RESUMO

Actualmente, en la mayoría de los países, el parto se ha transformado en una práctica patológica requiriendo un seguimiento institucionalizado y conllevando acciones de violencia obstétrica sobre la mujer. El parto humanizado es un modelo de atención que considera las opiniones, necesidades y valoraciones emocionales de las mujeres y sus familias en los procesos de atención del embarazo, parto y puerperio. En el presente se describe el parto humanizado, historia, importancia, recomendaciones y beneficios para la familia gestante, así como la violencia obstétrica, priorizando la humanización y creando condiciones para que se cumplan las dimensiones espirituales, psicológicas y biológicas del ser humano. Se seleccionaron 12 artículos de investigación, siendo el español el idioma de mayor publicación. El modelo de parto humanizado incluye todo el proceso, desde el embarazo hasta el puerperio tardío, genera un impacto muy importante en el recién nacido y su desarrollo futuro(AU)

Currently, in most countries, childbirth has become a pathological practice, requiring institutionalized followup and leading to actions of obstetric violence against women. Humanized childbirth is a model of care that considers the opinions, needs and emotional evaluations of women and their families in the processes of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium care. This paper describes humanized childbirth, history, importance, recommendations and benefits for the pregnant family, as well as obstetric violence, prioritizing humanization and creating conditions for the spiritual, psychological and biological dimensions of the human being to be fulfilled. 12 research articles were selected, with Spanish being the language with the most publications. The humanized birth model includes the entire process, from pregnancy to the late puerperium, it generates a very important impact on the newborn and its future development(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução:O envelhecimento populacional é uma realidade mundial. Trata-se de um processo natural do período de desenvolvimento humano, caracterizado por progressiva perda celular e declínio funcional do organismo, associado a maior probabilidade de convívio com doenças crônicas e violências. Objetivo:Analisara produção científica a respeito da violência contra pessoas idosas nos espaços da Atenção Primária à Saúde, posta como ordenadora do Sistema Único de Saúde. Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo de Revisão Integrativa, cuja metodologia baseia-se na Prática Baseada em Evidências, utilizando as bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem online (Medline) e Base deDados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e tendo como critério de inclusão os artigos publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2018-2023), em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados:Oito artigos foram selecionados para síntese qualitativa. Os trabalhos selecionados indicam Nível de Evidência entre 2, 4 e 5, ou seja, 62,5% dos achados possuem Nível de Evidência 4, conforme Classificação de Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Também, foram aglutinados em eixos temáticos, sendo: Violências e suas manifestações, Formação profissional e sua (des)continuidade, O cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúdesobre situações de violência contra a pessoa idosa e seus impasses e a Saúde do cuidador invisibilizada. Conclusões:Foipossível observar que há políticas públicas destinadas a essaproblemática (de saúdee social), entretanto,os serviços públicos ainda executamde forma limitadao que está preconizadopela legislação. Verificamos que existem ações propostas para o cuidado desse grupo de risco, no entanto, há que ser mais efetiva e a estratégia da educação permanente nesses espaços poderá ser um recurso potente para melhor gestão do cuidado (AU).

Introduction:Population aging is a global reality. It is a natural process in human development, characterized by progressive cell loss and functional decline of the organism, associated with a higher probability of living with chronic diseases and violence. Objective:To analyze the scientific production regarding violence against elderly people in Primary Health Care settings, positioned as the coordinator of the Unified Health System.Methodology:This is an Integrative Review study, whose methodology is based on Evidence-Based Practice, using the databases: LatinAmerican and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), and Nursing Database (BDENF), with inclusion criteria of articles published in the last 5 years (2018-2023), in Portuguese, English, and Spanish.Results:Eight articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. The selected works indicate Evidence Levels between 2, 4, and 5, with 62.5% of the findings having Evidence Level 4, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Classification. They were also grouped into thematic axes, namely: Violence and its manifestations, Professional training and its (dis)continuity, Care in Primary Health Care regarding situations of violence against the elderly and its impasses, and Invisible caregiver health.Conclusions:It was observed that there are public policies aimed at addressing this issue (both health and social aspects). However, public services still implement what is recommended by legislation in a limited manner. We found that there are proposed actions for the care of this at-risk group; nevertheless, these actions need to be more effective. The strategy of continuing education in these spaces could be a powerful resource for better care management (AU).

