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Resumo Neste estudo com 333 participantes, investigamos como estereótipos raciais e atratividade facial impactam as avaliações morais na área de saúde. Utilizamos imagens de rostos com diferentes níveis de atratividade em cenários de dilemas morais, realizando análises estatísticas, como ANOVA e ANCOVA, para examinar essas interações complexas. Descobrimos que a atratividade física influencia positivamente as avaliações morais apenas em cenários de baixo conflito moral, não se aplicando a situações de alto conflito ou impessoais. A relação entre a cor da pele autodeclarada e o sexo dos participantes só se confirmou em um cenário específico, destacando a complexidade dessas influências. As hipóteses três e quatro, que sugeriam que as identidades racial e moral dos participantes suprimiriam os efeitos dos estereótipos raciais e da atratividade facial, não foram confirmadas. Entretanto, observou-se que o perfil étnico dos rostos, junto com a motivação dos participantes para controlar preconceitos, influenciou positivamente as avaliações morais. Esses resultados são interpretados à luz de teorias sobre atração interpessoal, julgamento moral e relações intergrupais, fornecendo insights importantes para as complexas dinâmicas que moldam as avaliações morais na área da saúde.

Abstract In this study of 333 participants, we investigated how racial stereotypes and facial attractiveness impact moral evaluations in healthcare. We used pictures of faces with different levels of attractiveness in moral dilemma scenarios, performing statistical analyses such as ANOVA and ANCOVA to examine these complex interactions. We found that physical attractiveness positively influences moral evaluations only in low moral conflict scenarios and does not apply to high conflict or impersonal situations. The relationship between self-declared skin color and participants' gender was only confirmed in a specific scenario, highlighting the complexity of these influences. Hypotheses three and four, which suggested that participants' ethnic and moral identity would suppress the effects of racial stereotypes and facial attractiveness, were not confirmed. However, we observed that the ethnic profile of the faces and the participants' motivation to control prejudice positively influenced moral evaluations. These results are interpreted in light of theories on interpersonal attraction, moral judgment, and intergroup relationships, providing essential insights into the complex dynamics that shape moral evaluations in healthcare.

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Resumen Las huellas digitales que se dejan al participar de un mundo altamente digitalizado e hiperconectado acompañan a los individuos durante toda su vida y son elementos constitutivos de la identidad digital. Este estudio de caso de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, de corte transversal basado en el paradigma cuantitativo tiene por objetivo describir el yo físico en medios digitales,considerando las diferencias prresentes según el género bajo su conceptualización binaria de hombre y mujer, de manera de identificar conductas estereotípicas que debiesen ser consideradas en el proceso formativo en estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud chilenos. Se evaluó a 224 estudiantes universitarios a través de una encuesta, para identificar el tipo de información de su yo físico compartido en la red y cuáles son los medios de conectividad que utilizan para ingresar a la red. En términos generales, se concluyó que los universitarios utilizan preferentemente el celular como dispositivo de acceso a internet, son altamente transparentes y veraces al momento de autentificarse en plataformas y redes sociales, pero son las mujeres las más proclives a autentificarse con datos personales fidedignos. Este hecho abre la necesidad de incluir en el proceso formativo de los futuros profesionales de la salud competencias digitales relativas al autocuidado y la gestión identitaria.

