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The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) and its precise genetic basics remain unknown. Genetic variants affecting immunity have been found in some patients. The occurrence of KD in siblings is rare, but KD pedigrees with multiple affected members have been described in Japan and North America. Cases in twins have been documented. We report 2 pairs of trizygotic triplets who developed KD associated with SARS-CoV2 infection from 2 different families. Our cases show that KD is multifactorial in origin, and both infectious etiology (particularly SARS-CoV2 as in our cases) and genetic factors are relevant in the disease.

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Synaptic plasticity is characterized by remodeling of existing synapses caused by strengthening and/or weakening of connections. This is represented by long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). The occurrence of a presynaptic spike (or action potential) followed by a temporally nearby postsynaptic spike induces LTP; conversely, if the postsynaptic spike precedes the presynaptic spike, it induces LTD. This form of synaptic plasticity induction depends on the order and timing of the pre- and postsynaptic action potential, and has been termed spike time-dependent plasticity (STDP). After an epileptic seizure, LTD plays an important role as a depressor of synapses, which may lead to their complete disappearance together with that of their neighboring connections until days after the event. Added to the fact that after an epileptic seizure the network seeks to regulate the excess activity through two key mechanisms: depressed connections and neuronal death (eliminating excitatory neurons from the network), LTD becomes of great interest in our study. To investigate this phenomenon, we develop a biologically plausible model that privileges LTD at the triplet level while maintaining the pairwise structure in the STPD and study how network dynamics are affected as neuronal damage increases. We find that the statistical complexity is significantly higher for the network where LTD presented both types of interactions. While in the case where the STPD is defined with purely pairwise interactions an increase is observed as damage becomes higher for both Shannon Entropy and Fisher information.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo compreender as razões pelas quais uma mãe decidiu terceirizar os cuidados de seus bebês. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio do método Bick de observação de bebês, que ocorreu com uma mãe e seus três filhos trigêmeos. A mãe acompanhada teve sua gestação concebida mediante técnicas de reprodução assistida. As observações ocorreram quinzenalmente, durante o primeiro ano de vida dos bebês, na casa da participante. A observadora destaca ter se deparado com um contexto em que ela se via ao lado da mãe vendo as cuidadoras, babás e enfermeira cuidarem dos bebês. Com base nessa constatação, foi proposta na discussão uma reflexão acerca da terceirização dos cuidados maternos no caso acompanhado, levantando-se três hipóteses que se interligam e estão relacionadas a: reprodução assistida, maternidade trigemelar e o sentimento de vulnerabilidade descrito por Winnicott que muitas mulheres vivem ao se tornarem mães.

The purpose of the present study was to understand the reasons why a mother decided to outsource the care of her babies. This work occurred with a mother and her three children through Bick infant observation method. The subject mother conceived her pregnancy through Assisted Reproduction Techniques. The observations occurred every two weeks during the first year of the babies’ life, at the subject’s home. The observer points out to have faced a context in which she saw herself beside the mother watching the caregivers, babysitters and nurses taking care of the babies. Based on that, it was proposed a reflection on the outsourcing of maternal care in the studied case, raising three hypotheses that are interconnected and are related to: assisted reproduction, triplet maternity and the feeling of vulnerability described by Winnicott, that many women experience when become mothers.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las razones por las que una madre decidió externalizar el cuidado de sus bebés. El mismo fue desarrollado a través de Método de Observación del Bebé Bick que se produjo con una madre y sus tres hijos. Esta madre concibió su embarazo a través de Técnicas de Reproducción Asistida. Las observaciones se llevaron a cabo quincenalmente durante el primer año de vida de los bebés, en la casa de la participante. El observador se encontró en un contexto en que estaba junto de la madre observando a los cuidadores y a las enfermeras cuidar a los bebés. A partir de esta observación, se propone una reflexión sobre la externalización de la atención materna acompañada en el caso, con tres hipótesis que están interconectadas y están relacionados con: la reproducción asistida, la maternidad del trío y el sentido de vulnerabilidad descrito por Winnicott.

