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ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inoculation with Aspergillus terreus and/or Trichoderma longibrachiatum on fermentation, chemical and microbiological composition of elephant grass 'Cameroon' silage (Cenchrus purpureus). Treatments were A. terreus at 105 colony forming units (CFU)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum at 105 CFU/g (TL20), a mixture of both at 105 CFU/g (MIX), and a control group without inoculation (CONTR). The design was completely randomized with seven replicates. The MIX silage was most stable, while CONTR, AT15, and TL20, had lower dry matter losses. There was no effect of inoculation in the chemical composition of silages. Only MIX silage (4.40) had pH above the minimum of 4.2 for humid grass silage and above the control (4.05). Bacteria from Diplococcus genus was identified at the opening of TL20 and CONTR silages. After air exposure, the population of rods, Lactobacillus, and total lactic acid bacteria was higher in theTL20 and MIX. The inclusion of a T. longibrachiatum and A. terreus mixture increases dry mater loss and silage pH. T. longibrachiatum was more efficient in maintaining populations of total lactic acid bacteria after opening; therefore, this strain has potential as an additive for elephant grass 'Cameroon' silage.
RESUMO O objetivo foi testar a inoculação com Aspergillus terreus e Trichoderma longibrachiatum sobre a fermentação, a composição bromatológica e microbiológica de silagem de capim-elefante cultivar 'Cameroon' (Cenchrus purpureus). Os tratamentos foram A. terreus a 105 unidades formadores de colônias (UFC)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum a 105 UFC/g (TL20), a mistura de ambos a 105 UFC/g (MIX), cada, e um controle não inoculado (CONTR). O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com sete repetições. A silagem MIX foi mais estável após abertura, enquanto CONTR, AT15 e TL20 apresentaram menor perda de massa seca. Não houve efeito de inoculação sobre a composição bromatológica das silagens. Apenas a silagem MIX (4,40) apresentou pH acima do mínimo de 4,2 para silagem de capim úmido e superior ao controle (4,05). Bactérias do gênero Diplococcus foram identificadas na abertura das silagens TL20 e CONTR. Após exposição ao ar, a população de bastonetes, Lactobacillus e bactérias láticas totais foram maiores em TL20 e MIX. A mistura de T. longibrachiatum e A. terreus aumenta a perda de matéria seca e o pH da silagem. T. longibrachiatum é mais eficiente em manter as populações de bactérias láticas totais após a abertura. Portanto, essa cepa tem potencial como aditivo para silagem de capim-elefante 'Cameroon'.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present work was to perform the co-culture between Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMBC 172, a mesophilic fungus, with Thermothelomyces thermophilus LMBC 162, a thermophilic fungus, by submerged fermentation in a bioreactor. RESULTS: There was an increase in protein production, reaching the value of 35.60 ± 3.76 µg/ml at 72 h. An increase in the amount of proteins of 27.5% in relation to the isolated cultivation of T. longibrachiatum and 19.7% in comparison when T. thermophilus was isolated and cultivated. After that, the saccharification profile of three varieties of sugarcane (sugarcane in natura, culms of sugarcane SP80-3280, and culms of Energy cane) submitted in two pretreatments (autohydrolysis and chemical) was performed. The (e) chemical pretreatment was the better in generating of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse and culms of Energy cane, while with the autohydrolysis pretreatment was obtained the better values to culms of SP80-3280 sugarcane. The sugars found were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the co-culture between these microorganisms has the potential to produce an enzymatic cocktail with high performance in the hydrolysis of materials from the sugar-alcohol industry.
Assuntos
Hypocreales , Saccharum , Celulose/química , Técnicas de Cocultura , Hypocreales/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Fermentação , HidróliseRESUMO
Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
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Se analizó la presencia de propágulos fúngicos en muestras secas del musgo Sphangnum magellanicum provenientes de 2 localidades de la zona Sur del país (39 y 41ºS), mediante cultivos en agar agua y agar Sabouraud a temperaturas de 25 y 35ºC con muestras recién colectadas (2007) y almacenadas un año a temperatura ambiente (2008). Nuestro objetivo fue determinar previo a la comercialización de este vegetal desecado, la presencia/ausencia del complejo Sporothrix schenckii u otras especies oportunistas consideradas como un riesgo en salud pública en la comunidad de microhongos filamentosos viables en el tiempo en este musgo. En la primera muestra (41ºS, 2007), a 25ºC, en ambos medios, se observó un total de 31 géneros y 36 especies. Los géneros con mayor frecuencia en orden decreciente y en ambos medios fueron: Penicillium, Cladosporium, Trichoderma y Mucor representando aproximadamente el 70 por ciento del total de presencia, mientras en las muestras sembradas un año después, fueron en orden decreciente: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium y Gelasinospora, con un total de presencia del 75,4 por ciento. A 35ºC en ambas muestras la presencia de taxa se redujo a 4-5 géneros donde las principales especies fueron A. fumigatus complex y T. longibrachiatum con altos porcentajes, Penicillium spp. y Gelasinospora caulospora. Se destaca un raro aislamiento de Neosartorya quadricincta. Ningún integrante del complejo Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii se detectó en las muestras a 25º y 35º C, pero a pesar de su ausencia deben tomarse precauciones en el manejo y distribución comercial de este musgo en Chile, debido a la sobrevivencia en el tiempo de ciertos hongos oportunistas, como los integrantes del complejo A. fumigatus y T. longibrachiatum.
The presence of fungal propagules in desiccated samples of Sphangnum magellanicum moss collected from two southern zones of the country (39 and 41ºS) was analyzed by means of water agar and Sabouraud agar, at 25 and 35ºC temperatures using freshly gathered samples (2007) and stored for a year at room temperature (2008). Our aim was to determine, prior to the marketing of this desiccated vegetable, the presence/absence of the Sporothix schenckii complex or other opportunistic species which are considered to be a risk in public health, in the community of filamentous microfungi that are viable with time in this moss. The first sample (41ºS, 2007),at 25ºC, in both media revealed 31 genera and 36 species as a total. Genera most frequently found, in decreasing order, were: Penicillium, Cladosporium, Trichoderma and Mucor, which represented about 70 percent of the overall occurrence, whereas samples cultured one year later showed, in decreasing order, the presence of : Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium and Gelasinospora, meaning a 75.4 percent occurrence. At 35ºC, the presence of taxa became reduced in both samples to 4-5 genera, main species being A. fumigatus complex and T. longibrachiatum in high percentages, Penicillium spp. and Gelasinospora caulospora. Besides, it is remarkable a rare isolation of Neosartorya quadricincta. None component of the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenkii complex was detected in samples at 25º and 35º C yet although its absence, caution must be made in handling and commercial distribution of this moss in Chile due to the survival in time of certain opportunistic fungi such as those found in the A. fumigatus complex and T.longibrachiatum.