Introducción:El envejecimiento poblacional es una realidad mundial. Se trata de un proceso natural del período de desarrollo humano, caracterizado por la pérdida celular progresiva y el declive funcional del organismo, asociado a una mayor probabilidad de convivencia con enfermedades crónicas y violencias. Objetivo: Analizar la producción científica respecto a la violencia contra las personas mayores en los espacios de Atención Primaria de Salud, posicionada como ordenadora del Sistema Único de Salud.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio de Revisión Integrativa, cuya metodología se basa en la Práctica Basada en la Evidencia, utilizando las bases de datos: Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Sistema de Análisis y Recuperación de Literatura Médica en Línea (Medline) y Base de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF), teniendo como criterio de inclusión los artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años (2018-2023), en portugués, inglés y español.Resultados: Se seleccionaron ocho artículos para la síntesis cualitativa. Los trabajos seleccionados indican un Nivel de Evidencia entre 2, 4 y 5, es decir, el 62,5% de los hallazgos tienen un Nivel de Evidencia 4, según la Clasificación del Centro Oxford de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia. También fueron agrupados en ejes temáticos, siendo: Violencias y sus manifestaciones, Formación profesional y su (des)continuidad, El cuidado en la Atención Primaria de Salud sobre situaciones de violencia contra la persona mayor y sus impases, y la Salud invisibilizada del cuidador.Conclusiones:Se pudo observar que existen políticas públicas destinadas a esta problemática (de salud y social), sin embargo, los servicios públicos aún ejecutan de forma limitada lo que está preconizado por la legislación. Verificamos que existen acciones propuestas para el cuidado de este grupo de riesgo, no obstante, es necesario que sean más efectivas y la estrategia de la educación permanente en estos espacios podría ser un recurso potente para una mejor gestión del cuidado (AU).

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: A violência sexual é qualquer ato físico, coercivo, de intimidação com potencial psicológico contra outra pessoa, ocorrendo, especialmente,no sexo feminino, em qualquer faixa etária.Objetivo: Apresentar uma caracterização epidemiológica dos casos de violência sexual referente ao número de casos, faixa etária e gênero entre período de 2014 a 2019 no município de Tucuruí-Pará.Métodos:Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, comparativo e retrospectivo de corte transversal. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através de notificações em protocolos dos órgãos do governo estadual e do governo municipal, na cidade de Tucuruí-Pará.Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados o teste Exato de Fisher e teste de Mann Whitney.Resultados:A instituição com maior número de notificações foi pelo instrumento Estadual, com 771 casos notificados durante o período de 2014 a 2019, (∆%=631%; p<0,001) em relação ao instrumento municipal, que apresentou o total de 140 casos notificados. Quanto a diferença de gênero, as mulheres são as mais atingidas por este tipo de violência em ambos os órgãos analisados, assim como, com respeito a faixa etária mais acometida, a infância, adolescência e adultos jovens são os que mais sofrem com o problema da violência sexual, de acordo com os dados de ambos os órgãos.Conclusão: O perfil da violência sexual no município de Tucuruí é predominante entre mulheres, da faixa etária que vai desde a infância até a fase adulta. Os dados utilizados das duas instituições durante o período de estudo apresentaram diferenças estatísticas, sendo o instrumento de notificações Estadual o órgão com maior número de notificações em todas as comparações realizadas (AU).

