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Low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) is commonly used as an adjuvant therapy for treating injuries. This integrative literature review was carried out in the MEDLINE, LILACS, CUMED, BDENF, SPORTDiscus, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Academic Source and CINAHL databases. Among the inclusion criteria were: range from 2011 to 2021, in English, Portuguese and Spanish and any study, with the exception of preprints and books. The question was answered: "What is the effectiveness described in the literature of using low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) in the treatment of venous lesions?" The wavelength used in studies varied from 635 nm of red ray to 780 nm of infrared ray, generating healing improvement at any length. LBI presented itself as a low-cost and easy-to-apply adjuvant option, alleviating pain complaints and improving healing in patients with vasculogenic lesions.

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Chronic venous disease (CVD) significantly impacts global health, presenting a complex challenge in medical management. Despite its prevalence and the burden it places on healthcare systems, CVD remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the bioactive compounds in the Citrus genus, exploring their therapeutic potential in CVD treatment and addressing the gap in current treatment modalities. A narrative review methodology was adopted, focusing on the pharmacological effects of Citrus-derived bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and terpenes. Additionally, the review introduced the DBsimilarity method for analyzing the chemical space and structural similarities among Citrus compounds. The review highlights the Citrus genus as a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds, notably flavonoids and terpenes, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and veno-protective properties. Some of these compounds have been integrated into existing therapies, underscoring their potential for CVD management. The DBsimilarity analysis further identified many clusters of compounds with more than 85% structural similarity. Citrus-derived bioactive compounds offer promising therapeutic potential for managing CVD, showcasing significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and veno-protective effects. The need for further comparative studies, as well as safety and efficacy investigations specific to CVD treatment, is evident. This review underlines the importance of advancing our understanding of these natural compounds and encouraging the development of novel treatments and formulations for effective CVD management. The DBsimilarity method's introduction provides a novel approach to exploring the chemical diversity within the Citrus genus, opening new pathways for pharmacological research.

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INTRODUCTION: Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a highly prevalent disease that presents a wide spectrum of clinical expressions due to abnormalities in the venous system. Patients often have major functional changes that can limit daily activities. However, the functional factors associated with the severity of the disease remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To identify the functional factors associated with CVD severity. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with CVD (92.0% females, 49.6 ± 13.3 years) were evaluated through clinical examination, lower limb perimetry, ankle range of motion (AROM), and lower limb muscle strength by the Heel Rise test, and Sit-to-stand test. Patients were stratified according to the disease severity as mild (telangiectasia, varicose veins, or edema in the lower limbs) or severe CVD (trophic changes or venous ulcer). RESULTS: Patients with severe CVD (n = 13) were older (p = 0.002), predominantly male (p = 0.007), with reduced AROM in dorsiflexion (p = 0.028) and inversion (p = 0.009), reduced lower limb strength by the Heel Rise test (p = 0.040), and greater circumference of the calf (p = 0.020), ankle (p = 0.003), and plantar arch (p = 0.041) when compared to mild CVD (n = 62). Advanced age, male sex, lower ankle range of motion in dorsiflexion, and greater ankle and plantar arch circumferences were associated with CVD severity. However, the ankle circumference (OR 1.258, 95% CI: 1.008-1.570; p = 0.042), together with advanced age and male sex, was the only functional variable that remained independently associated with CVD severity. CONCLUSION: The increased ankle circumference was a determinant of the CVD severity and may assist in risk stratification and guide treatment goals in this population.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of lower limb muscle strengthening on interface pressure (IP), static stiffness index (SSI), dynamic stiffness index (DSI), and walking pressure amplitude (WPA) in older adults undergoing inelastic compression therapy. METHOD: Forty-three healthy older adults of both sexes (Age: 66.2 ± 4.4 years) met the eligibility criteria and completed all stages of the study (Resistance Training - RT: N = 20; Control - CONT: N = 23). Body composition, strength and functional mobility of lower limbs, IP, SSI, DSI, and WPA were evaluated before and after intervention. RESULTS: The two-way ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated a significant time-group interaction effect on muscular strength for 1-RM [F (1, 41) = 21.091; p ≤ 0.001], IP in the orthostatic position [F (1, 41) = 5.124; p ≤ 0.05], minimum WPA [F (1, 41) = 10.999; p ≤ 0.05], maximum WPA [F (1, 41) = 8.315; p ≤ 0.05], DSI minimum (F (1, 41) = 4.608; p ≤ 0.05), DSI maximum (F (1, 41) = 8.926; p ≤ 0.05), and on the delta DSI (F (1, 41) = 7.891; p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In RT group, the increase in lower limb muscle strength was accompanied by an increase in IP in foot dorsiflexion and plantar flexion maneuvers, both in the standing position (DSI) and during gait (WPA).

