RESUMO
In recent years, cancer has become one of the primary causes of mortality, approximately 10 million deaths worldwide each year. The most advanced, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy has turned out as a promising treatment for cancer. CAR-T cell therapy involves the genetic modification of T cells obtained from the patient's blood, and infusion back to the patients. CAR-T cell immunotherapy has led to a significant improvement in the remission rates of hematological cancers. CAR-T cell therapy presently limited to hematological cancers, there are ongoing efforts to develop additional CAR constructs such as bispecific CAR, tandem CAR, inhibitory CAR, combined antigens, CRISPR gene-editing, and nanoparticle delivery. With these advancements, CAR-T cell therapy holds promise concerning potential to improve upon traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation while reducing associated toxicities. This review covers recent advances and advantages of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Edição de Genes/métodos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/transplanteRESUMO
Racotumomab is a murine anti-idiotype cancer vaccine targeting NeuGcGM3 on melanoma, breast, and lung cancer. In order to characterize the immunogenicity of alum-adsorbed racotumomab in a non-clinical setting, Leghorn chickens were immunized in dose levels ranging from 25 µg to 1600 µg. Racotumomab was administered subcutaneously in the birds' neck with three identical boosters and serum samples were collected before, during and after the immunization schedule. A strong antibody response was obtained across the evaluated dose range, confirming the immunogenicity of racotumomab even at dose levels as low as 25 µg. As previously observed when using Freund's adjuvant, alum-adsorbed racotumomab induced an idiotype-specific response in all the immunized birds and ganglioside-specific antibodies in 60-100% of the animals. In contrast to the rapid induction anti-idiotype response, detection of ganglioside-specific antibodies in responsive animals may require repeated boosting. Kinetics of anti-NeuGcGM3 antibody titers showed a slight decline 2 weeks after each booster, arguing in favor of repeated immunizations in order to maintain antibody titer. Interestingly, the intensity of the anti-NeuGcGM3 response paralleled that of anti-mucin antibodies and anti-tumor antibodies, suggesting that the in vitro detection of anti-ganglioside antibodies might be a surrogate for an in vivo activity of racotumomab. Taken together, these results suggest that Leghorn chicken immunization might become the means to test the biological activity of racotumomab intended for clinical use.
RESUMO
El cáncer es, en la actualidad, un serio problema de salud pública en el ámbito mundial. Una de las aproximaciones más exploradas desde hace cerca de veinte años, es la inmunoterapia con células dendríticas (CD), células presentadoras de antígenos (CPA) profesionales. No obstante, los resultados de los estudios clínicos que emplean CD autólogas pulsadas con antígenos tumorales no han sido tan exitosos como se proyectaba. Una de las hipótesis propuestas que justifique la eficacia tan variable en los protocolos terapéuticos, es la inducción de tolerancia en las CD por los antígenos tumorales y la subsecuente baja actividad de las células efectoras (linfocitos T CD8+, CD4+ y Natural Killer). En este trabajo se evidencia que los antígenos tumorales provenientes de un adenocarcinoma pulmonar favorecen la reaparición de co-receptores como el CD14, conocido marcador de inmadurez en CD. Esto sugiere que en algunos aspectos las CD expuestas a tales antígenos, muestran defectos en la diferenciación. Como se sabe, las CD inmaduras tienen una potencia estimuladora mucho menor sobre las células efectoras, comparativamente con las CD de fenotipo maduro. Sin embargo, antígenos provenientes de la línea comercial A549 (adenocarcinoma) no produjeron cambios similares en la maduración de CD. Ello resalta la necesidad de caracterizar la respuesta individual in vitro al planear una terapia basada en CD, a fin de tener mayor probabilidad de éxito en el tratamiento.
Cancer is currently a very serious public health problem worldwide. Dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy has been one of the most active research fields during the last 20 years. However, results of several studies, mainly involving tumor antigen pulsed autologous DCs, have not been as successful as expected. Induction of a tolerant behavior of DCs upon the contact with tumor derived antigens is one of the hypotheses proposed since other effector cells like CD8+, CD4+ T lymphocytes and Natural Killers, would be rendered to a non-responsive state seriously impairing tumor growth control. In this work we found additional evidence about a likely DC differentiation defect caused by lung adenocarcinoma specific antigens freshly obtained from a patient, as suggested by the presence of the co-receptor CD14 on the surface of mature DCs (CD14 is a known marker for initial stages of DC differentiation). Our results confirm that some aspects in tumor antigen treated DCs resemble their immature phenotype, largely less efficient presenting cells, and very weak immune response inducers. Interestingly, tumor antigens obtained from the lung adenocarcinoma derived A549 cell line were unable to cause the same effect. This highlights the requirement for a complete characterization of the functional nd phenotypic individual conditions when planning a DC based immunotherapy in order to have good success likelihood at cancer patients treatment.