RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mechanisms involved in cardiac remodelling by aortic regurgitation (AR) and the moment when cardiac dysfunction begins are largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate cardiac morphology and function after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of experimental AR in Wistar rats. Extracellular matrix was also investigated as the potential mechanism that underlies the AR remodelling process. METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent surgical acute AR (AR group, n=51) or a sham surgery (sham group, n=32). After the procedure, serial transthoracic echocardiograms were performed at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Morphometry of cardiac tissue and the activities of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA. Significance level was 5%. RESULTS: The AR group presented an increase in the sphericity index (week 1); an increase in the left atrium, left ventricular mass index, TIMP-1 and MMP-2 activities, and collagen fraction (week 4); an increase in myocyte area (week 8); and a reduction in fraction shortening (week 12). First, the chamber became more spherical; second, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were activated and this may have contributed to hypertrophy and atrial enlargement, until systolic dysfunction occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a sequence of abnormalities that preceded myocardial dysfunction in an experimental model of AR. First, haemodynamic volume overload led to a more spherical left ventricle chamber. Second, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 transitorily increased and may have contributed to atrial enlargement, eccentric hypertrophy, and systolic dysfunction.
Assuntos
Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-1 , Animais , Matriz Extracelular , Humanos , Hipertrofia , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz , Modelos Teóricos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Remodelação VentricularRESUMO
Beans are the main source of protein of plant origin in the Brazilian diet, they also contain phenolic compounds, antioxidants, iron, fibers and vitamins. The BRSMG Majestoso cultivar belongs to the commercial group of carioca beans, displays high productivity, excellent health and a 90-day cycle, has high yield and is resistant to disease. The study of physical properties enables the prediction of agricultural products behavior relative to responses of physical and chemical treatments, in order to allow the maintenance of quality and safety of processed foods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of drying on the physical characteristics of beans of the BRSMG Majestoso cultivar. Beans with an initial moisture content of approximately 0.2660 d.b. (dry basis) were used, and dried at 40ºC. The following physical characteristics were determined: bulk density, unit density, intergranular porosity, 1000-grain weight, sphericity, circularity, geometric diameter, unit volume, projected area, surface area and the surface to volume ratio. Based on the results, a reduction in the moisture content of the beans promotes an increase in bulk density, unit density, porosity, sphericity, circularity and the surface to volume ratio. Conversely, the 1000-grain weight, geometric diameter, unit volume, projected area and surface area decreased as the moisture content of the beans was reduced.
Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar o efeito da secagem sobre as características físicas de grãos de feijão cultivar BRSMG Majestoso. Foram utilizados grãos com teor de água inicial de aproximadamente 0,2660 b.s. (base seca), e submetidos à secagem com temperatura de 40 ºC. Foram determinadas as propriedades físicas: massa específica aparente, massa específica unitária, porosidade intergranular, massa de mil grãos, esfericidade, circularidade, diâmetro geométrico, volume unitário, área projetada, área superficial e a relação superfície/volume. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a redução do teor de água dos grãos de feijão proporcionou aumento da massa específica aparente e unitária, porosidade, esfericidade, circularidade e relação superfície/volume. Em contrapartida, a massa de mil grãos, o diâmetro geométrico, o volume unitário, a área projetada e a área superficial diminuíram com a redução do teor de água dos grãos de feijão.
Assuntos
Phaseolus , Conservação de AlimentosRESUMO
Physical properties of soybean grains present differences as a function of cultivars and moisture content, with the correlation between physical properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics related to the physical properties of grains with different moisture contents of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized design in a 3 × 6 factorial scheme with three replications, consisting of three soybean cultivars (6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001) and six grain moisture contents (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21% wb). Soybean grains presented an initial moisture content of 11.0, 11.0, and 10.8% wb, respectively for 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001. The other moisture contents were obtained by soaking in a BOD chamber maintained at 25 °C and 93% of relative humidity. We assessed volume, roundness, sphericity, surface area, volumetric shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage rate. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by the F-test (p<0.05) and when significant, regression analysis was performed for grain moisture contents and the means of cultivars were compared by the Tukeys test. Pearsons correlation analysis was also carried out to represent the linearity between grain physical properties. The cultivar BMX Potência RR obtained the highest results for volume, roundness, sphericity, and surface area. Volume and surface area increased as the moisture content of soybean grains increased; the opposite was observed for roundness and sphericity. A linear increase in volumetric shrinkage was observed as moisture content increased. The values of the correlation coefficients of the linear regression models can be used to describe the relationships between physical properties.(AU)
