RESUMO
This work presents a model based on artificial neural network (ANN) applied to predict water consumption in Brazilian dairy farms. Inputs were simple process data such as number of lactating cows, milk productivity, type of management, among others, with low computational cost and satisfactory data prediction. Data used for ANN training was acquired during two years from 31 farms in semi-confined dairy production. The analysis of the results was based on the following statistical models' indicators: R2 (Coefficient of determination), BIAS (trend coefficient), MAE (mean absolute error), RMSE (Root-mean-square deviation), NRMSE (percentage of the mean of the observations) and RAE (Relative absolute error). After performing the ANN training, the results showed good accuracy to predict water consumption in Brazilian dairy farms, with an average absolute error of 28.4% being obtained. On the other hand, considering the dataset used for ANN validation, an average absolute error of 48% was obtained.
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ABSTRACT Several countries have developed tools with criteria and evaluations to grant, through the environmental certification, a more sustainable undertaking, with quality and productivity for its users. The tools were developed for different needs and objectives, which makes it difficult to make a direct comparison, in addition to having specific demands for each region. This study aims to make a comparative analysis between some tools of greater international knowledge and to propose new parameters for the water use and management category, taking into account the design and operational phase, the water distribution, and the demands for 2025. Consequently, this study proposed the creation of an exclusive environmental tool for the management and water use, providing a seal that may be applied to any project and adopted by water work systems as an incentive to reduce the consumption of drinking water, to use alternative sources, and to decrease liquid effluents.
RESUMO Vários países desenvolveram ferramentas com critérios e avaliações para garantir um empreendimento mais sustentável, com qualidade e produtividade para seus usuários, por meio de certificação ambiental. As ferramentas foram desenvolvidas para diferentes necessidades e objetivos, o que dificulta a comparação direta, além de haver demandas específicas para cada região. Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma análise comparativa entre algumas ferramentas de maior conhecimento internacional e propor novos parâmetros para a categoria de uso e gestão da água, levando em conta a fase de projeto e operação, a distribuição de água e as demandas para 2025. Consequentemente, este estudo propôs a criação de uma ferramenta ambiental exclusiva para a gestão e o uso da água, proporcionando um selo que pode ser aplicado a qualquer projeto e adotado pelas concessionárias de água como incentivo para reduzir o consumo de água potável, usar fontes alternativas e diminuir os efluentes líquidos.
RESUMO
The optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis, with high solids loading, of two species of cactus pear for bioethanol production was tested evaluating the influence of surfactant Tween 80 and pretreatment with H2O and H2SO4 (1%â¯v/v) (50⯰C, 150â¯rpm, 3â¯h). XRD and FTIR analyzes were performed. Afterwards, the influence of the factors cellulase (FPUâ¯g-1), pectinase (Uâ¯g-1) and solids load (%â¯w/v), on the hydrolysis of varieties (50⯰C, 150â¯rpm, 48â¯h), and the fermentation of the optimal point (33⯰C, 8â¯h) were evaluated. The pretreatments and the Tween 80 did not increase the hydrolysis yields and Rotacional Central Compound Design indicated that the pectinase factor was not significant. The best cellulase and solids load conditions were 10â¯FPUâ¯g-1 of biomass and 30%â¯w/v for both species. The fermentation efficiency of hydrolysates for Nopalea cochenillifera and Opuntia ficus-indica were 76.3% and 82.8%, respectively, showing their potential for bioethanol production.
Assuntos
Fermentação , Pyrus , Celulase , Etanol , HidróliseRESUMO
RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, houve redução de consumo per capita de água. Mesmo assim, diversos países buscam uma redução adicional no consumo por meio da melhoria dos processos de funcionamento de equipamentos. Este artigo descreve um novo design para caixa de descarga econômica, no qual não existe obturador nem juntas que possam ressecar e acarretar vazamento. Foram construídos e testados protótipos; o uso prolongado por 12 meses em uma residência habitada por quatro moradores demonstrou que o novo modelo de caixa de descarga funciona bem e consome menos água do que os demais. Esse projeto dispensa o uso de borrachas de vedação, trabalha com duas células (caixa interna e caixa externa), apresenta boa capacidade de arraste e demonstra boa eficiência tanto para descarga de 3 L como para descarga de 6 L.
ABSTRACT In the last decades, water consumption per capita has been reduced. Nevertheless, several countries look for additional reduction in water consumption through better process of equipment functions. This paper describes a new design for an economical flush system in which there is neither flapper nor gasket that could leak. Prototypes with new design have been made and tested; after a 12 months' test with one of them, by a family of 4 people, the project had good performance, with reduction in water consumption. This new design does not use gasket, works with two boxes (internal box and external box), presents good drag ability and demonstrates good water efficiency both for 3 L and 6 L flushes.
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O conhecimento de aspectos relacionados à ecofisiologia das espécies vegetais presentes na Caatinga é escasso, sendo necessário estudos que possibilitem o entendimento das adaptações apresentadas pelas plantas para conseguir sobreviver em condições de baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Nesse sentido, desenvolveu-se este estudo com o objetivo de analisar as trocas gasosas de plantas jovens de ipê-roxo submetidas ao déficit hídrico progressivo, através da suspensão da irrigação, e à reidratação. As plantas com com doze meses de idade, crescendo em sacos plásticos pretos contendo 5 kg de substrato, foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: irrigado (tratamento controle) e de déficit hídrico, imposto através da suspensão da irrigação. Diariamente foram avaliadas o conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E), concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci) e fotossíntese (A) e calculada a Eficiência instatânea no uso da água (EUA). Após permanecerem dez dias sob a condição de déficit, a irrigação foi restabelecida, e foi avaliada a recuperação das mesmas. O déficit hídrico reduziu de maneira rápida e progressiva todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto o Ci. Após a retomada do fornecimento de água, as plantas apresentaram recuperação nesses processos fisiológicos. O déficit hídrico não afetou a eficiência instantânea no uso da água das plantas de ipê-roxo.(AU)
Knowledge of aspects related to the ecophysiology of plant species present in Caatinga is scarce, needing studies that allow the understanding of the adaptations made by plants to be able to survive under conditions of low water availability. Accordingly, this study was developed with the purpose of analyzing the gas exchange of ipê-roxo seedlings subjected to progressive water stress, through the suspension of irrigation, and rehydration. 12 month old plants, growing up in black plastic bags containing 5 kg of substrate, were subjected to two treatments: irrigated and water stress imposed by withholding water. The relative water content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and photosynthetic rates were evaluated daily. After ten days remaining under this stress condition, irrigation was restored, and recovery was evaluated. Drought stress decreased rapidly and also progressively the relative water content, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carboxylation efficiency and photosynthesis of plants. An increase in intercellular CO2 concentration with increase of water stress was observed. After the resumption of water supply, the plants showed recovery of these physiological processes. Water stress did not affect the water efficiency use of plants.(AU)