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Olfactory behaviors serve a wide variety of social functions in mammals. Odor may signal information about attributes of individuals important for mating and reproduction. Olfactory behaviors, such as scent-marking, may also function as part of home range or resource defense strategies. We assessed the potential social and home range defense functions of olfactory behavior in a pair-living and sexually monogamous primate, Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae), in the Argentinian Chaco. This is the most extensive investigation of owl monkey olfactory behaviors in the wild. Individuals regularly performed olfactory behaviors (group mean + SD = 1.3 + 0.5 per hour). The patterns were generally comparable to those observed in studies of captive owl monkeys, except that urine washing was the most common behavior in the wild, as opposed to scent-marking and genital inspections. Most olfactory behaviors were performed by adults, and there were striking sex differences in genital inspections: almost all consisted of an adult male inspecting the paired adult female. These findings suggest that olfactory behaviors play an important role in signaling and coordinating reproduction among owl monkeys, particularly during periods of female conception and pregnancy. Additionally, our research indicates that these behaviors may also serve as a defense strategy for maintaining the core area of their home ranges. This study offers the first assessment of the role of olfactory behaviors in reproductive contexts and home range defense in pair-living, monogamous platyrrhine primates.

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Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the file producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via µ-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from ~40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix, also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

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Resumo O artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a difusão das clínicas médicas populares nos municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB). Com o propósito de compreender as razões e as origens do avanço do setor de saúde popular, promoveu-se uma investigação sobre a atuação da rede de atenção básica à saúde (ABS) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A discussão se fundamenta na revisão de dados primários e secundários, captados via trabalho de campo nas 119 clínicas populares da RMB e via informações do DATASUS. Constatou-se que o setor das clínicas de saúde popular foi beneficiado amplamente nos últimos anos, mediante a intensificação do subfinanciamento do SUS, em particular da rede de ABS, que passa por um processo de fragmentação, responsáveis pela redução e pela desarticulação das equipes multiprofissionais de ABS, além das perdas apresentadas no setor de saúde suplementar. As clínicas populares seguem um modelo assistencial inacabado e contraditório, criado pela própria iniciativa privada para o preenchimento da demanda reprimida do SUS em razão de o acesso a essas instituições não garantir uma assistência universal e gratuita ou assegurar um tratamento continuo, motivo pelo qual uma ampla parcela destes usuários é devolvida ao SUS.

Abstract The scope of this article is an analysis of the proliferation of community medical clinics in the municipalities that comprise the Metropolitan Region of Belem. An investigation was conducted into the performance of the primary health care network of Brazil's Unified Health System, with a view to getting a better understanding of the reasons for, and origins of, the proactive stance of the community health sector. The discussion is based on the review of primary and secondary data, obtained via fieldwork in 119 community clinics in the Metropolitan Region of Belem, and information from Brazil's Unified Health System data center. It was revealed that the community health clinic sector has benefited extensively in recent years from the intensification of underfunding of Brazil's Unified Health System, especially the primary health care network, which is undergoing a process of fragmentation. This is directly responsible for the reduction and disruption of multiprofessional primary health care teams, in addition to the losses suffered in the supplementary health sector. The community clinics adopt an spontaneous and contradictory care model created by the private sector to meet the repressed demand of Brazil's Unified Health System

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Resumo O artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a atuação da rede de atenção especializada do SUS, com a delimitação dos serviços de média e de alta complexidade da rede hospitalar dos municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Belém. A discussão se fundamenta na revisão dos dados secundários captados na plataforma do DATASUS e disponibilizados no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde do Brasil (CNES) até janeiro de 2022. Constatou-se que a territorialidade da alta complexidade é formada majoritariamente pela rede privada, contudo a capacidade de atendimento da rede SUS sobrepôs à oferta direcionada ao atendimento não universal, em razão da ampla reserva de serviços privados ao convênio SUS, na qual os hospitais filantrópicos apresentaram maior disposição à demanda universal. Em contrapartida, a ampla presença do Estado nos serviços de alta complexidade não deve ser pensada como uma cobertura universal, devido ao fato de as formas de acesso a esses serviços apresentarem filtros de natureza jurídico-institucional, ou, em outras palavras, o que o SUS denomina de hospitais de portas abertas ou fechadas.

Abstract This article presents an analysis of the territorial dynamics of the specialized healthcare network, focusing on medium and high complexity care in hospitals in the municipalities that make up the Belém Metropolitan Region. The analysis is based on secondary data from DATASUS available on the National Health Facility Registry (CNES) up to January 2022. The findings show that the private network accounts for the largest proportion of services in the region; however, the service capacity of the SUS is greater than that of the private sector due to the large volume of services outsourced to private facilities via public-private partnerships, with philanthropic hospitals allocating the largest proportion of services to public patients. This should not be confused with universal coverage, as public patient access to private services may be restricted by legal and institutional barriers depending on the form of access (open-door or closed-door).