As propriedades físicas dos grãos de soja apresentam diferenças em função de cultivares e teores de água existindo correlação entre as propriedades físicas. Objetivou-se determinar características relacionadas as propriedades físicas dos grãos de soja de três cultivares em diferentes teores de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, em triplicata, sendo três cultivares de soja (6266RSFIPRO, BMX Potência RR e 14403Z6001) e seis teores de água nos grãos (11, 13, 15, 17, 19 e 21% b.u). Os grãos de soja apresentavam o teor de água inicial de 11,0; 11,0 e 10,8% b.u., respectivamente para 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX POTÊNCIA RR e 14403Z6001.Os demais teores de água foram obtidos por adsorção em câmara tipo BOD mantida na temperatura de 25 °C e 93% de umidade relativa. Foram avaliados volume, circularidade, esfericidade, área superficial, contração volumétrica e índice de contração volumétrica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F (p<0,05), quando significativo, realizou-se análise de regressão para os níveis de teor de água nos grãos e as médias das cultivares foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Realizou-se também análise de correlação de Pearson intuito de representar a linearidade entre as propriedades físicas dos grãos. A cultivar BMX Potência RR obteve os maiores resultados para volume, circularidade, esfericidade e área superficial. O volume e a área superficial aumentaram com o incremento do teor de água dos grãos de soja ocorrendo o inverso para a circularidade e a esfericidade. Verificou-se aumento linear na contração volumétrica com a elevação dos teores de água. Os valores dos coeficientes de correlação dos modelos de regressão linear podem ser utilizados para descrever as relações entre as propriedades físicas.(AU)
RESUMO
Physical properties of soybean grains present differences as a function of cultivars and moisture content, with the correlation between physical properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics related to the physical properties of grains with different moisture contents of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized design in a 3 × 6 factorial scheme with three replications, consisting of three soybean cultivars (6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001) and six grain moisture contents (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21% wb). Soybean grains presented an initial moisture content of 11.0, 11.0, and 10.8% wb, respectively for 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001. The other moisture contents were obtained by soaking in a BOD chamber maintained at 25 °C and 93% of relative humidity. We assessed volume, roundness, sphericity, surface area, volumetric shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage rate. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by the F-test (p<0.05) and when significant, regression analysis was performed for grain moisture contents and the means of cultivars were compared by the Tukeys test. Pearsons correlation analysis was also carried out to represent the linearity between grain physical properties. The cultivar BMX Potência RR obtained the highest results for volume, roundness, sphericity, and surface area. Volume and surface area increased as the moisture content of soybean grains increased; the opposite was observed for roundness and sphericity. A linear increase in volumetric shrinkage was observed as moisture content increased. The values of the correlation coefficients of the linear regression models can be used to describe the relationships between physical properties.
As propriedades físicas dos grãos de soja apresentam diferenças em função de cultivares e teores de água existindo correlação entre as propriedades físicas. Objetivou-se determinar características relacionadas as propriedades físicas dos grãos de soja de três cultivares em diferentes teores de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, em triplicata, sendo três cultivares de soja (6266RSFIPRO, BMX Potência RR e 14403Z6001) e seis teores de água nos grãos (11, 13, 15, 17, 19 e 21% b.u). Os grãos de soja apresentavam o teor de água inicial de 11,0; 11,0 e 10,8% b.u., respectivamente para 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX POTÊNCIA RR e 14403Z6001.Os demais teores de água foram obtidos por adsorção em câmara tipo BOD mantida na temperatura de 25 °C e 93% de umidade relativa. Foram avaliados volume, circularidade, esfericidade, área superficial, contração volumétrica e índice de contração volumétrica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F (p<0,05), quando significativo, realizou-se análise de regressão para os níveis de teor de água nos grãos e as médias das cultivares foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Realizou-se também análise de correlação de Pearson intuito de representar a linearidade entre as propriedades físicas dos grãos. A cultivar BMX Potência RR obteve os maiores resultados para volume, circularidade, esfericidade e área superficial. O volume e a área superficial aumentaram com o incremento do teor de água dos grãos de soja ocorrendo o inverso para a circularidade e a esfericidade. Verificou-se aumento linear na contração volumétrica com a elevação dos teores de água. Os valores dos coeficientes de correlação dos modelos de regressão linear podem ser utilizados para descrever as relações entre as propriedades físicas.