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Cette recherche a été constituée par une étude de cas. Une observation des bébés a été réalisée en utilisant la Méthode Esther Bick, où une mère qui avait conçu une grossesse multiple de trois enfants par Procréation Médicalement Assisté a été accompagnée. Cette étude vise démontrer comme l'observatrice pouvait se prêter aux projections, en accueillant des angoisses de la mère et d'autres personnes qui se trouvaient dans cet environnement. Il montre notamment la possibilité d'agir de manière préventive a travers de cette méthode, car la présence de l'observateur éveille les processus d'autoréflexion, au même temps que leur rends une continence. En considérant ces points, cet article donc démontre comment, dans ce cas, s'a présenté une forme de transmission psychique fragmentée, où chacun des triplés est la cible de projections et d'identifications familiales différentes.

This research was constituted by the accomplishment of a case study. An observation of infants was performed using the Esther Bick Method, where a mother who conceived a multiple pregnancy of triplets by Assisted Reproduction Treatment was followed up. This study aims to demonstrate how the observer could lend herself to projections, welcoming the anxieties of the mother and others in that environment. This work shows in particular the possibility of preventive action through this method, because the presence of the observer awakens the processes of self-reflection, while at the same time making them continents. In considering these points, this article then demonstrates how, in this case, a form of fragmented psychic transmission has emerged, in which each triplet is the subject of projections and different family identifications.

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A pair of enantiomer crystals is used to demonstrate how X-ray phase measurements provide reliable information for absolute identification and improvement of atomic model structures. Reliable phase measurements are possible thanks to the existence of intervals of phase values that are clearly distinguishable beyond instrumental effects. Because of the high susceptibility of phase values to structural details, accurate model structures were necessary for succeeding with this demonstration. It shows a route for exploiting physical phase measurements in the crystallography of more complex crystals.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the obstetric and perinatal outcomes evolution of triplet pregnancies. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in triplet pregnancies delivered over 16 years in a tertiary obstetric center with differentiated perinatal support. Evaluation of demographic factors, obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight and immediate newborn outcome were done over a 16 years period. A global characterization of the sample was performed considering the listed parameters. Variables were categorized in three groups according to year of occurrence: 1996-2000, 2001-2006, 2007-2011, and all parameters were compared. RESULTS: Of the 33 triplets included, 72.7% resulted from induced pregnancies. All except one patient received prenatal corticosteroids and five received tocolytics. All women delivered prenatally and no significant differences were seen in the mean gestational age at delivery or birth weight towards time. There were three intrauterine fetal deaths. Neonatal immediate outcomes were not significantly different over the years. CONCLUSION: Despite remarkable progresses in perinatal and neonatal cares, no noticeable impact in triplet gestations' outcomes was seen, sustaining that triplets should be avoided due to their great risk of prematurity and neonatal morbidities, either by limiting the numbers of embryos transferred or by fetal reduction. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução obstétrica e os resultados perinatais das gestações triplas. MÉTODOS: Um estudo observacional prospectivo foi realizado em gestações triplas durante 16 anos num centro obstétrico terciário com apoio perinatal diferenciado. Foram realizadas avaliações dos fatores demográficos, de complicações obstétricas, da idade gestacional ao parto, do tipo de parto, peso do recém-nascido e resultado neonatal imediato por um período de 16 anos. A caracterização global da amostra foi realizada considerando os parâmetros listados. As variáveis ​​foram divididas em três grupos de acordo com o ano de ocorrência: 1996-2000, 2001-2006, 2007-2011, e todos os parâmetros foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Das 33 gestações triplas incluídas, 72,7% resultaram de gravidezes induzidas. Exceto uma paciente, todas receberam corticosteroides pré-natal e cinco efetuaram tocolíticos. Todas as mulheres tiveram um parto pré-termo e não se observaram diferenças significativas na idade gestacional média ao parto nem no peso ao nascer ao longo do tempo. Houve três óbitos fetais. Os resultados neonatais imediatos não foram significativamente diferentes ao longo dos anos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar dos avanços notáveis ​​em cuidados perinatais e neonatais, nenhum impacto perceptível nos resultados de gestações triplas foi verificado. Essas gestações devem ser evitadas devido ao grande risco de prematuridade e morbilidade dos recém-nascidos, tanto por limitação do número de embriões transferidos como por redução fetal. .

