RESUMO
Swine production in Brazil results in a great volume of manure that normally is disposed of as agricultural fertilizer. However, this form of soil disposal, generally on small farms, causes the accumulation of large amounts of manure and this results in contaminated soil and water tables. To evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of swine manure on earthworms, several ecotoxicological tests were performed using Eisenia andrei as test organism in different tropical soils, classified respectively as Ultisol, Oxisol, and Entisol, as well as Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS). The survival, reproduction and behavior of the earthworms were evaluated in experiments using a completely randomized design, with five replications. In the Ultisol, Oxisol and TAS the swine manure showed no lethality, but in the Entisol it caused earthworm mortality (LOEC=45 m(3)ha(-1)). In the Entisol, the waste reduced the reproductive rate and caused avoidance behavior in E. andrei (LOEC=30 m(3)ha(-1)) even in lower concentrations. The Entisol is extremely sandy, with low cation exchange capacity (CEC), and this may be the reason for the higher toxicity on soil fauna, with the soil not being able to hold large amounts of pollutants (e.g. toxic metals), but leaving them in bioavailable forms. These results should be a warning of the necessity to consider soil parameters (e.g. texture and CEC) when evaluating soil contamination by means of ecotoxicological assays, as there still are no standards for natural soils in tropical regions. E. andrei earthworms act as indicators for a soil to support disposal of swine manure without generating harm to agriculture and ecosystems.
Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Esterco , Oligoquetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/métodos , Animais , Bioensaio , Brasil , Ecotoxicologia , Fertilizantes , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Solo , SuínosRESUMO
Application of biochar alters availability of nutrients and acidic cations in soils which in turn could affect growth of plant to different degrees. Effect of rubber wood biochar amendment on the growth and nutritional status of Hevea nursery plants was determined in this study. Biochar were applied at 1% and 2% (w/w) with and without the recommended rates of N and Mg liquid fertilizers (LF). Two control treatments with 0% biochar but with and without recommended levels of all N, P, K, and Mg LF were also included. Application of biochar alone has a significant positive effect on above ground dry matter accumulation of the rootstock seedling (81% over the 0% biochar + no LF control) while no effect on the scion growth. Growth of plants in LF added treatments were much higher. Combining 2% biochar with N and Mg significantly increased the above ground dry matter accumulation over N-P-K-Mg only treatment in both rootstock seedling (29%) and the scion (61%). Biochar only application did not affect the N and P and decreased K and Ca concentrations in leaves. When combined with N and Mg fertilizers however, biochar significantly increased total N, P, Mg and Ca uptake. Biochar only application (2%) significantly decreased the leaf Mn concentrations in the seedling probably due to decrease in Mn availability as a result of increase in soil pH. The increase in soil pH due to biochar addition decreased with time close to original values in soils that received LF, possibly due to sulfate of ammonia. We concluded that application of rubber wood biochar (upto 2% w/w) could improve the growth of Hevea plants with the use of only N and Mg fertilizers under nursery conditions tested in this experiment.
RESUMO
The study of the hydro-physical behavior in soils using toposequences is of great importance for better understanding the soil, water and vegetation relationships. This study aims to assess the hydro-physical and morphological characterization of soil from a toposequence in Galia, state of São Paulo, Brazil). The plot covers an area of 10.24 ha (320 × 320 m), located in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest. Based on ultra-detailed soil and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect from the soil in the plot was chosen. Five profiles were opened for the morphological description of the soil horizons, and hydro-physical and micromorphological analyses were performed to characterize the soil. Arenic Haplustult, Arenic Haplustalf and Aquertic Haplustalf were the soil types observed in the plot. The superficial horizons had lower density and greater hydraulic conductivity, porosity and water retention in lower tensions than the deeper horizons. In the sub-superficial horizons, greater water retention at higher tensions and lower hydraulic conductivity were observed, due to structure type and greater clay content. The differences observed in the water retention curves between the sandy E and the clay B horizons were mainly due to the size distribution, shape and type of soil pores.
RESUMO
The study of the hydro-physical behavior in soils using toposequences is of great importance for better understanding the soil, water and vegetation relationships. This study aims to assess the hydro-physical and morphological characterization of soil from a toposequence in Galia, state of São Paulo, Brazil). The plot covers an area of 10.24 ha (320 × 320 m), located in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest. Based on ultra-detailed soil and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect from the soil in the plot was chosen. Five profiles were opened for the morphological description of the soil horizons, and hydro-physical and micromorphological analyses were performed to characterize the soil. Arenic Haplustult, Arenic Haplustalf and Aquertic Haplustalf were the soil types observed in the plot. The superficial horizons had lower density and greater hydraulic conductivity, porosity and water retention in lower tensions than the deeper horizons. In the sub-superficial horizons, greater water retention at higher tensions and lower hydraulic conductivity were observed, due to structure type and greater clay content. The differences observed in the water retention curves between the sandy E and the clay B horizons were mainly due to the size distribution, shape and type of soil pores.
