Olinda, Brazil. The variable (multiple partners) was collected based on the 'Youth Risk Behavior Survey' questionnaire. School context variables were time in school (regular school vs. full/semi-full school) and the Social Vulnerability Index of the school district. Of 2,500 participants, 1,044 were analyzed for being sexually active and most had two or more partners (63.89%). Regular school students were more likely (OR 1.47, CI 1.10-1.97) to have multiple sexual partners compared to those in full-day schools/half-day schools. However, no association was found in relation to the SVI of the schools' neighborhoods (OR 1.18, IC 0.82-1.70). More time spent at school was associated with fewer chances of multiple sexual partners, while studying in schools located in highly vulnerable neighborhoods was not associated with the occurrence of multiple sexual partners among adolescents.

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As doenças diarreicas agudas (DDA) são consideradas um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. No Brasil, elas afetam de forma desproporcional a população, majoritariamente as que se encontram expostas a condicionantes de determinação social que expressam sua vulnerabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de casos de DDA nos municípios da XII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco e sua correlação com os indicadores de vulnerabilidade social de seus municípios. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza epidemiológica e de caráter analítico ecológico realizado na XII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2016 a 2020. Os dados foram coletados no Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica de Doenças Diarreicas Agudas e no Atlas da Vulnerabilidade Social do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear simples. Verificou-se correlação negativa estatisticamente significante entre a ocorrência de casos de DDA e os índices de vulnerabilidade social de renda e trabalho (p = 0,029). Concluiu-se que a alta vulnerabilidade social de renda e trabalho da população comprova sua relação com as DDA, sendo necessária a criação de políticas públicas mais eficientes para sua prevenção e controle.

Acute diarrheal diseases (ADD) are considered a serious public health problem worldwide. In Brazil, they disproportionately affect the population, mostly those that are exposed to conditions of social determination that express their social vulnerability. The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of ADD cases in the municipalities of the XII Health Region of the state of Pernambuco and its correlation with the indexes of social vulnerability in their municipalities. This is an epidemiological study with an ecological analytical character carried out in the XII Health Region of the state of Pernambuco, from 2016 to 2020. Data were collected from the Information System of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Diarrheal Diseases and the Atlas of Social Vulnerability of the Institute of Applied Economic Research. Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the occurrence of ADD cases and the indexes of social vulnerability of income and work (p = 0.029). In conclusion, the population's high social vulnerability in terms of income and work proved its relationship with ADD, making it necessary to create more efficient public policies for its prevention and control.

Las enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA) son un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En Brasil, afectan de manera desproporcionada a la población, en su mayoría las que están expuestas a condicionantes de determinación social que expresan su vulnerabilidad. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la ocurrencia de casos de EDA en los municipios de la XII Región Sanitaria del estado de Pernambuco (Brasil) y su correlación con los indicadores de vulnerabilidad social en sus municipios. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico con carácter analítico ecológico, realizado en la XII Región Sanitaria del estado de Pernambuco, en el período de 2016 a 2020. Los datos se recolectaron del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas y del Atlas de Vulnerabilidad Social del Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas Aplicadas. Se utilizaron el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y la regresión lineal simple. Hubo una correlación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre la ocurrencia de casos de EDA y los indicadores de vulnerabilidad social ingreso y trabajo (p = 0,029). Se concluye que la alta vulnerabilidad social de ingresos y trabajo de la población demuestra su relación con las EDA, lo que hace necesario implementar políticas públicas más eficientes para su prevención y control.

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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a significant public health problem that can have a negative impact, especially in vulnerable regions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide evidence that could positively influence coping with COVID-19 based on the relationship between the potential epidemic vulnerability index (PEVI) and socioepidemiological variables. This could be used as a decision-making tool for the planning of preventive initiatives in regions with relevant vulnerability indices for the spread of SARS-CoV-2. METHODOLOGY: We performed a cross-sectional study, with the analysis of the population characteristics of COVID-19 cases associated with neighborhoods' PEVIs in the conurbation region of Crajubar, northeastern Brazil, through the mapping of socioeconomic-demographic factors and spatial autocorrelation. RESULTS: The PEVI distribution indicated low vulnerability in areas with high real estate and commercial value; as communities moved away from these areas, the vulnerability levels increased. As for the number of cases, three of the five neighborhoods with a high-high autocorrelation, and some other neighborhoods showed a bivariate spatial correlation with a low-low PEVI but also high-low with indicators that make up the PEVI, representing areas that could be protected by public health measures to prevent increases in COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the PEVI revealed areas that could be targeted by public policies to decrease the occurrence of COVID-19.