Abstract The fingerprints left by participating in a highly digitized and hyper-connected world accompany individuals throughout their lives and are constitutive elements of their digital identity. This descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional case study based on the quantitative paradigm aims to describe the physical self in digital media, according to gender under its binary conceptualization of man and woman, in order to identify stereotypical gender behaviors that should be considered in the training process in students of the Chilean Health Sciences area. From the perspective of the participants, this research considered a non-probabilistic sample of 224 university students (164 women and 60 men) who participated voluntarily. Nonparametric tests were used since the data is ordinal and one of the advantages of these tests is that they should not fit any distribution and can be applied even if the parametric validity conditions are not met. To look for differences by gender, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test was applied (95 %; .05). Among the relevant results is the fact that men preferably use the internet connection available at home, women choose the one provided by their cell phone (p = .0469 and p = .0404, respectively). Likewise, the cellphone is the main technological device from which both prefer to access the network. From the sample, 79.88 % of women and 76.67 % of men state that they are, at least, 3 hours a day connected to the network. Women tend to identify themselves on digital platforms more frequently than men, using their real name and surname. Meanwhile, men tend to use nicknames more often than women. In this research it was concluded that students in the Health Sciences area are highly truthful in relation to the information they share in digital media, leaving data available that allows for a clear identification of their physical self on the internet. In addition, their main means of connection are their cellphones and the data networks that they provide through the use of their phone plans. There is a clear reflection of correspondence between their face-to-face and digital life, maintaining certain behaviors that can be attributed to gender stereotypes, but to a low degree. Finally, there is a clear need to include aspects related to digital competences in the training process that address the importance and proper management of communications in digital media, as well as the development and management of digital identity from a professional ethics perspective, since their actions on the network can involve and affect not only the construction of their own personal and professional digital identity, but also the personal lives of their patients and colleagues. It is important to note that these conclusions have some limitations, since this research is a cross-sectional study, and the sample was intentional per volunteer subject and not random. This implies that the results obtained are limited to the sample studied and describe its behavior at a given time. However, according to the purpose of the study, this type of sample manages to build a theoretical body that describes the common elements and the differences inherent in a collective case study, so it can be considered a good approximation to the Chilean reality. From a practical point of view, the conclusions of this research provide higher education institutions with evidence that allows progress towards a comprehensive, solid, and coherent training regarding the digital skills required by a university professional graduating in a highly digitized world. Considering the above, it would be advisable to advance in future studies that consider knowing what digital protection measures are incorporated in the training of university students.

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Current evidence suggests that attitude towards older people may be associated with sociodemographic and educational variables; hence, a positive attitude towards older people is key when training new university professionals. However, there is little evidence of this association in Chilean university students. The objective was to analyze students from a Chilean university's attitudes towards older people, according to sociodemographic and educational variables. Analytical and cross-sectional study; 515 students from a Chilean university were consulted online about their attitude towards older people using Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People scale. Additionally, sociodemographic and educational variables were recorded. The average score for positive attitude was 70.8 (±9.7), while the negative attitude score was 68.3 (±11.6). The total score was 139.1 (±16.6). Mostly, university students perceive themselves with a low-level positive attitude (61.2%). Additionally, older university students (26-42 years old); women; Chileans; students of law, speech therapy, and occupational therapy; students in their final years of the programs; and those who had training in older people outside the university have a more positive attitude towards older people. In Conclusion, a profile of sociodemographic and educational characteristics of students with a lower and higher attitude towards older age was investigated. These results are relevant since the way of seeing the aging process could regulate the training of future professionals and consequently generate changes in dealing with older people. Young people's perception of ageing would affect the treatment and incorporation of the older people in society and the adaptation of policies in this age group.

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There are minority and stigmatized groups who face particular challenges to their full participation in society. This study's objective was to conduct a systematic review to determine theoretical and methodological underpinnings in behavioral economics that explain how stigmatization emerges within the relationship processes and social structures of individuals. Data from 1940 to 2019 were sourced from 12 relevant electronic databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. Following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, 26 studies out of 3459 met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies applied experimental economics and were published between 2002 and 2018. Overall, the articles focus their research on the experiences of discrimination based on stereotypes and test their hypotheses through economic games. The data synthesis seems to reveal weak conceptual clarity, circular reasoning, and a hint of the problem of infinite regress. Thus, these issues open new and exciting avenues for future research to explore via an array of experimental applications.

Existen grupos minoritarios y estigmatizados que enfrentan retos particulares para lograr su completa participación en sociedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue conducir una revisión sistemática para determinar los cimientos teóricos y metodológicos en economía del comportamiento que explican cómo surge la estigmatización dentro de los procesos de relacionamiento y estructuras sociales de los individuos. Los datos abarcan el período de 1940 a 2019 y se obtuvieron de 12 bases de datos electrónicas relevantes, tales como Scopus y Web of Science. Siguiendo la guía de PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas, 26 estudios de 3459 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de los estudios aplicó economía experimental y fueron publicados entre 2002 y 2018. En general, los artículos enfocan su investigación en experiencias de discriminación basadas en estereotipos y prueban sus hipótesis a través de juegos económicos. La síntesis de los datos parece revelar una débil claridad conceptual, razonamiento circular y un atisbo del problema de regresión infinita. Lo anterior abre nuevas y emocionantes vías de investigación futura para explorar a través de una variedad de aplicaciones experimentales.