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Objetivo: La investigación que aquí se reporta tuvo como objetivo comprender aspectos de la percepción que tienen algunos habitantes de tres municipios del occidente del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) sobre la minería y su relación con dimensiones vitales como la salud. Metodología: Este estudio comprensivo se fundamentó en principios de la investigación acción participativa y se llevó a cabo mediante un ejercicio cartográfico socioambiental. Se conformaron tres grupos de base comunitaria con actores locales, con quienes se realizaron entrevistas, recorridos por los territorios, definición de conceptos y símbolos, y el mapeo territorial. La información fue analizada siguiendo procesos de codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, tras lo cual se validó con la comunidad. Resultados: Se identificaron conflictos territoriales, afectaciones sobre la salud de las poblaciones involucradas y del medio ambiente, así como lógicas sociales, políticas y económicas que se tejen alrededor de la actividad minera. Conclusión: La minería de hecho se constituye en una de las principales vías de sustento de algunos participantes, no solo como tradición, sino también ante la carencia de oportunidades para el desarrollo de otros oficios; sin embargo, debido al ingreso de la gran minería en algunos territorios, se perciben amenazados los medios de vida, la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria, la cultura, los derechos territoriales y la salud poblacional. Cabe destacar la relevancia de efectuar abordajes de la salud desde una matriz de análisis que considere los fenómenos sociales determinantes del proceso salud-enfermedad-cuidado, los sujetos en situación y las relaciones socioterritoriales que construyen en su cotidianidad.

Objective: The research reported here aimed to understand aspects of the perception that some inhabitants of three municipalities in the western department of Antioquia (Colombia) have about mining and its relationship with vital dimensions such as health. Methodology: This comprehensive study was based on principles of participatory action research and was carried out through a socio-environmental mapping exercise. Three community-based groups were formed with local actors, with whom interviews, tours of the territories, definition of concepts and symbols, and territorial mapping were carried out. The information was analyzed following open, axial and selective coding processes, after which it was validated with the community. Results: Territorial conflicts were identified, effects on the health of the populations involved and the environment, as well as social, political and economic logics that are woven around mining activity. Conclusion: Mining in fact constitutes one of the main means of livelihood for some participants, not only as a tradition, but also due to the lack of opportunities for the development of other trades; however, due to the entry of large-scale mining in some territories, livelihoods, food security and sovereignty, culture, territorial rights and population health are perceived as threatened. It is important to highlight the relevance of carrying out health approaches from an analysis matrix that considers the social phenomena that determine the health-disease-care process, the subjects in a situation, and the socio-territorial relationships that they build in their daily lives.

Objetivo: A pesquisa aqui relatada teve como objetivo compreender aspectos da percepção que alguns habitantes de três municípios do departamento ocidental de Antioquia (Colômbia) têm sobre a mineração e sua relação com dimensões vitais como a saúde. Metodologia: Este estudo abrangente foi baseado nos princípios da pesquisa-ação participativa e foi realizado por meio de um exercício de mapeamento socioambiental. Foram formados três grupos comunitários com atores locais, com os quais foram realizadas entrevistas, passeios pelos territórios, definição de conceitos e símbolos e mapeamento territorial. A informação foi analisada seguindo processos de codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, após o que foi validada com a comunidade. Resultados: Foram identificados conflitos territoriais, efeitos na saúde das populações envolvidas e no meio ambiente, bem como lógicas sociais, políticas e econômicas que se tecem em torno da atividade mineradora. Conclusão: A mineração constitui de fato um dos principais meios de subsistência para alguns participantes, não apenas por tradição, mas também pela falta de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de outros ofícios; no entanto, devido à entrada da mineração em grande escala em alguns territórios, os meios de subsistência, a segurança e soberania alimentar, a cultura, os direitos territoriais e a saúde da população são percebidos como ameaçados. É importante destacar a relevância de realizar abordagens em saúde a partir de uma matriz de análise que considere os fenômenos sociais que determinam o processo saúde-doença-cuidado, os sujeitos em situação e as relações socioterritoriais que constroem em seu cotidiano.

