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Improving our ability to monitor fragmented tropical ecosystems is a critical step in supporting the stewardship of these complex landscapes. We investigated the structural characteristics of vegetation classes in Ucayali, Peru, employing a co-production approach. The vegetation classes included three agricultural classes (mature oil palm, monocrop cacao, and agroforestry cacao plantations) and three forest regeneration classes (mature lowland forest, secondary lowland forest, and young lowland vegetation regrowth). We combined local knowledge with spaceborne lidar from NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation mission to classify vegetation and characterize the horizontal and vertical structure of each vegetation class. Mature lowland forest had consistently higher mean canopy height and lower canopy height variance than secondary lowland forest (µ = 29.40 m, sd = 6.89 m vs. µ = 20.82 m, sd = 9.15 m, respectively). The lower variance of mature forest could be attributed to the range of forest development ages in the secondary forest patches. However, secondary forests exhibited a similar vertical profile to mature forests, with each cumulative energy percentile increasing at similar rates. We also observed similar mean and standard deviations in relative height ratios (RH50/RH95) for mature forest, secondary forest, and oil palm even when removing the negative values from the relative height ratios and interpolating from above-ground returns only (mean RH50/RH95 of 0.58, 0.54, and 0.53 for mature forest, secondary forest, and oil palm, respectively) (p < .0001). This pattern differed from our original expectations based on local knowledge and existing tropical forest succession studies, pointing to opportunities for future work. Our findings suggest that lidar-based relative height metrics can complement local information and other remote sensing approaches that rely on optical imagery, which are limited by extensive cloud cover in the tropics. We show that characterizing ecosystem structure with a co-production approach can support addressing both the technical and social challenges of monitoring and managing fragmented tropical landscapes.

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The cultural significance of the flora used by the native Asheninka Sheremashe community in Ucayali, Peru was determined. To do this, a fieldwork of over 4 months was conducted, involving semi-structured interviews with 106 residents through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The community utilizes 139 plant species in their daily lives, belonging to 120 genera and 52 families, with the most abundant being Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Rutaceae. Furthermore, 25.9% of the species are of significant importance to theinhabitants according to the Cultural Index (CI), such as Manihot esculenta, Theobroma cacao, Bixa orellana, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus insipida, among others. It can be concluded that the flora plays a prominent role in the life of the community, with the categories reporting the highest number of species being: food (29.35%), medicine (28.36%), culture (9.95%), construction (9.45%), lumber (6.97%), commerce (3.48%), craftsmanship (2.49%), toxic (2.49%), and other uses (7.46%)

Se determinó la importancia cultural de la flora empleada por la comunidad nativa Asheninka Sheremashe, en Ucayali, Perú. Para ello, se realizó un trabajo de campo de más de 4 meses, donde se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 106 habitantes mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La comunidad emplea 139 especies vegetales en su día a día, pertenecientes a 120 géneros y 52 familias; siendo las más abundantes las Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae y Rutaceae. Además, el 25.9% de las especies tiene gran importancia para los pobladores según el Índice Cultural (IC): Manihot esculenta, Theobroma cacao, Bixa orellana, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus insipida, entre otras. Se concluye que la flora tiene un rol preponderante en la vida de la comunidad, siendo las categorías que presentaron mayor reporte de especies: alimentación (29.35%), medicina (28.36%), cultura (9.95%), construcción (9.45%), aserrío (6.97%), comercio (3.48%), artesanía (2.49%), tóxico (2.49%) y otros usos (7.46%)

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Scientists increasingly draw on fishers' ecological knowledge (FEK) to gain a better understanding of fish biology and ecology, and inform options for fisheries management. We report on a study of FEK among fishers along the Lower Ucayali River in Peru, a region of exceptional productivity and diversity, which is also a major supplier of fish to the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon. Given a lack of available scientific information on stock status, we sought to identify temporal changes in the composition and size of exploited species by interviewing fishers from 18 communities who vary in years of fishing experience since the mid-1950s. We develop four FEK-based indicators to assess changes in the fish assemblage and compare findings with landings data. We find an intensification of fishing gear deployed over time and spatiotemporal shifts in the fish assemblage and reported declines in species weight, which point to a fishing-down process with declines across multiple species. This finding is reflected in a shifting baseline among our participants, whereby younger generations of fishers have different expectations regarding the distribution and size of species. Our study points to the importance of spillover effects from the nearby Pacaya-Samira National Reserve and community initiatives to support the regional fishery. Reference to fishers' knowledge also suggests that species decline is likely underreported in aggregated landings data. Despite the dynamism and diversity of Amazonian floodplain fisheries, simple FEK-based indicators can provide useful information for understanding fishing-induced changes in the fish assemblage. Fishers hold valuable knowledge for fishery management and conservation initiatives in the region.