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Background: multiple gestations have caused an increase in vulnerable preterm births. Our objective was to analyze neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm triplets. Methods: we analyzed a cohort of 30 triplets in an obstetrics and gynecology hospital. Data were obtained during pregnancy, childbirth and neonatal period: birth order, sex, weight, height, malformations, advanced resuscitation, assisted ventilation, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, pulmonary hypertension, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, days of hospitalization, and death. Results: 90 infants were analyzed. There was an omphalopagus con-joined twins case; 42 (70 %) had between 30-33 weeks and six between 24-29; 19 (21 %) had low weight for gestational age, and 18 (30 %) had a major malformation; 27 % required ventilatory support, 33 % sepsis, 32 % necrotizing enterocolitis, 21 % pulmonary hypertension, 14 % bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 2 % intraventricular hemorrhage, without statistically significant differences related to the order, presentation at birth, sex and number of placentas and amniotic sacs. Eight 24-week triplets died, four over 28 weeks, and a siamese (p = 38). There was no difference in hospital days between triplets. Conclusions: the triplets mortality is low and mainly associated with extreme prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction and sepsis.

Introducción: las gestaciones múltiples favorecen el nacimiento de niños prematuros vulnerables. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la morbilidad y la mortalidad neonatal en trillizos pretérmino. Métodos: se estudiaron 30 grupos de trillizos. Se obtuvieron datos del embarazo, parto y neonatales: orden al nacimiento, sexo, peso, talla, malformaciones, reanimación, asistencia ventilatoria, comorbilidad, días de estancia hospitalaria y muerte. Resultados: se analizaron 90 neonatos. Hubo un embarazo con siameses onfalópagos, 42 (70 %) tuvieron entre 30 y 33 semanas de gestación y seis entre 24 y 29, 19 (21 %) bajo peso y 18 (30 %), alguna malformación mayor; 25 (27 %) requirieron asistencia ventilatoria, 30 (33 %) presentaron sepsis, 29 (32 %) enterocolitis necrosante, 19 (21 %) hipertensión pulmonar, 13 (14 %) broncodisplasia pulmonar y dos (2 %), hemorragia intraventricular. No hubo diferencias significativas respecto al orden, presentación al nacimiento, sexo, número de placentas y sacos amnióticos y días de hospitalización. Murieron ocho trillizos (8.8 %) de 24 semanas de gestación, cuatro mayores de 28 semanas y un siamés (p = 0.38). Conclusiones: la mortalidad en trillizos es baja y relacionada con la premadurez extrema, la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y la sepsis. Las secuelas son pocas.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to document cost that is associated with multiple births vs singleton births in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study that used a claims database. Women 19-45 years old with live-born infants from 2005-2010 were identified. Infant deliveries were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. The cost entailed all payment made by insurers and patients. For mothers, the cost included expenses from 27 weeks before delivery to 1 month after delivery. For infants, the cost contained all expenses until their first birthday. Adjusted cost was estimated by generalized linear models after adjustment for the potential confounding variables with a gamma distribution and a log link. RESULTS: The analysis included 437,924 eligible deliveries. Of them, 97.02% were singletons; 2.85% were twins, and 0.13% was triplets or more. Women with multiple pregnancies had higher systemic and localized comorbidities compared with women with singleton pregnancies (P < .0001). Twins and triplets or more were more likely to have stayed in a neonatal intensive care unit than were singletons (P < .0001). On average, adjusted total all-cause health care cost was $21,458 (95% confidence interval [CI], $21,302-21,614) per delivery with singletons, $104,831 (95% CI, $103,402-106,280) with twins, and $407,199 (95% CI, $384,984-430,695) with triplets or more. CONCLUSION: Pregnancies with the delivery of twins cost approximately 5 times as much when compared with singleton pregnancies; pregnancies with delivery of triplets or more cost nearly 20 times as much.