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RESUMO. Neste texto, nossa atenção está voltada para entender como as relações de cuidado entre pais, filhos e filhas se materializam nos espaços. A intenção é compreender como as relações de cuidar se espacializam e como uma geografia dos cuidados engendrada pelos pais constitui uma geografia das parentalidades. Trazemos para o debate as pesquisas de Aitken (2019a, 2019b) sobre as famílias eslovenas que foram apagadas pela história, pelos instrumentos oficiais de cidadania e pela Lei de Estrangeiros e como isso afetou as relações de cuidado dos pais com seus filhos e suas filhas. Dando continuidade ao texto, apresentamos um tema que tem sido recorrente em nossas investigações, agora em território brasileiro: as práticas das benzedeiras e benzedores. Os trabalhos de Pereira e Gomes (2018) e Lopes (1998) nos ajudam a compreender melhor esses sujeitos que exercem os rituais de cura - que podem ser considerados práticas de cuidado - em que o benzedor vai forjando ao seu redor uma teia de proteção. Relacionando a figura do pai com a do benzedor, analisamos o personagem Zeca Chapéu Grande, do romance Torto arado, de Itamar Vieira Junior (2020), como uma representação possível desse sujeito que cuida de seus próprios filhos e filhas, ao mesmo tempo em que exerce uma paternidade que se expande para além de sua casa, abarcando todos aqueles que o procuram em busca de cuidado e proteção. Assim, ao longo do texto, a intenção foi evidenciar as relações entre pais e filhos e filhas que se dão nos espaços de suas vidas e como os pais vão criando uma geografia de cuidado em seu entorno.

RESUMEN. En este texto nuestra atención se centra en comprender cómo se materializan en los espacios las relaciones de cuidado entre padres, hijos e hijas. La intención es comprender cómo las relaciones de cuidado se vuelven espaciales, comprender cómo una geografía del cuidado engendrada por los padres constituye una geografía de la paternidad. Traemos al debate la investigación de Aitken (2019a, 2019b) sobre las familias eslovenas que fueron borradas por la historia, los instrumentos oficiales de ciudadanía y la Ley de Extranjería y cómo afectó las relaciones de cuidado de los padres con sus hijos e hijas. Continuando con el texto, presentamos un tema que ha venido siendo recurrente en nuestras investigaciones, ahora en territorio brasileño: las prácticas de los curanderos y bendectores. Los trabajos de Pereira y Gomes (2018) y Lopes (1998) nos ayudan a comprender mejor a estos sujetos que ejercen rituales curativos, que pueden considerarse prácticas de cuidado, en las que el bendector forja a su alrededor una red de protección. Relacionando la figura del padre con la de lo bendector, analizamos al personaje Zeca Chapéu Grande, de la novela Torto arado, de Itamar Vieira Junior (2020), como una posible representación de este sujeto que cuida a sus propios hijos e hijas al mismo tiempo que tiene una paternidad en expansión más allá de hogar, abrazando a todos aquellos que buscan cuidado y protección. Así, a lo largo del texto, la intención fue resaltar las relaciones entre padres e hijos e hijas que se dan en los espacios de sus vidas y cómo los padres están creando una geografía del cuidado en su entorno.

ABSTRACT. In this text, our attention is focused on understanding how the care relationships between parents, sons and daughters materialize in spaces. The objective is to understand how care relationships become spatial, to understand how a geography of care generated by parents constitutes a geography of parenting. We submit to the discussion Aitken's research (2019a, 2019b) on the Slovenian families that were erased by history, by the official instruments of citizenship and by the Foreigners' Law and how this affected care relationships between parents and their children. Further on, a recurrent topic is addressed in our research, now in Brazilian territory: the practices of healers and blessers. The works of Pereira and Gomes (2018) and Lopes (1998) help us to better understand these subjects who perform healing rituals—which can be considered care practices—in which the blesser raises around them a web of protection. Relating the figure of the father to that of the blesser, we analyze the character Zeca Chapéu Grande, from the novel Torto arado, by Itamar Vieira Junior (2020), as a possible representation of this subject who takes care of his own children while expanding paternity beyond his home, embracing all those who seek care and protection from him. Thus, throughout the text, the intention is to highlight the relationships between parents and children that occur in their living spaces and how parents are creating a geography of care in their surroundings.

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Embora bastante utilizado nos estudos pessoa-ambiente, o termo territorialidade se apresenta de maneira difusa e imprecisa na literatura, o que prejudica não somente sua operacionalização prática quanto o avanço teórico da área. O presente artigo refina e delimita o conceito de territorialidade à luz da prevenção criminal pelo design do ambiente (CPTED), considerando seu impacto no medo do crime. A partir de aportes da psicologia e da criminologia ambiental, destacadamente, a territorialidade é analisada por contraste e assimilação de termos que lhe são correlatos e frequentemente sobrepostos, ameaçando sua consistência conceitual. Questões metodológicas envolvendo a medida da territorialidade são desenvolvidas de maneira articulada a esses problemas, sobretudo em face dos desafios da prevenção criminal. Por fim, examina-se sua aplicabilidade na mitigação de desordens ambientais e sociais que funcionam como fatores geradores de crime e de medo do crime.