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En este trabajo se presenta una lista actualizada de los registros de especies de peces de la cuenca del río Ucayali, Perú, provenientes de datos publicados y no publicados. Los resultados muestran que la cuenca del Ucayali presenta una ictiofauna rica y diversificada con el registro de 734 especies distribuidas en 15 órdenes, 49 familias y 292 géneros. La Ictiofauna está compuesta por peces miniatura (4%), peces pequeños (39%), medianos (41%), grandes (13%) y gigantes (3%). Los grupos dominantes son los Characiformes (312 especies, 43.0 %), Siluriformes (270 especies, 36.8%), Gymnotiformes (51 especies, 6.9%), y Cichliformes (50 especies, 6.8%). Parte de la ictiofauna es compartida con cuencas adyacentes como Marañón, y Amazonas peruano, principalmente en la región de confluencia, lo que contribuye a la notable diversidad de peces en la cuenca. Se observó una alta riqueza de especies con distribución restricta de los géneros Orestias, Astroblepus, Trichomycterus, Hemibrycon, entre otras especies, que ocurren en la región de cabeceras. Estimativos de riqueza de especies considerando su distribución por cada 100 m de altitud, indican que la cuenca del Ucayali esta subestimada, esperándose encontrar hasta 1125 especies. Los resultados aquí presentados son antecedentes que coadyuvaran a la toma de decisiones con fines de conservación y desarrollo sustentable en la región amazónica.

This study presents an updated checklists of the fish species recorded in the Ucayali River basin, Peru, from published and unpublished data. Ucayali River basin shows a rich and diversified ichthyofauna, with 734 species distributed in 15 orders, 49 families and 292 genera. It is composed by miniature fishes (4 %, < 2.6 cm of standard length), small fishes (39 %), medium fishes (41 %), large fishes (13 %) and giants (3 %). The dominant groups are Characiformes (312 species, 43.0 %), Siluriformes (270 species, 36.8 %), Gymnotiformes (51 species, 6.9 %) and Cichliformes (50 species, 6.8 %). Part of the ichthyofauna is shared with the adjacent basins as Marañón and Amazon, mainly in the confluence area, which contribute to the highest diversity of fishes in the Ucayali basin. High diversity of fishes with restricted distribution was observed, among them Orestias, Astroblepus, Trichomycterus, Hemibrycon genera that occur in the headwaters. Estimates of species richness considering their distribution per 100 m of altitude, show that the Ucayali basin is underestimated, expecting to find up to 1125 species. The results presented here are background information that will contribute to decision-making for conservation and sustainable development purposes in the Amazon region.

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The doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an economically and ecologically important catfish in the Amazon basin. However, little is known about its age, growth and population dynamics parameters. This study aims to validate the formation of growth marks in vertebrae of individuals collected from two rivers systems of the Peruvian Amazon (Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali and Putumayo) and compare growth parameters using the von Bertalanffy growth function between sexes and systems. A total of 372 individuals from the Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) system and 93 from the Putumayo River were analyzed. The formation of one growth ring per year was validated and the individual ages ranged from zero to nine years old. Females grew significantly larger than males in both systems. Both females and males grew significantly better in the AMU system than in the Putumayo River. Maximum observed length and size at maturity in the AMU system were lower than those reported in previous studies in the area, and together with an important proportion of juveniles in the catches, suggest that the species is heavily exploited. Further studies on the reproductive biology and population dynamics of the doncella are needed in order to implement management measures more in line with the current situation.(AU)

La doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer es un bagre de importancia económica y ecológica en la cuenca Amazonica. Pese a ello, poco se conoce acerca de parámetros de edad, crecimiento y dinámica poblacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la formación de marcas de crecimiento en vértebras de individuos colectados en dos sistemas fluviales de la Amazonia Peruana (Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali y Putumayo) y comparar los parámetros de crecimiento usando la función de von Bertalanffy entre sexos y sistemas. Fueron analizados 372 individuos del sistema Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) y 93 del Putumayo. Se validó la formación de un anillo de crecimiento por año, la edad osciló entre cero y nueve años. Las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos en ambos sistemas. Para ambos sexos el crecimiento fue significativamente mayor en el sistema AMU que en el Putumayo. Las máximas tallas y edades de primera madurez observadas en el sistema AMU fueron menores a las reportadas en estudios previos en el área, y junto con un considerable porcentaje de juveniles presentes en las capturas, se sugiere que la especie está siendo fuertemente explotada. Son necesarios estudios de biología reproductiva y dinámica poblacional de doncella para implementar medidas de manejo acordes a la situación actual.(AU)

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The catfish Calophysus macropterus is heavily exploited in the Amazon basin, yet its life history characteristics are poorly documented, hampering proper fisheries management. In order to fill this gap, monthly sampling in the upper Putumayo River and in the Amazonas, lower Marañón and Ucayali (AMU) rivers were carried out over several years (2013-2015 in the AMU, 2013-2017 in the Putumayo) to provide detailed information about its reproduction, growth and mortality patterns (using length frequency data). Reproduction, which occurs during the dry and early flooding season, was only observed in the upper Putumayo River and not in the sampled portion of the AMU system, suggesting that the species reproduces closer to the Andes than other pimelodid catfishes. Size at first sexual maturity did not differ significantly among sex or among river systems, ranging from 25-28 cm SL. In both river systems, females had a faster growth than males and both genders also tended to have a better growth in the AMU than in the upper Putumayo. Mortality and exploitation estimate all indicated overexploitation of the species in both river systems. The implications of these results for fisheries management and conservation are discussed.(AU)

El bagre Calophysus macropterus está fuertemente explotado en la cuenca Amazónica. Sin embargo, su ciclo de vida está poco documentado, lo que dificulta su gestión pesquera. Para llenar este vacío, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en el alto río Putumayo alrededor de Puerto Leguízamo y en el Amazonas y los ríos bajo Marañón y Ucayali (AMU) cerca de Iquitos durante varios años (2013-2015 en AMU, 2013-2017 en Putumayo) para generar información sobre su reproducción, crecimiento y mortalidad. La reproducción, que se produce durante la estación seca y el inicio de la inundación, sólo se observó en el curso superior del río Putumayo y no en la parte muestreada del sistema de la AMU, lo que sugiere que la especie se reproduce más cerca de los Andes que otros pimelodidos. El tamaño de primera madurez sexual no difirió entre sexos o entre sistemas fluviales, oscilando entre 25-28 cm. En ambos sistemas fluviales, las hembras tuvieron un crecimiento más rápido que los machos y ambos géneros también tendieron a tener un mejor crecimiento en el AMU que en el alto Putumayo. Estimaciones de mortalidad y explotación indicaron una sobreexplotación en ambos sistemas. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la gestión y conservación de las pesquerías.(AU)

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Abstract This study presents an extensive review of published and unpublished occurrence records of fish species in the Loreto department. Located in the northeast of the country, Loreto is the most geographically extensive region in the Peruvian territory. Despite the increase in fish collections in Loreto in recent years, the ichthyofauna of this department needs to be more documented. Based on a database of scientific collections and bibliographic information, an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes from Loreto is presented. The results reveal a rich and diversified ichthyofauna, with 873 species distributed in 331 genera, 50 families and 15 orders. The main groups are Characiformes (42.6%), Siluriformes (34.8%), Gymnotiformes (8.6%) and Cichliformes (7.4%). Part of the ichthyofauna has restricted distribution for Loreto (4.7%). In addition, 9.0% of species from Loreto are used in fisheries. Meanwhile, 219 species (25%) were categorized according to the IUCN criteria where only six species (0.7%) are currently considered threatened species (CR, EN or VU). The results presented in this work indicate that this department needs more studies to know the biodiversity of fish, likewise, the information presented constitutes a contribution to the knowledge of fish diversity that would support environmental management actions and decision-making aimed at conserving one of the most diverse departments of Peru.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una revisión de los registros de especies de peces, publicados y no publicados, del departamento de Loreto. Localizado al noreste del país, Loreto es el departamento más extenso del territorio peruano. A pesar del incremento en el número de las colectas de peces en Loreto en años recientes, la ictiofauna de este departamento necesita ser más documentada. Sustentado en los registros en bases de datos de colecciones científicas e información bibliográfica, se presenta una actualización de la lista de peces de agua dulce de Loreto. Los resultados revelaron una ictiofauna rica y diversificada, con 873 especies, distribuidas en 331 géneros, 50 familias y 15 órdenes. Los principales taxones fueron Characiformes (42.6%), Siluriformes (34.8%), Gymnotiformes (8.6%) y Cichliformes (7.4%). Parte de la ictiofauna tiene distribución restricta para Loreto (4.7%). Además, 9.0% de las especies son usadas en pesquerías de Loreto. Mientras tanto, 219 (25%) especies fueron categorizadas de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN, donde sólo seis especies (0.7%) son consideradas actualmente especies amenazadas (CR, EN o VU). Los resultados presentados en este trabajo señalan que este departamento necesita más estudios para conocer la biodiversidad de peces, así mismo, la información presentada constituye un aporte al conocimiento de la biodiversidad íctica que respaldarían las acciones de gestión ambiental y toma de decisiones destinados a conservar uno de los departamentos más diversos del Perú.