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Teachers' voices and psychological symptoms are the main reasons for absence from work. The objectives of this study were: (i) to spatially represent, through a webGIS, the standardized rates of teachers' absences due to voice (outcome 1) and psychological symptoms (outcome 2) in each Brazilian Federative Unit (FU = 26 states plus Federal District) and (ii) to analyze the relationship between each national outcome rate and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) of the municipality where urban schools are located, adjusted for sex, age, and working conditions. This cross-sectional study comprised 4979 randomly sampled teachers working in basic education urban schools, of which 83.3% are women. The national absence rates were 17.25% for voice symptoms and 14.93% for psychological symptoms. The rates, SVI, and school locations in the 27 FUs are dynamically visualized in webGIS. The multilevel multivariate logistic regression model showed a positive association between voice outcome and high/very high SVI (OR = 1.05 [1.03; 1.07]), whereas psychological symptoms were negatively associated with high/very high SVI (OR = 0.86 [0.85 0.88]) and positively associated with intermediate SVI (OR = 1.15 [1.13; 1.16]), in contrast with low/very low SVI. Being a woman (voice: OR = 1.36 [1.35; 1.38]; psychological: 1.22 [1.21; 1.24]) and working in schools with various precarious conditions (17 variables) increased the odds of being absent due to voice and psychological symptoms. The results confirm the need for investments to improve working conditions in schools.

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BACKGROUND: Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases are declining, but slowly in developing countries, emphasizing its probable relationship with determinants of social vulnerability. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the temporal progression of mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases from 1980 to 2019 and the association of the rates with the Municipal Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability Index in Brazil. METHODS: We estimated the crude and standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases and analyzed the relationship between the obtained data and the Municipal Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability Index. Data on deaths and population were obtained from the DATASUS. The Municipal Human Development Index and the Social Vulnerability Index of each federative unit were extracted from the websites Atlas Brazil and Atlas of Social Vulnerability, respectively. RESULTS: The age-standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases showed a downward trend nationwide, which was unequal across the federative units. There was an inversely proportional relationship between the standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases and the Municipal Human Development Index. The downward mortality trend was observed when the indices were greater than 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. The Social Vulnerability Index was directly proportional to the standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases. An upward mortality trend was observed with a Social Vulnerability Index greater than 0.35. CONCLUSIONS: Social determinants represented by the Municipal Human Development Index and the Social Vulnerability Index were related to mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases across the Brazilian federative units. The units with most development and least social inequalities had the lowest mortality from these causes. The most vulnerable die the most.

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BACKGROUND: Congenital syphilis (CS) is a problem of great concern for public health, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyse the time trends and the space-time dynamics of morbidity and mortality from CS in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological and time series study, which included all cases and deaths from CS recorded in a national Brazilian database from 2013 to 2019 was performed. Time trends in CS incidence and mortality were assessed using segmented linear regression. Univariate global and local Moran indices and space-time scan statistics were used in the space and space-time analyses. RESULTS: A total of 183 171 cases and 2401 deaths from CS were recorded in Brazil, with the highest number of cases being observed in the Southeast Region (n=82 612 [45.1%]). Only 21.1% of pregnant mothers with syphilis received adequate treatment. There was an upward trend in CS rates among mothers ages 20-29 y (average annual percent change [AAPC] 1.4 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.0 to 1.7]) and with <8 y of schooling (AAPC 6.6 [95% CI 5.3 to 7.9]). The primary space-time cluster involved 338 municipalities in the Southeast Region (relative risk 3.06, p<0.001) and occurred between 2017 and 2019. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the trends in CS rates, it is necessary to develop actions to improve the quality of prenatal care and expand early diagnosis and adequate treatment of syphilis in pregnant women and their sexual partners, especially in groups with upward trends (mothers ages 20-29 y and <8 y of schooling) and living in higher-risk regions (Southeast, North and Northeast).