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People's attitudes to animals are becoming increasingly important for the success of invasive species management. We asked college students from Argentina to fill a questionnaire that included a question about their favorite free-living animal. A total of 159 responses were obtained. Native species were significantly less preferred than non-native species. We tested if these preferences were associated with animal stereotypes. The stereotype hypothesis predicts that animals from the contemptible stereotype (invertebrate, rodents, and reptiles) should be the least preferred taxa, and animals from the protective stereotype (pets, horses, and primates) should be the most preferred taxa; animals from the subordination (lagomorphs and birds) and threatening-awe stereotype (large carnivores) should show intermediate preferences. The first prediction was supported. However, students showed significant preference for non-native taxa included in the threatening-awe stereotype. We proposed that people prefer large carnivores (stereotypically strong, intelligent, and beautiful animals) when they are exotic, because they did not represent a risk.

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This article deals with cultural stereotypes toward Central American migrants in the Mexican healthcare system, which lead to the naturalization of the supposed cultural characteristics of these new users. Based on 21 interviews of health and administrative staff in the state of Nuevo Leon (northeastern Mexico), it shows the first recourse to culturalist explanations to describe any phenomenon related to migrants' health. According to this perspective, the health of migrants, their relation to illness, and their patterns of seeking healthcare would be mainly determined by characteristic cultural traits, which justify their penurious attendance at health centers, and their low adherence to treatments. The culturalist explanation of migrants' health behaviors may influence the care they receive, as well as their adherence to treatment, which ultimately reinforces the health inequalities initially highlighted. This culturalist excess is partly explained by the incorrect understanding of the directives of health authorities in favor of the integration of an intercultural perspective in healthcare. Despite some ongoing training in this area, it does not seem sufficient to correct this situation effectively.

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Even though formal processes (i.e., gender quotes) are necessary to achieve gender justice, attitudinal changes (i.e., support of egalitarian social norms) are also essential. The endorsement of sexism and gender stereotypes perpetuate inequality on a daily basis, and can be seen as barriers that prevent societies from reaching social justice. Therefore, changing sexist social norms can be understood as a fundamental step in accomplishing gender justice. With the aim of studying Chileans' sexist norms, we conducted a survey with a representative sample (N = 490) exploring levels of sexism and gender stereotypes, as well as support for the feminist movement. Using Latent Profile Analysis, we identified four groups of citizens: (1) a first group that shows high levels of sexism and low support for the feminist movement (9%); (2) a second group, with low levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (20%); (3) a third group with high levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (65%); and (4) a fourth group with mid-levels of sexism and support of the feminist movement (6%). We called these groups the Sexist, Feminist, Inconsistent, and Moderate Group, respectively. The four groups showed similar high endorsement of gender stereotypes. These results are twofold. First, they hint that although nowadays gender equality seems to be generally accepted, this coexists with a high prevalence of sexist social norms, represented by the inconsistent group being the most prevalent. Second, gender stereotypes are still deeply rooted in Chilean culture, surprisingly even among feminist citizens.

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Resumo Introdução: Os estereótipos de género dizem respeito a crenças partilhadas sobre os atributos físicos, psicológicos e comportamentais de homens e mulheres. De acordo com a literatura, observa-se alguma variabilidade nos estereótipos para a categoria mulher, em função de serem associadas a uma de três subcategorias: mulher tradicional, mulher independente e mulher sexy. Este estudo pretendeu observar os estereótipos predominantes e diferenciadores de cada tipo de mulher e a formação de impressões numa amostra portuguesa. Método: Os participantes (N = 78), distribuídos em 6 condições de acordo com o design experimental 3 (tipo de mulher: tradicional, independente vs. sexy) x 2 (sexo do participante: homem vs. mulher), deveriam, com base numa descrição prévia, indicar a área profissional, aparência física e modo de vestir da mulher alvo e formar uma impressão em termos dos atributos calorosa e competente. Resultados: Os resultados indicam maiores avaliações de calor para a mulher tradicional, pouca variabilidade nas avaliações de competência e as respostas obtidas através da análise semântica conferem diferentes imagens para os três subgrupos de mulher. Conclusões: Os resultados confirmam parcialmente as hipóteses e são discutidos com base nas implicações para a literatura dos estereótipos de género.

Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotypes are beliefs about the physical, psychological, and behavioral attributes of men and women. According to the literature, there is some variability in stereotypes for the woman category, as they are associated with one of three subcategories: traditional woman, independent woman, and sexy woman. This study aimed to observe the predominant and differentiating stereotypes of each type of woman and the formation of impressions in a Portuguese sample. Method: Participants (N = 78), distributed in 6 conditions according to the experimental design 3 (woman type: traditional, independent vs. sexy) x 2 (participant's gender: male vs. female), should base on a previous description indicate the professional field, physical appearance and dress of the target woman and form an impression in terms of warm and competent attributes. Results: The results indicate higher warmth ratings for traditional women, little variability in competency ratings, and the responses obtained through semantic analysis provide different images for the three subgroups of women. Conclusions: The results partially confirm the hypotheses and are discussed based on the implications for the gender stereotypes` literature.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa da lite-ratura referente aos estudos científicos que envolvessem a representação social e a surdez. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO.org, PePSIC, LILACS, PsycINFO (APA) e Scopus (Elsevier), por meio da plataforma Periódicos CAPES no mês de setembro do ano 2020. Os descritores foram: representação social, surdez, surdo e deficiente auditivo, na língua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola. Foram analisados 11 artigos e com resultados acerca das populações surda e ouvinte. Nos artigos com pessoas surdas observam--se temáticas sobre identidade, cultura e direitos enquanto cidadãos para dirimirem e modificarem os estereótipos acerca da surdez. As pesquisas com os ouvintes foram realizadas com os familiares e a sociedade de modo geral, tendo como destaque representações baseadas em estereótipos negativos e aspectos limitantes. Ademais, sugerem-se novas produções cientificas que deem continuidade à teoria das representações sociais associadas com outros aspectos que envolvam a surdez e tenham como amostra, a comunidade surda.

The present study aimed to carry out an integrative review of the literature regarding scientific studies involving social representation and deafness. For this, a search was carried out in the databases SciELO.org, PePSIC, LILACS, PsycINFO (APA) and Scopus (Elsevier), through the platform Periodicals CAPES, in September 2020. The descriptors were: representation social, deaf, deaf and hearing impaired, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Eleven articles were analyzed with abouth the deaf, and hearing populations. In the articles with deaf people, themes about identity, culture and rights as citizens are observed to resolve and modify stereotypes about deafness. Surveys with listeners were carried out with family members and society in general, highli-ghting representations based on negative stereotypes and limiting aspects. Furthermore, new scientific productions are suggested that give continuity to the theory of social representations associated with other aspects that involve deafness and have the deaf community as a sample.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre estudios científicos que involucran la representación social y la sordera. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO.org, PePSIC, LILACS, PsycINFO (APA) y Scopus (Elsevier), a través de la plataforma de Publicaciones CAPES, en septiembre de 2020. Los descriptores fueron: representación social, sordo, sordo y con discapacidad auditiva, en portugués, inglés y español. Se analizaron once artículos con resultados sobre la población sorda y auditiva. En los artículos con personas sordas se observan temas sobre identidad, cultura y derechos como ciudadanos para resolver y modificar estereotipos sobre la sordera. Se realizaron encuestas con los oyentes a familiares y sociedad en general, destacando representaciones basadas en estereotipos negativos y aspectos limitantes. Además, se sugieren nuevas producciones científicas que dan continuidad a la teoría de las representaciones sociales asociadas a otros aspectos que involucran la sordera y tienen como muestra a la comunidad sorda.

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