RESUMO
Liming is essential in modern agriculture to increase yield and fertilizer efficiency. Generally the addition of lime causes changes in soil chemical attributes. The objective of this study was to verify the trend of such changes in the surface horizons of an Oxisol and an Ultisol of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The attributes studied were: sum of bases, pH in water and KCl N, Al3+, H+, cation exchange capacity (CEC) at pH 7.0 and at soil pH, anion exchange capacity (AEC), extractable phosphate and sulphate, P-adsorption and available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The results indicated that liming increased soil pH, sum of bases, CEC at soil pH and extratable P; decreased the relationship, img src="http:/img/fbpe/sa/v54n12/54n12a1fo1.gif" alt="54n12a1fo1.GIF (252 bytes)" align="top">, Al3+, AEC and extractable SO42-; and caused no change in CEC at pH 7.0, P-adsorption and available micronutrients.
A calagem é essencial na agricultura moderna para aumentar a produtividade das culturas e a eficiência do uso de adubos. A adição de calcário normalmente altera atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar algumas dessas alterações no horizonte superficial de um latossolo vermelho-escuro argiloso e um podzólico vermelho-amarelo textura média/argilosa. Os atributos estudados foram: soma de bases, pH em H2O e KCl N, Al3+, H+, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) a pH 7,0 e ao pH do solo, capacidade de troca aniônica (CTA), fosfato e sulfato extraíveis, índice de adsorção de P e disponibilidade de Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. Com os dados obtidos pôde-se concluir que a calagem aumentou o pH, a soma de bases, a CTC a pH do solo e o teor de fósforo extraível; diminuiu o teor de alumínio, a relação img src="http:/img/fbpe/sa/v54n12/54n12a1fo1.gif" alt="54n12a1fo1.GIF (252 bytes)" align="top">, a CTA e o teor de SO42- e não alterou a CTC a pH 7,0, a adsorção de P e o teor de micronutrientes.
RESUMO
Liming is essential in modern agriculture to increase yield and fertilizer efficiency. Generally the addition of lime causes changes in soil chemical attributes. The objective of this study was to verify the trend of such changes in the surface horizons of an Oxisol and an Ultisol of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The attributes studied were: sum of bases, pH in water and KCl N, Al3+, H+, cation exchange capacity (CEC) at pH 7.0 and at soil pH, anion exchange capacity (AEC), extractable phosphate and sulphate, P-adsorption and available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The results indicated that liming increased soil pH, sum of bases, CEC at soil pH and extratable P; decreased the relationship, img src="http:/img/fbpe/sa/v54n12/54n12a1fo1.gif" alt="54n12a1fo1.GIF (252 bytes)" align="top">, Al3+, AEC and extractable SO42-; and caused no change in CEC at pH 7.0, P-adsorption and available micronutrients.
A calagem é essencial na agricultura moderna para aumentar a produtividade das culturas e a eficiência do uso de adubos. A adição de calcário normalmente altera atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar algumas dessas alterações no horizonte superficial de um latossolo vermelho-escuro argiloso e um podzólico vermelho-amarelo textura média/argilosa. Os atributos estudados foram: soma de bases, pH em H2O e KCl N, Al3+, H+, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) a pH 7,0 e ao pH do solo, capacidade de troca aniônica (CTA), fosfato e sulfato extraíveis, índice de adsorção de P e disponibilidade de Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. Com os dados obtidos pôde-se concluir que a calagem aumentou o pH, a soma de bases, a CTC a pH do solo e o teor de fósforo extraível; diminuiu o teor de alumínio, a relação img src="http:/img/fbpe/sa/v54n12/54n12a1fo1.gif" alt="54n12a1fo1.GIF (252 bytes)" align="top">, a CTA e o teor de SO42- e não alterou a CTC a pH 7,0, a adsorção de P e o teor de micronutrientes.
RESUMO
A green house experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia - Nova Odessa, State of São Paulo, in order to study the effects of lime levels (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6 t/ha) upon dry matter yields and concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium of guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.),braquiariagrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Prain) and molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora P. de Beauv.) grown in an Ultisol. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Liming increased the dry matter yield in these grasses, particularly at the second harvest. Calcium concentrations in guineagrass increased in lhe two cuttings, in braquiaria at the second harvest, while the concentrations of magnesium in the three grasses increased as lime levels increased.
Em casa-de-vegetação do Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa-SP, estudaram-se os efeitos de quatro níveis de calcário dolomítico (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 t/ha) sobre a produção de matéria seca, teor de nitrogênio, quantidade total de nitrogênio e composição quimica do capim-colonião (Panicum maximum,Jacqj, braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Prain) e capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. de Beauv.) cultivados num Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo variação Laras. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos ao acaso,com quatro repetições. A aplicação de calcário resultou em efeito positivo sobre a produção de matéria seca das três gramíneas e elevou os teores de cálcio no colonião em ambos os cortes, na braquiária somente no segundo corte; enquanto que os teores de magnésio nas três gramíneas sempre aumentaram com a aplicação de calcário.