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Minority groups are more prone to worsen their personal and social vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the highest COVID-19 vulnerability in the Brazilian sexual and gender minorities. This is a cross-sectional study based on 826 respondents of the Brazilian LGBT+ Health Survey, conducted online from August to November 2020. The COVID-19 vulnerability was based on a previous vulnerability index created by an LGBT+ institution, which comprises three dimensions (income, COVID-19 exposure, and health). The outcome was the highest score quartile. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression models. The COVID-19 vulnerability was higher in heterosexual and other scarce sexual orientations (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.01-9.20, vs. homosexual), cisgender men (OR = 3.52; 95%CI: 1.35-4.44, vs. cisgender women), and those aged ≥ 50 years (OR = 3.74; 95%CI: 1.24-11.25, vs. 18-29 years old). A negative association was found with complete graduate education (OR = 0.06; 95%CI: 0.02-0.22, vs. complete high school), being white (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.23-0.83), and proper facemask use (OR = 0.31; 95%CI: 0.13-0.76). Except for proper facemask use, factors associated with higher COVID-19 vulnerability are structural determinate and suggest overlapping vulnerabilities, as described by the syndemic model. It guides strategies to deal with the pandemic, which includes a joint approach to the common epidemic that affects sexual and gender minorities, broadening the intersectoral approach to decrease inequalities.

Grupos minoritários são mais propensos a fortalecer suas vulnerabilidades pessoais e sociais, aumentando a vulnerabilidade à COVID-19 durante a pandemia. Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados à maior vulnerabilidade à COVID-19 entre as minorias sexuais e de gênero no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 826 entrevistados do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde LGBT+, realizado online de agosto a novembro de 2020. A vulnerabilidade à COVID-19 pautou-se em um índice de vulnerabilidade anterior criado por uma instituição LGBT+, compreendendo três dimensões (renda, exposição à COVID-19, e saúde). O resultado foi o quartil de maior pontuação. A análise estatística foi baseada em modelos de regressão logística. Vulnerabilidade à COVID-19 foi maior em heterossexuais e outras sexualidades menores (OR = 2,34; IC95%: 1,01-9,20, vs. homossexual), homens cisgênero (OR = 3,52; IC95%: 1,35-4,44, vs. mulheres cisgênero), e aqueles com 50 anos ou mais (OR = 3,74; IC95%: 1,24-11,25, vs. 18-29 anos). Verificou-se associação negativa entre ter pós-graduação (OR = 0,06; IC95%: 0,02-0,22, vs. até o Ensino Médio), ter cor de pele branca (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,23-0,83) e usar máscara adequada (OR = 0,31; IC95%: 0,13-0,76). Exceto pelo uso adequado da máscara, fatores associados à maior vulnerabilidade à COVID-19 são determinantes estruturais e sugerem vulnerabilidades que se sobrepõem, como descrito pelo modelo sindêmico. Ele orienta estratégias para lidar com a pandemia, que engloba uma abordagem conjunta da epidemia comum que afeta as minorias sexuais e de gênero, ampliando a abordagem intersetorial para diminuir as desigualdades.