RESUMO
Introducción: La tromboembolia pulmonar aguda (TEP) es un padecimiento grave. La ecocardiografía tridimensional (ECO-3D) es un método accesible, novedoso y preciso para cuantificar la función ventricular y auricular derechas. A la fecha, no existen suficientes estudios que evalúen su papel en esta entidad. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad del ECO-3D en la evaluación de la función ventricular y auricular derecha, y el riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con TEP aguda. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 35 pacientes, admitidos al HC CMN SXXI con TEP por angioTAC, mediante equipo Phillips IE 33, se midieron parámetros bidimensionales (2D) y 3D relacionados con función ventricular y auricular derecha (TomTec y qlab 10). Se evaluaron complicaciones cardiovasculares intrahospitalarias. Resultados: El riesgo relativo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores combinados (ECMC) intrahospitalarios por ECO-3D fue: índice de esfericidad de la aurícula derecha > 1.32; RR 20.3 IC 95% 2.9-13.8; p = 0.0001, FEVD RR 7.3 IC 95% 2.5-20.9; p = 0.0001, VDFVD > 77 mL RR de 7.3 IC 95% 2.56-20.9; p = 0.0001, VSFVD RR 5.5 IC 95% 2.26-13.3; p = 0.0001. El análisis multivariado mostró tres predictores de riesgo independiente: índice de esfericidad de la aurícula derecha > 1.32, TEP masiva y presión arterial media. Conclusiones: La evaluación combinada mediante ecocardiografía 3D de función ventricular y auricular derechas permiten una evaluación cuantitativa, predicción del riesgo para la presentación de complicaciones cardiovasculares y tiempo de estancia intrahospitalarios en pacientes con TEP aguda.
Introduction: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious condition. Tridimensional Ecocardiography (3D ECHO) is an accessible, novel and accurate method for determination of right ventricular and atrial function. To date there are insufficient studies to assess their role in this entity. Objective: Determine the usefulness of ECO-3D in evaluating right atrial and ventricular function, and the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute PE. Material and methods: 35 patients were admitted to the HC CMN SXXI with PE by CT angiogram, we analized 2D and 3D parameters by Philips iE33, right atrial and ventricular function (TomTec and QLAB 10). Hospital cardiovascular complications were evaluated. Results: The relative risk of major combined cardiovascular events for 3D ECHO was: right atrial sphericity index > 1.32; RR 20.3 95% CI 2.9-13.8; p = 0.0001, RVEF RR 7.3 95% CI 2.5-20.9; p = 0.0001, RVEDV> 77 mL RR 2.56 95% CI 7.3-20.9, p = 0.0001, RR 5.5 RVESV 95% CI 2.26-13.3; p = 0.0001. Multivariate analysis showed three independent risk predictors: right atrial sphericity index > 1.32, massive PE and mean arterial pressure. Conclusions: The combined assessment by 3D echocardiography right ventricular and atrial function allow a quantitative assessment, risk prediction for cardiovascular complications and presentation of time-hospital stay in patients with acute PE.
RESUMO
En esta investigación examinamos el comportamiento de cinco estadísticos univariados para analizar datos en un diseño Split-Plot. Cuatro de ellos asumen que la matriz de desviación subyacente es no esférica. Sin embargo, existe una clara distinción entre dos alternativas, dos procedimientos presuponen que la correlación entre los datos no sigue un patrón determinado y otros dos asumen que existe autocorrelación serial de primer orden. Todos ellos fueron comparados con respecto a su robustez para poner a prueba las fuentes de variación intra-sujeto (tratamiento e interacción) bajo distribución no normal en ausencia de esfericidad y en ambas situaciones, bajo correlación serial de primer orden y bajo correlación arbitraria. Los resultados muestran que cuando la distribución es no normal simétrica todos los procedimientos muestran una tasa de error de Tipo I similar a la obtenida bajo distribución normal. Conforme el grado de sesgo y curtosis incrementa, todos los procedimientos experimentan una alteración en su estimación de la tasa de error de Tipo I y que depende de la estructura de la matriz de covarianza que subyace a los datos. En el conjunto de condiciones sometidas a estudio los procedimientos más robustos fueron HCH, JN y LEC.
In this research we examine the behaviour of five univariate statistics for analyzing the data of a Split-Plot design. Four of them assume that the dispersion matrix underlying is not spherical. However, they do so with a clear distinction between two alternatives, insofar as two of them presuppose that the correlation between the data does not have a certain structure and other two assume that there exists first-order serial autocorrelation. All of them were compared with regard to their robustness to test the sources of variation within-subject (treatment and interaction) under non-normality in the absence of sphericity, both when there was first-order serial autocorrelation and when the underlying correlation was arbitrary. The results show that when the distribution is non-normal symmetric all the procedures show a Type I error rate similar to the obtained one under normal distribution. As the degree of skewness and kurtosis increases, all the procedures experience an alteration in their estimation of the Type I error rate and that it depends on the structure of covariance matrix underlying in the data. In the set of conditions submitted to study the most robust procedures were HCH, JN and LEC.