Although often used in person-environment studies, territoriality appears in the literature as a diffuse and inaccurate term, which impairs not only its practical operationalizations but also the theoretical advances in the area. In this article the concept of territoriality is refined and delimited in the light of criminal prevention through environmental design (CPTED), considering its impact on fear of crime. Based on contributions from psychology and environmental criminology, prominently, territoriality is analyzed through contrast and assimilation of correlated terms that are frequently overlaid, threatening its conceptual consistency. Methodological issues involving the measure of territoriality are developed in an articulated way, especially in the face of crime prevention challenges. Lastly, it was examined the applicability to mitigating environmental and social disorders acting as factors that generate crime and fear of crime.

Aunque ampliamente utilizado en estudios persona-ambiente, el término territorialidad se presenta de manera difusa e imprecisa en la literatura, lo que perjudica no solo su operacionalización práctica sino también los avances teóricos en el área. En este artículo se refina y delimita el concepto de territorialidad a la luz de la prevención criminal a través del diseño ambiental (CPTED), considerando su impacto en el miedo al crimen. A partir de aportes de la psicología y de la criminología ambiental, de manera destacada, se analiza la territorialidad a través del contraste y asimilación de términos correlacionados que frecuentemente se superponen, amenazando su consistencia conceptual. Las cuestiones metodológicas que giran en torno a la medida de territorialidad también se desarrollan de manera entrelazada, especialmente frente a los desafíos de la prevención criminal. Por último, se examina su aplicabilidad para mitigar los trastornos ambientales y sociales que actúan como factores generadores de delincuencia y miedo al crimen.

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Aggression is an adaptive behavior that plays an important role in gaining access to limited resources. Aggression may occur uncoupled from reproduction, thus offering a valuable context to further understand its neural and hormonal regulation. This review focuses on the contributions from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and the weakly electric banded knifefish (Gymnotus omarorum). Together, these models offer clues about the underlying mechanisms of non-breeding aggression, especially the potential roles of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived estrogens. The orexigenic NPY is well-conserved between birds and teleost fish, increases in response to low food intake, and influences sex steroid synthesis. In non-breeding M. melodia, NPY increases in the social behavior network, and NPY-Y1 receptor expression is upregulated in response to a territorial challenge. In G. omarorum, NPY is upregulated in the preoptic area of dominant, but not subordinate, individuals. We hypothesize that NPY may signal a seasonal decrease in food availability and promote non-breeding aggression. In both animal models, non-breeding aggression is estrogen-dependent but gonad-independent. In non-breeding M. melodia, neurosteroid synthesis rapidly increases in response to a territorial challenge. In G. omarorum, brain aromatase is upregulated in dominant but not subordinate fish. In both species, the dramatic decrease in food availability in the non-breeding season may promote non-breeding aggression, via changes in NPY and/or neurosteroid signaling.

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Aggressive behavior is thought to have evolved as a strategy for gaining access to resources such as territory, food, and potential mates. Across species, secondary sexual characteristics such as competitive aggression and territoriality are considered male-specific behaviors. However, although female-female aggression is often a behavior that is displayed almost exclusively to protect the offspring, multiple examples of female-female competitive aggression have been reported in both invertebrate and vertebrate species. Moreover, cases of intersexual aggression have been observed in a variety of species. Genetically tractable model systems such as mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies have proven extremely valuable for studying the underlying neuronal circuitry and the genetic architecture of aggressive behavior under laboratory conditions. However, most studies lack ethological or ecological perspectives and the behavioral patterns available are limited. The goal of this review is to discuss each of these forms of aggression, male intrasexual aggression, intersexual aggression and female intrasexual aggression in the context of the most common genetic animal models and discuss examples of these behaviors in other species.

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Since the end of the last century, geographers have been using the concept of touristification understood as a complex process in which various stakeholders interfere, transforming a territory through tourist activity. However, over recent years, this word has become popular in other areas with a distinct connotation, understanding touristification as a negative idea of tourism, like the massification of a destination or as a synonymous for gentrification or tourism-phobia. This situation discourages the use of the term and causes the necessity to question the usefulness of the concept, considered as too ambiguous or even empty. We argue for a correct use of the term touristification, focused on the territorial phenomenon and process it is meant to describe in a geographical approach without ideological preconceived notion, to construct knowledge from a territorial understanding of tourism in an ever-globalized world.