Los grupos minoritarios son los más propensos a intensificar sus vulnerabilidades individuales y sociales, lo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad al COVID-19 durante la pandemia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores asociados con mayor vulnerabilidad al COVID-19 entre las minorías sexuales y de género en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 826 personas que respondieron la Encuesta Brasileña sobre la Salud LGBT+, aplicada en línea entre agosto y noviembre de 2020. La vulnerabilidad al COVID-19 se basó en un índice de vulnerabilidad anterior creado por una institución LGBT+, el cual comprende tres dimensiones (renta, exposición al COVID-19 y salud). El resultado fue el cuartil de mayor puntuación. El análisis estadístico se basó en modelos de regresión logística. La vulnerabilidad al COVID-19 fue mayor en heterosexuales y otras sexualidades menores (OR = 2,34; IC95%: 1,01-9,20, vs. homosexual), hombres cisgénero (OR = 3,52; IC95%: 1,35-4,44, vs. mujeres cisgénero), y los de 50 años o más (OR = 3,74; IC95%: 1,24-11,25, vs. 18-29 años). Hubo una asociación negativa entre tener un título de posgrado (OR = 0,06; IC95%: 0,02-0,22, vs. hasta la secundaria), tener color de piel blanca (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,23-0,83) y usar mascarilla adecuadamente (OR = 0,31; IC95%: 0,13-0,76). Excepto por el uso adecuado de mascarilla, los factores asociados con una mayor vulnerabilidad al COVID-19 son determinantes estructurales y apuntan vulnerabilidades superpuestas, tal como lo describe el modelo sindémico. Este orienta estrategias para enfrentar la pandemia, que constan de un enfoque conjunto de la epidemia común que afecta a las minorías sexuales y de género, ampliando el enfoque intersectorial para reducir las desigualdades.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate the spatial distribution of congenital syphilis (CS) and its association to social vulnerability indexes in northeast Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological study referring to all cases of CS and CS deaths recorded in the northeast region of Brazil from 2008 to 2015. Data were obtained from three Brazilian information systems. We examined statistical correlations between CS indicators by state and municipality and their socioeconomic and social vulnerability characteristics. We used Bayesian empirical local models to identify fluctuations of the indicators. Spatial statistical tests were used to identify spatial clusters and the municipalities at high risk of CS. RESULTS: The incidence of CS ranged from 2.1 cases/1000 live births (LB) in 2008 to 6.9/1000 LB in 2015, with an annual increase of 19.9% (p < 0.001). The mortality coefficient of CS ranged from 2.9/1000 LB in 2008 to 6.5/1000 LB in 2015, resulting in an annual increase of 15.1% (p < 0.001). Nine spatial clusters were identified. Cases of congenital syphilis occurred in well-defined spatiotemporal clusters and in areas with high levels of social vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: CS incidence is associated with social vulnerability. CS control programmes should target spatial clusters and populations with high levels of social vulnerability.

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The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionally affected Indigenous Peoples. Unfortunately, there is no accurate understanding of COVID-19's impacts on Indigenous Peoples and communities due to systematic erasure of Indigenous representation in data. Early evidence suggests that COVID-19 has been able to spread through pre-pandemic mechanisms ranging from disproportionate chronic health conditions, inadequate access to healthcare, and poor living conditions stemming from structural inequalities. Using innovative data, we comprehensively investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples in New Mexico at the zip code level. Specifically, we expand the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to include the measures of structural vulnerabilities from historical racisms against Indigenous Peoples. We found that historically-embedded structural vulnerabilities (e.g., Tribal land status and higher percentages of house units without telephone and complete plumbing) are critical in understanding the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 that American Indian and Alaska Native populations are experiencing. We found that historically-embedded vulnerability variables that emerged epistemologically from Indigenous knowledge had the largest explanatory power compared to other social vulnerability factors from SVI and COVID-19, especially Tribal land status. The findings demonstrate the critical need in public health to center Indigenous knowledge and methodologies in mitigating the deleterious impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples and communities, specifically designing place-based mitigating strategies.

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We addressed the potential associations among the temporal and spatial distribution of larval habitats of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti, the presence of urban heat islands and socioeconomic factors. Data on larval habitats were collected in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil, from 2004 to 2006, and spatial and temporal variations were analysed using a wavelet-based approach. We quantified urban heat islands by calculating surface temperatures using the results of wavelet analyses and grey level transformation from Thematic Mapper images (Landsat 5). Ae. aegypti larval habitats were geo-referenced corresponding to the wavelet analyses to test the potential association between geographical distribution of habitats and surface temperature. In an inhomogeneous spatial point process, we estimated the frequency of occurrence of larval habitats in relation to temperature. The São Paulo State Social Vulnerability Index in the municipality of Santa Barbára d'Oeste was used to test the potential association between presence of larval habitats and social vulnerability. We found abundant Ae. aegypti larval habitats in areas of higher surface temperature and social vulnerability and fewer larval habitats in areas with lower surface temperature and social vulnerability.

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