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OBJETIVO: Comparar a energia total do leite materno de mães de trigêmeos, gêmeos e filhos únicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e controlado feito com mães usuárias do banco de leite do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Foram analisadas seis amostras de leite materno de mães de trigêmeos, 13 de gêmeos e 17 de filhos únicos, coletadas sob paramentação, conforme normas técnicas da Rede Brasileira de Bancos de Leite Humano. A análise foi realizada por meio do teste de crematócrito e os resultados submetidos à análise de variância de Kuskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: A energia total do leite materno de mães de trigêmeos apresentou mediana de calorias maior (651kcal/L), quando comparada à do leite de mães de filhos únicos (560kcal/L) (p<0,05). O leite das mães de gêmeos e o de mães de filhos únicos não foram diferentes. Os trigêmeos apresentaram peso ao nascer menor (mediana 1344g) em relação aos filhos únicos (1975g) (p<0,01). Não foi observada diferença estatística em relação à idade gestacional e à idade materna entre os três grupos de neonatos. CONCLUSÕES: Pode-se concluir que o presente estudo, o primeiro na literatura sobre o tema, apontou para a presença de maior valor de energia total no leite de mães de recém-nascidos trigemelares. Futuros estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos nesse achado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the total energy of the human milk of mothers of triplets, twins and single-children. METHODS: A cross-sectional and controlled study with mothers from the Human Milk Bank of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein was performed. Six samples of triplet, 13 of twin and 17 of only-child mother's milk were analyzed. The milk samples were collected according to the Brazilian Human Milk Banks Network techniques and procedures and were analyzed by creamatocrit method. The results were compared by Kruskal-Wallis variance test. RESULTS: The total milk energy from triplets mothers was statistically higher (median - 651kcal/L) than single-child mothers (560kcal/L) (p<0.05). The milk of twin mothers and of single child mothers, regarding energy content, were similar. The triplet neonates presented lower birth weight (median-1344g) when compared to single neonates (1975g) (p<0.01). There was no significant difference among the studied groups regarding maternal age and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The present study, the first addressing this subject in literature, indicates a higher value of total energy in milk from triplets' mothers. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of this finding.

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OBJETIVO: descrever habilidades do desenvolvimento de trigêmeos aos 18 meses e aos 29 meses de vida, enfocando a comunicação. MÉTODOS: irmãos trigêmeos dizigóticos do sexo masculino. Os procedimentos de avaliação englobaram: Anamnese, Observação do Comportamento Comunicativo e Escala de Desenvolvimento de Gesell e Amatruda (2000). As avaliações foram realizadas aos 18 e aos 29 meses. As crianças apresentaram atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e eram expostas a multilingüismo. RESULTADOS: foi verificada alteração nos comportamentos comunicativos nas três crianças, tanto na primeira quanto na segunda avaliação, embora tenha sido observada melhora do desempenho, após as orientações recebidas pela família. Na segunda avaliação foi observada criptofasia. Dos comportamentos motor grosseiro, delicado, adaptativo, pessoal-social e de linguagem, o último foi o mais afetado para as três crianças, apesar de todos estarem alterados considerando a idade cronológica dos trigêmeos. CONCLUSÃO: as habilidades do desenvolvimento dos trigêmeos avaliados neste estudo estavam alteradas, acometendo todas as áreas. Ressalta-se maior comprometimento da linguagem tanto aos 18 como aos 29 meses.

PURPOSE: to describe abilities of triplets' development by 18 months and the 29 months of life, focusing on communication. METHODS: dizygotic male sibling triplets. The evaluation procedures included history of disease, observing the communicative behavior and Escala de Desenvolvimento de Gesell e Amatruda (2000). The evaluations were accomplished by the 18 months and the 29 months. The children showed delay in the neuropshycomotor development and were exposed to multilingualism. RESULTS: alteration was verified in the communicative behaviors in the three children, both in the first as well as in the second evaluation, although an amelioration was shown in the performance, after the orientations received by the family. Cryptophasia was observed in the second evaluation. Of the gross motor, fine motor-adaptive, personal-social and language behaviors, the last one was the most affected as for the three children, in spite of all of them being altered considering the triplets' chronological age. CONCLUSION: the abilities of the triplets' development appraised in this study were altered, affecting all the areas. Larger commitment of the language is emphasized both by the age of 18 months as well as by 29 months.

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