Introduction: Sexual violence is any physical, coercive act of intimidation with psychological potential against another person, occurring especially among females, in any age group.Objective: Present an epidemiological characterization of cases of sexual violence regarding the number of cases, age group and gender between 2014 and 2019 in the municipality of Tucuruí-Pará.Methods: This is a descriptive, comparative and retrospective cross-sectional study. Data collection was carried out through notifications in protocols of state and municipal government agencies, in the city of Tucuruí-Pará.For data analysis, Fisher's exact test and Mann Whitney test were used.Results: The institution with the highest number of notifications was by the State instrument, with 771 cases notified during the period 2014 to 2019, (∆%=631%; p<0.001) compared to the municipal instrument, which presented a total of 140 cases notified. As for the gender difference, women are the most affected by this type of violence in both bodies analyzed, as well as, with respect to the most affected age group, childhood, adolescence and young adults are the ones who suffer most from the problem of sexual violence, according to data from both bodies. Conclusion: The profile of sexual violence in the city of Tucuruíis predominant among women, in the age group that goes from childhood to adulthood. The data used from the two institutions during the study period showed statistical differences, with the State notification instrument being the body with the highest number of notifications in all comparisons performed (AU).

Introducción: La violencia sexual es cualquier acto físico y coercitivo de intimidación con potencial psicológico contra otra persona,que ocurre especialmente entre mujeres, en cualquier grupo de edad.Objetivo:Presentar una caracterización epidemiológica de los casos de violencia sexual en cuanto al número de casos, grupo etario y género entre 2014 y 2019 en el municipio de Tucuruí-Pará. Métodos:Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo, comparativo y retrospectivo. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de notificaciones en protocolos de organismos gubernamentales estatales y municipales, en la ciudad de Tucuruí-Pará. Parael análisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher y la prueba de Mann Whitney. Resultados:La institución con mayor número de notificaciones fue por el instrumento Estatal, con 771 casos notificados durante el período 2014 a 2019, (∆%=631%; p<0,001) frente al instrumento municipal, que presentó un total de 140 casos notificados. En cuanto a la diferencia de género, las mujeres son las más afectadas por este tipo de violencia en ambos cuerpos analizados, así como, respecto al grupo de edad más afectado, la infancia, la adolescencia y los adultos jóvenes son quienes más sufren el problema de la violencia sexual, según datos de ambos organismos. Conclusión:El perfil de violencia sexual en la ciudad de Tucuruí es predominante entre las mujeres, enel grupo etario que va desde la niñez hasta la edad adulta. Los datos utilizados de las dos instituciones durante el período de estudio mostraron diferencias estadísticas, siendo el instrumento de notificación del Estado el organismo con mayor número de notificaciones en todas las comparaciones realizadas (AU).

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Estudio de tipo cualitativo que explora las perspectivas y experiencias de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas que vivieron la atención institucionalizada del parto en la primera y segunda ola de la pandemia por COVID-19. A través de un guión semiestructurado se entrevistó a nueve mujeres que vivieron la experiencia de la atención del parto entre marzo y octubre de 2020, en hospitales públicos y privados de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, en México. Bajo la propuesta de análisis de la teoría fundamentada, se identificó que las estrategias sanitarias implementadas en el marco de la pandemia, trajeron consigo un retroceso en la garantía del parto humanizado, las mujeres se narraron desconfiadas en los protocolos que siguió el personal para la atención de sus partos en los hospitales del sector público y muy confiadas en los que se implementaron en el sector privado. La realización de cesáreas sin una justificación clara emergió como una constante, igual que la separación temprana de los binomios. Continúa frágil la disposición y el convencimiento del personal sanitario y las instituciones para garantizar, proteger y defender el derecho de las mujeres a vivir el parto libre de violencia. Persisten resistencias para repensar la atención del parto desde un paradigma no biomédicalizante.

Abstract This is a qualitative study that explores the perspectives and experiences of a group of Mexican women who experienced institutionalized childbirth care in the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a semi-structured script, nine women who experienced childbirth care were interviewed between March and October 2020 in public and private hospitals in the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Under the Grounded Theory analysis proposal, it was identified that the health strategies implemented during the pandemic brought with them a setback in the guarantee of humanized childbirth. Women described themselves as distrustful of the protocols that personnel followed to attend to their births in public sector hospitals and very confident in those implemented in the private sector. The intervention of cesarean sections without a clear justification emerged as a constant, as did early dyad separation. Healthcare personnel's and institutions' willingness and conviction to guarantee, protect and defend the right of women to experience childbirth free of violence remain fragile. Resistance persists to rethink childbirth care from a non-biomedicalizing paradigm.