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Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete n. sp. is described from the Río Caquetá drainage in Colombia and the Río Ucayali drainage in Peru, western Amazon. The new species is diagnosed from its congeners by having the following combination of characters: a conspicuous narrow midlateral stripe, starting on the sides of the body behind the opercle near the lateral line; lateral stripe overlapped anteriorly with a vertically elongated humeral blotch; inner premaxillary teeth pentacuspid; margin of anal fin falcate in mature males.

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BACKGROUND: Wildlife has been traditionally used by forest communities as a source of protein, and the Peruvian Amazon is no exception. The articulation of colonist and indigenous communities to urban centers and markets results in changes in livelihood strategies and impacts on wildlife populations. To address the threat of overhunting and forest conversion, we provide a generalized characterization of colonist and indigenous communities and their hunting activities near Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru. METHODS: A semi-structured household survey was conducted to characterize hunters and describe their prey collections. The data were analyzed by conducting a Kruskal-Wallis test, a multiple regression analysis, and by estimating the harvest rate (H). RESULTS: Less wealthy households were more actively engaged in hunting for food security and as a livelihood strategy. Additionally, older hunters were associated with higher hunting rates. Although the percentage of hunters was relatively low, estimated hunting rates suggest overharvesting of wildlife. Lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) were the most frequently hunted prey, followed by red brocket deer (Mazama americana) and primates. While hunting intensity was not significantly different between indigenous and colonist communities, hunting rate disparities suggest there are different types of hunters (specialized vs. opportunistic) and that prey composition differs between communities. CONCLUSION: Close monitoring of wildlife populations and hunting activities is ideal for more accurately determining the impact of hunting on wildlife population and in turn on forest health. In lack of this type of information, this study provides insight of hunting as a shifting livelihood strategy in a rapidly changing environment at the forest/agriculture frontier.

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El estudio presenta una lista comentada de especies de peces registradas en la cuenca del río Aguaytía. Son consideradas las colectas de diferentes años y estaciones climáticas entre 1942 y 2009. Es el primer inventario de los peces para esta cuenca, la cual es importante para el Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul. La metodología empleada para la recolección de las muestras incluyó principalmente colectas activas con redes de arrastre de 10x3 m y de 5x2 m y 6 mm de malla. La fijación y preservación de las muestras se realizo con formol al 10% y de etanol al 70%, respectivamente. Las muestras se encuentran en la Colección Ictiológica (MUSM) del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Fueron analizados 9917 ejemplares y registradas un total de 211 especies agrupadas en 28 familias y nueve órdenes

An annotated species fish list recorded in the Aguaytía River basin is presented. Fishes were collected between 1942 and 2009 in different years and seasons. This is the first inventories in Aguaytía river Basin, and for the Cordillera Azúl National Park. Fishes were mainly collected using seines of 10x3 m and of 5x2 m and 6 mm mesh. For fixation and preservation of samples were used 10% formaldehyde solution and 70% ethanol, respectively. Samples are in the Ichthyological Collection (MUSM) of the Museum of Natural History of San Marcos University. We analized 9917 specimens and recorded a total of 211 species of 28 families and nine orders