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OBJECTIVE: We aim to report on the Laser-Sclerosing Foam Hybrid Treatment (LSFHT) and its outcomes when used on patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency. METHODS: This was a single center retrospective cohort study on patients with GSV insufficiency that were treated with the LSFHT technique, a surgical procedure that comprises the use of both sclerosing foam and endovenous ablation and avoids the use of tumescent anesthesia. Occlusion rates and complications were reported. RESULTS: 139 legs from 106 patients were operated, achieving a 100% occlusion rate, while only a small burn and 2 popliteal vein thrombosis cases occurred. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the LSFHT is a feasible fast procedure that proved both effective and safe for the treatment of GSV insufficiency.

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Resumo A laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) é comumente utilizada como terapia adjuvante para tratamento de lesões. Essa revisão integrativa de literatura foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, LILACS, CUMED, BDENF, SPORTDiscus, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Fonte Acadêmica e CINAHL. Entre os critérios de inclusão estavam: intervalo de 2011 a 2021, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol e qualquer estudo, com exceção de preprints e livros. Respondeu-se à questão: "Qual a eficácia descrita na literatura do uso da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) no tratamento de lesões venosas?". O comprimento de onda usado nos estudos variou de 635 nm de raio vermelho ah 780 nm de raio infravermelho, gerando melhora cicatricial em qualquer comprimento. A LBI apresentou-se como uma opção coadjuvante de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação, amenizando queixas álgicas e melhorando a cicatrização de pacientes com lesões vasculogênicas.

Abstract Low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) is commonly used as an adjuvant therapy for treating injuries. This integrative literature review was carried out in the MEDLINE, LILACS, CUMED, BDENF, SPORTDiscus, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Academic Source and CINAHL databases. Among the inclusion criteria were: range from 2011 to 2021, in English, Portuguese and Spanish and any study, with the exception of preprints and books. The question was answered: "What is the effectiveness described in the literature of using low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) in the treatment of venous lesions?" The wavelength used in studies varied from 635 nm of red ray to 780 nm of infrared ray, generating healing improvement at any length. LBI presented itself as a low-cost and easy-to-apply adjuvant option, alleviating pain complaints and improving healing in patients with vasculogenic lesions.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the connection between the clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and the biomechanics of the calf muscle pump (CMP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed women on the age range between 30 and 80 years with chronic venous insufficiency, stratified according to the clinical classification. Ninety-nine women were assessed and classified into groups with different levels of severity: C1 (n = 22); C2 (n = 22); C3 (n = 22); C4 (n = 22); C5 (n = 8); C6 (n = 3). The main purpose was to investigate the strength of the calf muscle pump through total work (TW) and peak torque (PT), and the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint. For a secondary analysis, the fatigue index was assessed. All results were run through the Humac®/NORMT isokinetic dynamometer to obtain the data. RESULTS: Our findings pointed out that as the clinical severity of CVI increases, there is a reduction on the PT, the TW, the maximum active ROM and the ROM at 120°/sec. As severity increased, there was a reduction of 24Nm in the TW at 30°/sec.and a reduction of 3Nm in the PT at 30°/sec. OUTCOMES: When increased, clinical severity of CVI may trigger downgrading in the strength of the CMP and the ROM in the ankle. These findings are of relevance to the clinician, since through these findings, individuals with venous insufficiency may be treated more precisely for each classification.

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The Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has set up a committee to provide new evidence-based recommendations for patient care associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Topics were divided in five groups: 1. Classification, 2. Diagnosis, 3. Conservative or non-invasive treatment, 4. Invasive treatment and 5. Treatment of small vessels. This last series is closely related to the activities of Brazilian angiologists and vascular surgeons, who are heavily involved in the treatment of small superficial veins. These guidelines are intended to assist in clinical decision-making for attending physicians and health managers. The decision to follow a guideline recommendation should be made by the responsible physician on a case-by-case basis taking into account the patient's specific condition, as well as local resources, regulations, laws, and clinical practice recommendations.

A Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular organizou uma comissão para fornecer novas recomendações baseadas em evidências sobre questões críticas de atendimento ao paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica. São abordados aqui os temas de classificação, diagnóstico, tratamento conservador, tratamento invasivo e tratamento de pequenos vasos. Esta última série está muito relacionada à atividade de angiologistas e cirurgiões vasculares, que possuem forte atuação no tratamento de pequenas veias superficiais. Estas diretrizes destinam-se a auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas de médicos assistentes e gestores de saúde. A decisão de seguir uma recomendação de diretriz deve ser feita pelo médico responsável caso a caso, levando em consideração a condição específica do paciente, bem como recursos locais, regulamentos, leis e recomendações de prática clínica.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic venous disease is a frequent and prevalent pathology. Its surgical treatment has been shown to be cost-effective. Thermal endoablation performed as major outpatient surgery (MAS) is the technique of choice. OBJECTIVE: To know the satisfaction of patients after MAS and the quality of care provided. METHOD: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out between January 2019 and March 2020. A survey was carried out on patients who underwent endovascular radiofrequency thermoablation in two hospitals in Spain, consisting of two questionnaires: one ad hoc and one another of satisfaction (SERCAL). Quality indices for MAS were measured. RESULTS: We analyzed 156 episodes. 145 interventions were carried out. We found 4 (2.8%) unscheduled admissions. 3 patients (2.1%) attended the emergency department. There was a 99.3% success rate. 100% of the patients had pre-surgical recommendations and informed consent. We obtained 48 surveys (response rate: 33.1%). All the patients gave a rating greater ≥ 8 in quality of care (x = 9.83) and would recommend this procedure to their relatives (x = 9.71). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular radiofrequency thermoablation performed in MAS has a high success rate and a very low rate of admission and visit to the emergency room. Patient satisfaction is high.

ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad venosa crónica es una patología frecuente y prevalente. Su tratamiento quirúrgico ha mostrado ser coste-efectivo. La endoablación térmica realizada como cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) es la técnica de elección. OBJETIVO: Conocer la satisfacción de los pacientes tras CMA y la calidad de la atención brindada. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, realizado entre enero de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Se realizó una encuesta a los pacientes intervenidos mediante termoablación endovascular por radiofrecuencia en dos hospitales de España, con dos cuestionarios: uno ad hoc y otro de satisfacción (SERCAL). Se midieron índices de calidad para CMA. RESULTADOS: Analizamos 156 episodios. Se realizaron 145 intervenciones. Encontramos 4 (2.8%) ingresos no programados. Tres pacientes (2.1%) acudieron a urgencias. Hubo una tasa de éxito del 99.3%. El 100% de los pacientes contaban con recomendaciones prequirúrgicas y consentimiento informado. Obtuvimos 48 encuestas (índice de respuesta: 33.1%). Todos los pacientes otorgaron una calificación ≥ 8 en calidad de atención (x = 9.83) y recomendarían este procedimiento a sus familiares (x = 9.71). CONCLUSIONES: La termoablación endovascular por radiofrecuencia realizada en CMA tiene una alta tasa de éxito y unas tasas de ingreso y visita a urgencias muy bajas. La satisfacción de los pacientes es elevada.

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Chronic venous disease (CVD) associated with great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux has a higher prevalence of pain in the lower limbs. This study evaluates the impact of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for GSV and symptom control, accessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients with CVD who underwent GSV-UGFS were included in this retrospective cohort (417 limbs). The pain was measured before and after the treatment. The scale alteration was assessed as a function of age, sex, Clinical Etiologic Anatomic Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classes, total of sclerotherapy sessions, GSV occlusion patterns, and ulcer healing. Majority of patients were female (59.2%), and the mean age was 56 ± 11.5 years. In the total sample, 78.2% of the GSVs were fully occluded, 19.7% had partial occlusion, 2.2% remained open, and 3.2 ± 1.9 (median = 3.0) sessions were performed. The reduction of symptoms occurred in 88.3% of participants (VAS drop median = 4.8). Patients younger than 50 years and females had the greatest VAS decreases. When comparing the outcomes of complete occlusion versus partial occlusion, there was no significant difference in VAS pain reduction ( p = 0.14). The comparison between CEAP clinical classes also did not show statistically significant differences in delta VAS ( p = 0.71). GSV-UGFS was effective for pain control. However, this improvement does not appear to be related to the pattern of occlusion, indicating that in the short term, the outcomes of total and partial occlusion suggest successful management of symptoms. Other aspects such as gender, age, pretreatment pain intensity, and CEAP classes seem to play a role in the clinical outcome.