RESUMO
The cooling of fruits and vegetables in hydrocooling system can be a suitable technique. This work aimed to define cooling time for fruits and vegetables of different sizes, presenting practical indexes that could be used to estimate cooling time for produce with similar characteristics. Fruits (orange melon-Cucumis melo, mango-Mangifera indica, guava-Psidium guajava, orange-Citrus sinensis Osbeck, plum-Prunus domestica, lime-Citrus limon, and acerola-Prunus cerasus) and vegetables (cucumber-Cucumis sativus, carrot-Daucus carota, and green bean-Phaseolus vulgaris), were cooled in a hydrocooling system at 1°C. The volume of fruits and vegetables ranged between 8.18 cm³ and 1,150.35 cm³, and between 13.06 cm³ and 438.4 cm³, respectively. Cooling time varied proportionally to produce volume (from 8.5 to 124 min for fruits, and from 1.5 to 55 min, for vegetables). The relationship between volume and time needed to cool fruits (from 1.03 min cm-3 to 0.107 min cm-3) and vegetables (from 0.06 min cm-3 to 0.12 min cm-3) is an index that could be used to estimate cooling time for fruits and vegetables with similar dimensions as those presented in this work.
O resfriamento com água gelada pode ser uma técnica adequada para frutas e hortaliças frescas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter o tempo de resfriamento de frutas e hortaliças de dimensões diferentes, e apresentar índices práticos que possam ser usados para estimar o tempo de resfriamento de produtos com características semelhantes. Frutas (melão-Cucumis melo, manga-Mangifera indica, goiaba-Psidium guajava, laranja-Citrus sinensis Osbeck, ameixa-Prunus domestica, limão-Citrus limon e acerola-Malpighia glabra) e hortaliças (pepino-Cucumis sativus, cenoura-Daucus carota e vagem-Phaseolus vulgaris), foram resfriadas num sistema por imersão em água à 1°C. O volume das frutas oscilou de 1150,35 cm³ a 8,18 cm³ e das hortaliças entre 438,4 cm³ a 13,06 cm³. O tempo de resfriamento variou proporcionalmente com o volume dos frutos, de 8,5 min até 124 min (frutas) e de 1,5 min até 55 min (hortaliças). Foi calculado o índice relacionando volume e tempo de resfriamento das frutas (1,03 min cm-3 a 0,107 min cm-3) e hortaliças (0,06 min cm-3 a 0,12 min cm-3), que pode ser usado para a estimativa do tempo de resfriamento de frutas e hortaliças com dimensões semelhantes.
RESUMO
The cooling of fruits and vegetables in hydrocooling system can be a suitable technique. This work aimed to define cooling time for fruits and vegetables of different sizes, presenting practical indexes that could be used to estimate cooling time for produce with similar characteristics. Fruits (orange melon-Cucumis melo, mango-Mangifera indica, guava-Psidium guajava, orange-Citrus sinensis Osbeck, plum-Prunus domestica, lime-Citrus limon, and acerola-Prunus cerasus) and vegetables (cucumber-Cucumis sativus, carrot-Daucus carota, and green bean-Phaseolus vulgaris), were cooled in a hydrocooling system at 1°C. The volume of fruits and vegetables ranged between 8.18 cm³ and 1,150.35 cm³, and between 13.06 cm³ and 438.4 cm³, respectively. Cooling time varied proportionally to produce volume (from 8.5 to 124 min for fruits, and from 1.5 to 55 min, for vegetables). The relationship between volume and time needed to cool fruits (from 1.03 min cm-3 to 0.107 min cm-3) and vegetables (from 0.06 min cm-3 to 0.12 min cm-3) is an index that could be used to estimate cooling time for fruits and vegetables with similar dimensions as those presented in this work.
O resfriamento com água gelada pode ser uma técnica adequada para frutas e hortaliças frescas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter o tempo de resfriamento de frutas e hortaliças de dimensões diferentes, e apresentar índices práticos que possam ser usados para estimar o tempo de resfriamento de produtos com características semelhantes. Frutas (melão-Cucumis melo, manga-Mangifera indica, goiaba-Psidium guajava, laranja-Citrus sinensis Osbeck, ameixa-Prunus domestica, limão-Citrus limon e acerola-Malpighia glabra) e hortaliças (pepino-Cucumis sativus, cenoura-Daucus carota e vagem-Phaseolus vulgaris), foram resfriadas num sistema por imersão em água à 1°C. O volume das frutas oscilou de 1150,35 cm³ a 8,18 cm³ e das hortaliças entre 438,4 cm³ a 13,06 cm³. O tempo de resfriamento variou proporcionalmente com o volume dos frutos, de 8,5 min até 124 min (frutas) e de 1,5 min até 55 min (hortaliças). Foi calculado o índice relacionando volume e tempo de resfriamento das frutas (1,03 min cm-3 a 0,107 min cm-3) e hortaliças (0,06 min cm-3 a 0,12 min cm-3), que pode ser usado para a estimativa do tempo de resfriamento de frutas e hortaliças com dimensões semelhantes.