RESUMO

Abstract This article aims to analyze the prevalence of reporting and notification of violence in children and adolescents in the work of clinical health professionals. The search was performed in six electronic databases and the gray literature for studies published until June 1, 2022. Estimates of interest were calculated using random effects meta-analyses. Two reviewers independently evaluated the potentially eligible studies according to the following criteria: cross-sectional studies carried out with health professionals who provided clinical care for children and adolescents and dealt with violence cases. Two reviewers extracted data on included trial characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Expectations of interest were transformed using random effects meta-analyses. The meta-analysis of the prevalence of reports of violence performed with 42 articles was 41%. The notification meta-analysis occurred with 39 articles and was 30%. About one in two health professionals face situations of violence against children and adolescents in their clinical practice (41%), and approximately one in three health professionals report the cases (30%).

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é analisar a prevalência de relato e notificação de violência em crianças e adolescentes no trabalho de profissionais clínicos da saúde. A busca foi realizada em seis bases de dados eletrônicas e na literatura cinzenta para estudos publicados até 1º de junho de 2022. As estimativas de interesse foram calculadas usando meta-análises de efeitos aleatórios. Dois revisores avaliaram de maneira independente os estudos potencialmente elegíveis de acordo com os seguintes critérios: estudos transversais com profissionais da saúde que prestavam atendimentos clínicos voltados a crianças e adolescentes e que se depararam com casos de violência. Dois revisores extraíram dados sobre as características dos estudos incluídos, métodos e resultados. As estimativas de interesse foram calculadas usando meta-análises de efeitos aleatórios. A meta-análise de prevalência de relato de violência realizada com 42 artigos foi de 41%. A meta-análise da notificação ocorreu com 39 artigos e foi de 30%. Aproximadamente um a cada dois profissionais da saúde se deparam com situações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes em sua prática clínica (41%) e cerca de um a cada três profissionais da saúde notificam os casos (30%).

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Colombia has high numbers of internally displaced people, forced to migrate due to the conflict. 1 in 3 displaced women undergo pregnancy during adolescence, compared to around 1 in 5 in the non-displaced population, alongside health and resource inequalities between these groups. There is limited qualitative information available from the perspectives of displaced women experiencing adolescent pregnancy. This research explores how structural violence may feature in their experiences. METHODS: Qualitative methods were used. Participants were recruited with purposive sampling, using key informants and snowball sampling technique. 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted in Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá, involving 11 displaced women who began childbearing age 15-19 in the past 10 years, and 4 participants' mothers. Data was analysed using the theoretical framework of structural violence, and emergent themes categorised using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Pregnancy was considered advantageous in many ways, but this was contradicted by resulting disadvantages that ensued. Structural violence was embedded in life stories, manifesting in poverty and difficulties accessing reliable income, poor access to healthcare and education following pregnancy. Institutional and interpersonal discrimination confounded these challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy during adolescence was a contradictory experience, representing both a safety net and a trap due to a complex interplay of structural and cultural violence in everyday survival. Policymakers must consider the importance of the context surrounding adolescent pregnancy and address systematic disadvantages affecting women in these positions.

The violent conflict in Colombia has left many people forced to leave their homes and become 'internally displaced'. Internally displaced women are more likely to become pregnant during their adolescence than non-displaced women. This work tries to understand more about the everyday lives of displaced women who experience adolescent pregnancy, through interviews. The interviews were analysed and results interpreted using the theory of 'structural violence'. Structural violence describes how social structures such as racism, sexism, war and poverty determine life choices, leading to suffering and inequality. The work found that pregnancy and motherhood in adolescence for displaced women was positive in many ways by bringing purpose, status and companionship. However, these women also experienced many challenges after pregnancy, such as exclusion from education and secure employment and difficulty accessing healthcare. This demonstrated that structural violence features in multiple interconnected forms in the daily lives of displaced adolescent mothers. The work urges policymakers to appreciate the complexity of context surrounding adolescent pregnancy and motherhood, and to address the structural disadvantages facing women in these situations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Lynching remains a common form of collective punishment for alleged wrongdoers in Latin America, Africa, and Asia today. Unlike other kinds of collective violence, lynching is usually not carried out by standing organizations. How do lynch mobs overcome the high barriers to violent collective action? I argue that they draw on local community ties to compensate for a lack of centralized organization. Lynch mobs benefit from solidarity and peer pressure, which facilitate collective action. The study focuses on Mexico, where lynching is prevalent and often amounts to the collective beating of thieves. Based on original survey data from Mexico City and a novel lynching event dataset covering the whole of Mexico, I find that individuals with more ties in their communities participate more often in lynching, and municipalities with more highly integrated communities have higher lynching rates. As community ties and lynching may be endogenously related, I also examine the posited mechanisms and the causal direction. Findings reveal that municipalities exposed to a recent major earthquake-an event that tends to increase community ties-subsequently experienced increased levels of lynching. Importantly, I find that interpersonal trust is unrelated to lynching, thus showing that different aspects of social capital have diverging consequences for collective violence, with community ties revealing a "dark side."