RESUMO
A green house experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia - Nova Odessa, State of São Paulo, in order to study the effects of lime levels (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6 t/ha) upon dry matter yields and concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and potassium of guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.),braquiariagrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Prain) and molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora P. de Beauv.) grown in an Ultisol. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Liming increased the dry matter yield in these grasses, particularly at the second harvest. Calcium concentrations in guineagrass increased in lhe two cuttings, in braquiaria at the second harvest, while the concentrations of magnesium in the three grasses increased as lime levels increased.
Em casa-de-vegetação do Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa-SP, estudaram-se os efeitos de quatro níveis de calcário dolomítico (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 t/ha) sobre a produção de matéria seca, teor de nitrogênio, quantidade total de nitrogênio e composição quimica do capim-colonião (Panicum maximum,Jacqj, braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Prain) e capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. de Beauv.) cultivados num Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo variação Laras. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos ao acaso,com quatro repetições. A aplicação de calcário resultou em efeito positivo sobre a produção de matéria seca das três gramíneas e elevou os teores de cálcio no colonião em ambos os cortes, na braquiária somente no segundo corte; enquanto que os teores de magnésio nas três gramíneas sempre aumentaram com a aplicação de calcário.
RESUMO
A field experiment was carried out at the Instituto de Zootecnia, State of São Paulo, to study the effects of liming and micronutrients applied to an Ultisol for the growth of Centrosema pubescens Benth. Four liming rates (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6t/ha) were combined with the application or not of molybdenum or boron + copper + zinc. Liming was the main plot and micronutrient combinations were subplots which were assigned in randomized complete block design, with four replications. Fourteen harvests were performed in the five years of experimentation. Forage yield and the total amount of crude protein significantly (P 0.01) responded to lime, to molybdenum and to boron+ copper+zinc, in the first harvest. These effects were also evident during the first year after plant establishment. Liming did not affect these plant responses in the following years, whereas molybnedum did. Changes in forage nutrient concentrations are discussed as a consequence of liming and micronutrients applications, changes in soil fertility as result of liming are also presented.
Em um experimento de campo conduzido no Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, foram estudados os efeitos da aplicação de calcário e de micronutrientes em um solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo variação Laras, para o cultivo de Centrosema pubescens Benth. Quatro níveis de calcário (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6t/ha) foram combinados com a presença ou ausência de molibdênio e boro + cobre + zinco. Os níveis de corretivo formaram as parcelas enquanto os micronutrientes formaram as subparcelas do experimento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Quatorze cortes foram realizados nas plantas durante os cinco anos de experimentação. A produção de matéria seca e a quantidade total de proteína bruta variaram significativamente (P 0,01) com os níveis de calcário, com molibdênio e com o boro+cobre+zinco, no primeiro corte da forrageira. Esses efeitos para calagem e molibdênio ficaram evidentes também para o total dos cortes no primeiro ano após a fase de estabelecimento da leguminosa. Nos demais anos a calagem não evidenciou os mesmos efeitos, enquanto a adubação com o molibdênio o fez. São discutidas as variações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas plantas, em função da calagem e dos micronutrientes e, nos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo, em função dos níveis de corretivo.
RESUMO
A field experiment was carried out at the Instituto de Zootecnia, State of São Paulo, to study the effects of liming and micronutrients applied to an Ultisol for the growth of Centrosema pubescens Benth. Four liming rates (0; 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6t/ha) were combined with the application or not of molybdenum or boron + copper + zinc. Liming was the main plot and micronutrient combinations were subplots which were assigned in randomized complete block design, with four replications. Fourteen harvests were performed in the five years of experimentation. Forage yield and the total amount of crude protein significantly (P 0.01) responded to lime, to molybdenum and to boron+ copper+zinc, in the first harvest. These effects were also evident during the first year after plant establishment. Liming did not affect these plant responses in the following years, whereas molybnedum did. Changes in forage nutrient concentrations are discussed as a consequence of liming and micronutrients applications, changes in soil fertility as result of liming are also presented.
Em um experimento de campo conduzido no Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, foram estudados os efeitos da aplicação de calcário e de micronutrientes em um solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo variação Laras, para o cultivo de Centrosema pubescens Benth. Quatro níveis de calcário (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6t/ha) foram combinados com a presença ou ausência de molibdênio e boro + cobre + zinco. Os níveis de corretivo formaram as parcelas enquanto os micronutrientes formaram as subparcelas do experimento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Quatorze cortes foram realizados nas plantas durante os cinco anos de experimentação. A produção de matéria seca e a quantidade total de proteína bruta variaram significativamente (P 0,01) com os níveis de calcário, com molibdênio e com o boro+cobre+zinco, no primeiro corte da forrageira. Esses efeitos para calagem e molibdênio ficaram evidentes também para o total dos cortes no primeiro ano após a fase de estabelecimento da leguminosa. Nos demais anos a calagem não evidenciou os mesmos efeitos, enquanto a adubação com o molibdênio o fez. São discutidas as variações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas plantas, em função da calagem e dos micronutrientes e, nos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo, em função dos níveis de corretivo.