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Child-to-parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) in a group of Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1138 adolescents (15.24 ± 1.17 years old) were tested with the Chinese version of CPV-Q, Parent-Adolescent Conflict Scale, and Adolescent Aggressive Behavior Scale of which 201 adolescents were retested 1 month later. The Chinese version of CPV-Q contains psychological, physical, financial, and control/domain factors with 14 items. RESULTS: The four-factor model has good main fit indicators (father: χ2/df = 3.28, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06; mother: χ2/df = 3.30, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06); the scale has good criterion-related validity. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the Chinese version of CPV-Q were 0.89 (father) and 0.88 (mother), and the Cronbach's α coefficients of the four subscales were 0.81 ~ 0.84 (father) and 0.76 ~ 0.85 (mother). The test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of CPV-Q was 0.85 (father) and 0.83 (mother), and the test-retest reliability of the four subscales was 0.80 ~ 0.83 (father) and 0.75 ~ 0.84 (mother). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the CPV-Q has good reliability and validity for Chinese adolescents and can be used as an effective tool to evaluate Chinese adolescents' violence toward their parents.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Homicide is the leading cause of death among young people in Latin America, one of the world's most violent regions. Poverty is widely considered a key cause of violence, but theories suggest different effects of poverty, depending on when it is experienced in the life-course. Longitudinal studies of violence are scarce in Latin America, and very few prospective data are available worldwide to test different life-course influences on homicide. METHODS: In a prospective birth cohort study following 5914 children born in southern Brazil, we examined the role of poverty at birth, in early childhood, and in early adulthood on violence and homicide perpetration, in criminal records up to age 30 years. A novel Structured Life Course Modelling Approach was used to test competing life-course hypotheses about 'sensitive periods', 'accumulation of risk', and 'downward mobility' regarding the influence of poverty on violence and homicide. RESULTS: Cumulative poverty and poverty in early adulthood were the most important influences on violence and homicide perpetration. This supports the hypothesis that early adulthood is a sensitive period for the influence of poverty on lethal and non-lethal violence. Results were replicable using different definitions of poverty and an alternative outcome of self-reported fights. CONCLUSION: Cumulative poverty from childhood to adulthood was an important driver of violence and homicide in this population. However, poverty experienced in early adulthood was especially influential, suggesting the importance of proximal mechanisms for violence in this context, such as unemployment, organized crime, drug trafficking, and ineffective policing and justice systems.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The purpose of this study is to understand institutional violence (IV) in the relationships between health professionals, hospitalized children, and family members. This is a qualitative study developed at the pediatric inpatient unit of a university hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The research participants consisted of 39 health professionals who specialized in pediatrics and 10 family members of hospitalized children. Semi-structured interviews were the method used for data collection. Using discourse analysis as a basis and taking a Foucauldian perspective, the researchers observed that the expressions of IV could be traced to abusive power relations within the system. We found four discursive forms within the data set: communication problems as IV, violence through inattention and neglect, violence as an action and consequent materialization on the body, and psychological violence as a submission mechanism. Based on these findings, we argue that professionals, managers, the scientific community, and users might be able to better guarantee the safety of children by recognizing IV and effectively intervening in it.